Year:2001 | Volume:14 | Issue:3 (IN NATURAL RESOURCES 52)|Papers Count:22

Simple typology was carried out under three stages, using only one parameter at each stage, including composition, structure, richness and classifying small and large types (based on partial and total synthesis) for 80 sub-plots (0.25 hectare) and 20 plots (one hectar). The related hectographs and cartographs were shown. At the end, the combined or final typology was done by combination of the three stages. As a result, 15 types were identified and selected. These types were coded and named (reprehensive of type summary description) and their determination key was introduced. In addition, reference structure, process of continuous and periodical developments within structured types and location of types in the structure triangle were suggested and presented.

This study was carried out to identify elite trees of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L) in Fars province. The Persian walnut populations were evaluated during 1993 and 1994 and 101 elite trees selected in different areas. We found that considerable generic variability existed within the populations of Persian walnut grown from seeds. The most important characteristics of trees which were evaluated were the date of leaf but break, lateral bud flowering, vigor, tree shape and nut qualities: including the morphology of nut, the average weight of nut, the average weight of shell, the average of kernel percentage, kernel quality and the average length and diameter of nut. Some elite trees with high quality of nuts were identified that could be recommended for mass propagation. Correlation analysis showed that a positive and significant correlation was existed among the average weight of nut and the average length and diameter of nut, the average weight of shell and the average weight of kernel. Average kernel percentage showed a negative and significant correlation with the average weight of shell and the average weight of nut, but its correlation with the average weight of kernel was positive and significant.

Renewable natural resources have important role in continuation of life. These resources have roles like input and output in economic development. Water and soil resources make the base of agricultural development as input. In recent years these resources used uncontrolable and destroyed many parts of them. During the first and second program of economic development, the government tried to make huge investment for improvement of these resources. In this research by using the data of renewable natural resources that derives from programs of economic development, the stability index for these resources was calculated. Results, explain the increasing value of forest and range resources, lower than the value destroying of them. This fact illustrates unsustainability of these resources.

The process of lamination can permit manufacture sleepers from logs with small-end diameters. Therefore studies for manufacturing two half laminated ties (interface vertical or horizontal) were done. As in Iran beech is usually used for manufacturing sleepers, in this study it was also utilized to make two half laminated sleepers, The processes of impregnation of dowel-laminated sleepers with preservative (Creosote) and depth of its penetration were bending established than is usual sleepers. Laboratory test indicated that static bending strength of two half laminated vertical sleepers was as same as usual sleepers but significantly more than ones two half laminated - horizontal sleepers. Finally after five years exposure under extensive service tests, no failures were seen in dowel laminated sleepers especially in vertical shape.

During 1997-98, the effectiveness of 5 liquid fungicides was compared in Azarbaijan and Kara 3. As irrigated and rainfed fields to control wheat common bunt. The fungicides were: Triticonzole 200 FS in two rates: 12.5 and 20 ml, Imazalil 15% solution in etanol at the rate of 200 ml, do Diniconazole 2% at the rate of 100 ml Tebuconazole 60 FS at the rate of 50 ml and  Vitavax 200 FF at the rate of 25ml, as commercial  form for treatment 100Kg seeds. The experiments were laid out in complete randomized block design with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Percentage of infected spikes was calculated and means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that in rainfed experiments all the fungicides except. Imazalil were effective and controlled the disease. There were significant difference between the .sl fungicides and the control and Imazalil, but there was no significant difference between Imazalil 3 and control. In irrigated arias the efficacy of Diniconazole, Triticonazole92 and tebuconazole were very high, Vitavax and triticonzole were high and there were significant differences between these fungicides and the control and Imazalil.  There was no significant difference between Imazalil and the control in irrigated arias.

Weed control study was carried out in forest nursery of Ghorogh in quarks fields. Herbicides including Sonalan, Lasso, Eradican and Dacthal were applied with minimum, medium and maximum amounts which had been recommended by companies. Herbicides effect was evaluted on seedlings in each plot. Weeds were reduced by Sonalan with all amounts, Eradican 4, 5 Lit/ha, Lasso 6 Lit/hand Dacthal 9 Kg/ha more than other treatments. Weed control in condition of Ghorogh nursery with Sonalan 4 Lit/ha was better because of the high weed control and the low negative effects on seedlings, and then Lasso 5 Lit/ha.

Stem cross section of 28 species of Astragalus L. were prepared by microthomal methods. Materials were divided into 3 groups: less than 3 years old, 3 years old and 3 or more than 3 years old. These are as follows: Species of tragacanth a sect. Microphysa, sect. sugenus sect. Microphysa, sect. Campylantus, sec. Hymenostegies, sect. Poterion, sect. megalocystis, sect. Acidodes, sect, Acantophace, sect. Tricholabus. Stems were cut by microthomeand painted by saffranin and fast-green. Also, stem of A. cordatus (sect. Hymeostegies), A. microphysa (sect. Microphysa) A. horridus (sect. Acntophace) and A. keyserlengii (Tragacantha subgenus) were placed in Jeffery solution for 5 days and were macerated. In all species, wood is diffuse porous, compact tension wood. They have apotracheal boundry axial parenchyma that is terminal and diffuse parenchyma. The ray is heterocellular and multiseriate. A. fasciculifolium contains scleried and all of them have gelatinous fiber. Type of vessel member perforation plate is simple and with tail. Vessal membrane has reticulated thickening, opposite pitted, Alternate pitted and minute alternate pitted, some times bordered tit is changed by simple pit. Scleried are branched- mainly trichoscleried. Vessel membrane is very narrow and long and arrangement is oblique and radial chain pore.

Regarding the fact that aromatic plants play important roles in human life, researching on them seems significant: As aromatic plants are extensively wide spread in our country we have restricted our research on genus, and special province. We have studied nepeta in Tehran province. At first we have read the encyclopedias, thesis, manual and other books and then searches computer programs in order to find other information about this 3 genus. Then we went to nature and register ecological factor as follow: genus, species, locality, high, slopes, soil, another plant.

Aerial parts of plant caltivated in pot that were imposed under four irrigation treatments, collected during full flower stages. Root and stem FW and DW were weighed and the volatile constituents of aerial parts were extracted by steam distillation and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The quantities of essential oil increased during water stress. Oil yield varied from 0.05,0.2 to 0.3% for FC, LS2, HS, LS1 treatment. 19 different constitutes determined. carvacrol and g-terpinene consisted of 76-82% of total essential oil.

In this study, effect of pisciculture pool water (ppw) on the field soil and cultivated crops inculding wheat (Triticum aestivum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and potato (Solanum tubersum) based on RCB design as individualy with 2 treatment (ppw and usual water) and 4 replications were studied in Ghorveh (Kurdestan-iran). Based on the results of ppw experiments, the rates of nitrate, amonia, phoshate, and total hardness (based on CaCO3) showed increased process as their amounts from 20.6, 0.06, 0.03 and 248 mg/lit in the dearly usual water were increased to 46.7, 1.2, 0.43 and 273 mg/lit respectively at the end of period, furthermore in the soil of irrigated plots with ppw with the exception of C1, K20 and Saturity percent, other properties and salts showed increased process in the period.In general, we can announce that the ppw is an organic fertilizer that hold valuable element such as N,P, Ca and organic matter, and so it increases soil fertility. The ppw showed significant effects on the yield, morphological and phenological traits in studied crops, as in the irrigated plots with ppw the yield of potato, alfalfa and wheat with 2125, 3850, and 850 kg/ha respectively were more than other plots which irrigated with usual water. The effect of ppw on the plant height was posetive (eg. in alfalfa about 10cm) but on the subject of morphological traits (days to flowering, maturity, ...) was negative in the other words ppw occasioned a decrease in days to flowering, maturity etc. In addition, attentive to changes of salts and characteristics of ppw and field soil it would resulted that high yield and height and acceleration in phonological in the irrigated plots with ppw have caused by increasing of soil fertility and supplying of microelements, such as nitrogen and Phosphorus indirect ppw.9.

This study conducted on phenology of some native rangeland plants at warm steppe and semi warm steppe in Douderoon and Allah-Akbarkey areas in Khuzestan Iran. The study was assessed from 1996 to 1998. The purpose of this paper is to provide plant development information; starting date and duration of grazing period was the main object of the study. The result of this research will be useful in predicting was the main object of the study. The result of this research will be useful in predicting tirre of range readiness, timing of forage growth and as an aid in designing. In this manner if the aim to be production increase, with using desirable species, differed grazing to be used until with seed veporing and dissemination of plant to be increase canopy cover and range production. Four species of grasses, four species of forbs and thirteen species of shrubs were selected. Ten relatively uniform stand of each species were signed to be measured. Data were collected and recorded in special notebook of forms every fifteen days. Climatic data were collected from Masjed solyman and Boostan synoptic station. Phenological tapes that show the stand and end of each phenological stage drawed on histograms. At least, suitable grazing and the best time for seed colloction were determined. The result of the study shows that the growth period of shrubs is longer than grasses and forbs.

Flowering parts of Origanum vulgare L. was collected from National Botanical Garden of Iran in Aug. 1999 and steam distilled for 45 min. An essential oil of 0.3% yield (based on dry flower) was obtained. In order to quantitative/qualitative analysis, the oil was injected to GC and GC/MS. Thirty six compounds were identified representing total oil which among them b- caryophlylene (24.5%), germacrene-D (15.2%), trans-sabinene hydrate (9.5%), sabinene (6.0%), a-humulene (5.1%), valencene (4.3%), and (E)- b-ocimene (4.2%) were the major constituents.

The influence of different hormone concentrations and media on bud explants of wild cherry (Prunus avium) has been investigated. These experiments were carried out as a step toward clonal propagation of superior genotypes. Explants were taken from thee trees on the north forests of Iran and cultured on WPM.DKW.DKW and modified MS media. Winter was the most benefetial time for explanation of dormant buds. Application of %1.25 sodium hypoclorite solution for 20 minutes was the most effective way for the surface sterilization of the explants. The best results were obtained with DKW supplemented with 1 or 2 mg/lit BA during proliferation and half strength DKW supplemented with 1 or 2 mg/lit NAA during rooting. The maximum growth rate of the transferred plants in the field was during the honest months of the growing season. The transferred plants, which were exposed to the sun established better then those cultivated under the other trees.

The Meimand region with an area of 7000 hectars is located at the South-western of the Rafsanjan city, the lowest and the highest of its height are 1880 and 2750 meters. Flora of this region includes 181 plant species that belong to 116 genera and 38 families, the important families are Asteraceae, Papilionaceae, Poaceae and Lamiaceae with 18.17%, 12.12%, 8.82% and 8.27%, respectively. Life forms of the plant species of Meimand region include: Hemichryptophytes 46.63%, therophytes 25.16%, crytophytes 11.04%, chamaephytes 10.42% and phanerophytes 6.75%. From the view point of regional elements plants of this region include: 73% Irano-Touranian, 6.75% Irano-Touranian and Mediterranean 6.75% Irano-Touranian, Europe-Siberian and Mediterranean, 4.9% Irano-Touranian, Mediterranean and Saharo-Sindian, 3.07%, Irano -Touranian and Euro-Siberian, 1.23% Irano - Touranian, Saharao-Sindian, Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean determined.

A karyological study of five species of the genus Astragalus (Leguminosae) from different geographic origin is of E. Azarbaijan is presented. The work deals with chromosome number and morphometry. The results showed that the basic number of chromosome is X=8 and Astragalus canolleanus, A. aharicus, A. echinops, A. angustiflorus and A. apricus with 16 chromosomes are diploid. Type of chromosomes in all species is metacenteric, sub- metacenteric and a sub-acrocentric in A. aharicus also is observed.

In order to induce genetic variation of Populus euphratica Oliv. through gametoclonal variation, another containing microspore in tetrad-uninucleate stage were isolated and cultured. MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-0 and 0.1 mg/l kinetin in dark showed higher percentage of callus induction from another. The calli were subcultured for 8 month in MS medium to increase variation among regenerated plantlets. Highest plant regeneration (82.5 %) was observed in MS medium containing 2 mg/I BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA. Five hundered and thirty-six in vitro plantlets were regenerated from long term callus culture. At least 42 of the regenerates differed in some way from the original clones (7.8%). Heigh degree of morphological behavior (leaves and stems) was observed among regenerated plants. Cytological analysis on root tip of 13 plantlets showed the presence of one haploid, two diploid, seven aneuploid and three polyploid plantlets.

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is a woody deciduous plant. It grows in Irano-touran Mountains and contains many compounds that are useful economically and in medicine. This report describes the antibacterial activety of nine leaf and fruit extracts (aqueous. ethanolic and methanolic) against 11 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The best antibacterial activity was observed in the methanolic extract of leaf against all standard ATCC and clinical bacterial strains.

Natural establishment and distribution of rangeland plants depend on environmental conditions and the plants characteristics, especially plant genetic. Artemisia species are distributed in arid and semi - arid regions.They have economic value and protect soils from erosions in harsh coditions. The effect of environmental conditions on distribution, morphology and anatomy of five species of Artemisia sieberi, A. aucheri, A. diffuse, A. santalina and A. deserti were studied. The plant height, canopy cover, canopy diameter and plant density in each plant type were estimated. Soil samples for measurments of soil texture pH, EC. Organic mater, organic carbon and calcic were taken. The plants leaf area, leaf thickness, specific leaf area and the water tissue of the plants were measured. Stomata density in upper and lower leaf area, paranchyma, xylem and phloem, epiderm and cuticle of the leaves were observed. The results showed that A. sieberi was distributed more areas than the other species. This species have been grown from altitude of 900m to 1900m sea level and in loame - sandy of soils. Distribution of A. aucheri was depended on topography and soil texture, especially the amount of silt - clay and loame - clay soils. A. deserti had the heighest while A. aucheri and A. diffusa the lowest height. Leaf area of A. santalina and leaf thickness of A. deserti was more than other species respectively. Canopy cover and canopy and canopy diameter of A. santa/ona and A. deserti was mare than A. diffusa, A. sieberi and A. aucheri. There were differences between stomata number in upper and lower leaf area.