Year:2005 | Volume:17 | Issue:(65 IN NATURAL RESOURCES)|Papers Count:17

This study was conducted in agriculture junior college of Darab in 2002. In laboratory and greenhouse, germination and seedling growth studies were made on seed harvested from different seed positions and height of mother plants of London rocket by complete randomized design with four replications. Treatments consisted of three heights of mother plant (40-60, 60-80, 80-100 cm) and three seed positions along the inflorescence included of: 1- Seeds in low position of inflorescence (seeds of the first to fifth siliceous in inflorescence) 2-Seeds in middle position of inflorescence (seeds of the sixth to tenth siliceous in inflorescence) 3-Seeds in upper position of inflorescence (seeds of the eleventh to fifteenth siliceous in inflorescence). The results in laboratory showed that in three grmps of mother plant seeds of the sixth to tenth siliceous in inflorescence had the maximum germination percentage and the seeds of first to fifth siliceous in inflorescence produced the tallest length of root. Also, in height of 60-80 cm of mother plant, the seeds of sixth to tenth and first to fifth siliceous in inflorescence produced the tallest length of shoot. In greenhouse experiments, the seeds of sixth to tenth siliceous of inflorescence in height of 60-80 cm of mother plant produced the maximum number of plants and the seeds that harvested from sixth to tenth siliceous of inflorescence in height of 80-100 cm of mother plant had the maximum height of mother plant in pots.

Fenitrothion (C9H12NO5PS) and butachlor (CI7H26CINO2) are widely used in agricultural fields as pesticides. Liquid liquid extraction (L.L.E) with dichloromethane ,liquid liquid microextraction and Cl8 solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques are used for extractin of liquid samples.The samples are analyzed by GC/MS-EI ,GC/MS-CI and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode for quantization. The limit of detection (LOD) is 10 ng/l with sim mode at m/z 125 fenitrothion and 15 ng/l at m/z 176 butachlor .The relative standard deviation for fenitrothion and butachlor is 3.5 and 8.5 % respectively (n=5).The concentration of fenitrothion and butachlor in September was higher compared to December and April 2001.

The primary purpose of this study was to offering a appropriate model for evaluation of agricultural extension programs. ln this regard, influencing factors in methods for evaluating extension programs were examined. The design of study was done interims of a survey research. The population surveyed consisted all experts of agricultural extension and education. Accordingly,90 samples of statistical population was selected and questionnaires methods were used to collect data. For the calculation and analysis of data SPSS/software was used and mean, frequency, percent, spear man rank correlation were conducted. The result of the study has led to developed a appropriate model for evaluation of extension programs. The model identify key stakeholders of evaluation, plan evaluation(approaches for data collection, techniques of evaluation),role of people, base of criterions ,inputs ,parts of program, activities and outputs of extension programs that have to be considered in evaluating to archive the objectives.

Application of electrical resistively method in civil engineering is based on the relationship between the electrical resistance, the water content and the inherent characteristics of the soiL This method is usually used to investigate the soil stratification and the ground water table. This research is aimed to verify the capability of resistively method for measuring the degree of saturation of soil samples. The importance of this research is that this method may be used as a nondestructive test for subsecutive measurement of saturation degree of specimens being under other tests such as triaxial test, consolidation test, long term permeability test etc. In other wards this method will permit one to follow the variation of degree of saturation of any sample during any other tests. The material used was a nonplastic glacial till from northern Quebec, Canada. Two series of tests were conducted on specimens compacted with different water contents to an identical void ratio. In the first series, the influence of magnitude of voltage on the distribution of voltage throughout the specimen as well as the voltage loss at the pole contact area was investigated. In the second series of tests, the relation of saturation degree -voltage loss across the specimen was studied and developed. The results show that this method can be used as a rapid and nondestructive test with relatively good precision.

Phenological study on vital stages of plants is very important for the regulation of exploitative programs, effective compounds, seed collection, pest control, preventing of untimely harvests, weed annihilation, raising bee and nutriative value recognition. In this investigation, three habitates was selected in different elevations and latitude in geographical sites of Hormozgan province between 800 to 1400 m. In every habitate was noted all of vegetative and generative activations of Salvia mirzayanii Rech. f. & Esfand in every a week during two years. The results of this investigation in all of the sites showed that the difference of begining till ending growth was 15 days. The difference of standstill duration was the less of 30 days. The difference of flowering duration was two weeks. The difference of seed appearance till compact seed falling duration was 15 days and at all, the length of this duration was 40 days. The beginning of vegetative growth was 11-27 January, the full leaves appearance was 19February till 12March, the starting of standstill duration was 20 April till 10 May. According to the results, growth duration is elongated with increasing of altitude and beginning of vegetative growth was delayed.

In order to use lignocelluloses materials (non forest) grown in Iran, This study has been conducted on feasibility of using amygdale tree braches mixed with poplar particles for making particleboard. Urea-formaldeid was used as binder (10% based on oven dry wood) and Ammonium coloride as catalizor. Among parameter affecting particleboard properties, three parameters were selected as dependent: Percentage of amygdale tree branches in mixture (0,15,30,45,100%), Press pressure 4 Mpa and 10Mpa, and press temperature 140oC and 160oC.Otherprocess parameter were kept constant. Three boards were made in each condition cut from produced particleboards and tested. Results showed that increase amygdale tree branches in mixture causes some decrease in modules of rupture. Optimized treatment was introduced as below percentage of amygdal tree branches in mixture (15-30%),press pressures 10Mpa and press temperature 160oC. Short key: Particleboard, Moduls of Rupture, Poplar, Amygdale.

In this research the data relating to the annual precipitation have been studied for Eastern Azerbaijan province in a time period of 43 years and with the purpose of analysis and modeling of precipitation and calculation of droughts and wet years. With quantitative patterns, and also the differentiation of wet, normal and dry years the different rainfall based indices has been applied. Also the Standardized Precipitation Index is recognized as a better quality model compared to the other models applied in this research, i.e., Nitzche model, and Dependable Rainfall (DR). The results of this study prove the occurrence of drought phenomenon in all stations generally showing a degree of weakness or effectiveness. In terms of the classification of the annual wet and dry seasons, usually normal precipitation in various dry years and wet years can be seen and the normal years have more stability and continuity compared to wet years and droughts.

Biotechnology Group. Forest Research Division- Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. The importance of biological fertilizer have been increased because use of chemical fertilizer cause some damages in environment. Some soil autotroph and heterotrophy microorganisms solubilize inorganic phosphate during their metabolic processes directly and indirectly. These microorganisms are called phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM). In this investigation the potential of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was studied in Vaz forest. PSB were isolated by serial dilution method and identified by staining and biochemical tests. The population of PSB ranged 1/7- 2.88 * 103 cftu/g soil that constitute1-2% of total bacteria. Isolated bacteria were identified as: Psuodomonas acidovorance, Psuodomonas vesicularis, Psuodomonas florescence, Enterobacter aggluomerance, Enterobacter aerogenese, Bravibacterium. sp. Alcaligenese, sp. Actinobacillus and Xanthobacter. sp. Isolated bacteria showed different ability in solubilizing of different phosphate sources but the potential of Psuodomonas spp were more than others. In addition PSB showed resistance against undesirable environmental condition. Dry weight and phosphate content were higher in inoculated seedlings than controls. Results indicated the high potential of Vaz forest soil for production of biofertilizers.

Growth indices are useful for interpreting plant reaction to the environmental factors. Using Growing Degree Days (GDD) for estimating the phonological growth stages is more valid instead of calendar time. Due to determining utilities of the physiological growth indices in suitable harvesting of Hypericum perforatum, a split plot design in complete randomized block design (CRED) was used. The main plots were 3 densities and sub plots were 4 different fertilizers. Dry Matter, Leaf Area Index, Relative Growth Rate and Crop Growth Rate were measured in 8 sampling stages during the growth period of Hypericum perforatum. Polynomial equations were known as the best indicator for interpreting of growth indices fluctuation according to the GDD. The highest dry matter was accumulated in 2400-2800 GDD. Maximum leaf area index of Hypericum perforatum reaches to 2.8 in 10 plants m-2.Tops harvest regulation according to max leaf area index which occurred in 1800-2000 GDD, led to increasing the hypericin as secondary metabolite. Pure chemical fertilizer application and stimulating the vegetative growth, causes increasing the RGR and CGR in the flowering stage and producing more dry matter. While application manure and mixed fertilizer decreases these growth indices in the flowering and increase the hypericin and quality.

Bahman Kiani, Forestry Expert, Natural Resources Faculty University of Guilan. Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) is one of the important species that has a special role in vegetation of natural lands of Iran. To investigate resistance of seedlings to salinity, five local cultivars including "Hoofi, Shami, Anabi, Kal aie and Shekari" from two areas in Isfahan province were selected. Cuttings planted in plastic bags in November and placed in greenhouse. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factor (salinity and cultivar) and 4 level of salinity. Every 20 days, inventory was done. Data analyzed and results found that branches length in Annabi cultivar was significantly less than other cultivars but the number of branches was not affected by salinity. Root, shoot and leaf dry weight were affected by salinity, cultivar and interaction between them. Also most of accumulation of Na and Cl iones was seen in Hoofi and Shami cultivars and increased by increasing of salinity level. Despite of these, viability of seedlings was considerable and most of them introduced new leaves after fall. Finally Russian olive is appraised as a resistant species to salinity and it seems that species from dry areas are more tolerant.

In order to investigate karyotipic variation between ten populations of Festuca arundinacea, cytogenetic study was performed. The populations were studied for several karyotypic characteristics, including long and short arm length, by which total length of the chromosomes, long arm to short arm and short arm to long arm ratios were calculated. Analysis of variance of mitotic data in factorial experimental design. based on completely randomized design, showed highly significant differences between the studied populations for all of the traits at a=0.01 level, Duncan test were carried out in order to classify the. populations :and their chromosomes. All of the the populations of the species had 21 chromosome pairs, without any sat-chromosome and B-chromosome. Chromosome total length range was 2.30-7.30 micron. Minimum total length of the chromosomes belonged to the of Semirom population and maximum total length of the chromosomes belonged to the Sirachal and Sanandaj populations. Based on the most karyotypic asymmetry measurements a foreign population called Barraco, was the most asymmetric and Sirachal population showed the most symmetric karyotype.

Response of some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Buxus hyrcana to elimination of upperstorey trees was investigated in Si-Sangan Forest Reserve (north of Iran). For this purpose, three Buxus thicket groups (treatments) of lacking upperstorey occurring at relatively circular gap sizes of 100-200,300-400 and 1000-1200m2, as well as one Buxus thicket group under upperstorey (control) were selected at three replications. Stem quality, stem forlcing, crown vitality and diameter increment of Buxus thickets (with d.b.h. > 7 cm) were reordered at center of 100 m2 circular plots. The results revealed that stem quality was not affected by gap size; however, frequency of first-grade stem .quality was greater under complete crown canopy (control) and 100-200 m2 gap size. In contrast, frequency of first-grade vitality, as well as two-branched trunks, was greater in 1000-1200 m2 gap than in other gap treatments. Recent 20-year d.b.h. increment appeared in complete crown canopy was thinner than those in other treatments. Generally, it could be deduced that with elimination of upperstorey, some qualitative or quantitative characteristics of B. hyrcana thickets were declined and some others were improved. It cart be also stated that Vitality does not decline when created full light woth removal of upperstorey.

In the present paper, the performance evaluation of watershed management measures has been studied in Keshar sub-watershed using quantitative methods viz. double mass curve, moving average, discharge-duration curve and hydrologic regime analysis. To conduct the study, the daily precipitation and runoff data belonging to pre and post periods of implementation of measures i.e. 1996-1998 and 1998-2001 were collected. The double mass curve showed the positive effects of measures in runoff reduction. The reducing trend in runoff values was also verified by 5-days moving average. Studying the developed discharge-duration curve depicted the obvious reduction in high as well as low discharges and an extension in flow duration. Achieving a gradual slow in hydrologic response of the watershed was also confirmed with the help of hydrologic regime analysis. In overall the well performance of the implemented watershed management activities was quantitatively approved by applying the aforesaid techniques.