Year:2002 | Volume:15 | Issue:1 (54 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:21

The principal objective of this research is study of the causes affecting the losses of semi-hard wood rooted of olive using quantitative evaluation method of the growth parameters. In this regard semi-hard wood rooted cutting of olive, zard cv. in four soil composition beds which were disinfected with two different concentrations of Captan have been selected to measure and compare the growth stages of low, medium and high density-roots in spring and fall. In addition the number and length of main and secondary branches of the seedlings and the cutting diameter and length were exactly measured in 15 day - intervals during the course of experiment and finally the number of rooted and not rooted semi-hard wood cutting were determined and the reasons for the losses of cutting, using the growth parameters comparison methods, were evaluated. The results of this study show that there are significant differences in the multi – variable regression analysis model in forward step by method and the roots, prior to supplying their own nutrients, should have sufficient reserved materials to feed the initial roots and branches. It appeared that to creat suitable conditions for the constant vegetative growth of the young plants, the existence of factors, like photosynthesis efficiency, the amount of N and Ca and growth regulating factors are inevitable.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the potentially most important food legums in the world. The segments of embryo and hypocotyl of seedling were cultured on the MS basal medium and in the presence of IAA and BA. In the medium containing of IAA (2.5 mgl-1) and BA (0.25 mgl-1) the embryos without radicles and cotyledons, produced callus, roots and multiple shoots (% 100). On the same medium embryos without radicles but with cotyledons, have led to roots, shoots and flowers (%10). On the medium, containing of IAA (0.25 mgl-1) and BA (5 mgl-1) the segments of cotyledons have given rise to the production of callus and multiple shoots. This shoots subcultured to MS medium without hormons have given rise to many plantlets.

Pine is one of unendemic trees in Iran. Pine is used considerably for forest plantation. For investigation on adaptation potential of pine (Pinus eldarica) against environmental factors and due to important role of peroxides and amylase in environmental stresses, enzymatic responses of pines in f6rest plantation of Chitgar (Tehran) as an arid zone were studied. In some parts of Chitgar that environmental factors (for example, edaphic and climatic elements, irrigation ...) were equal, most trees have not good growth (sensitive trees) but healthy situation of some trees was suitable (Tolerant trees). Therefore after sampling from stems and leaves of both types of trees, quantitative and qualitative activities of peroxidases and amylase were analysed by spectrophotometric and electrophoresis methods (PAGE). Results indicated that peroxidases and amylase activities of tolerant trees were lower than sensitive trees. Morever, isoenzymatic patterns of tolerant trees in comparison with sensitive trees were constant. These results indicated that, due to mismanagement in selection of seeds, and seedlings genetical differences in Chitgar pines are high.

Effect of adding volk oil to Triadimefon (a fungicide to control stripe rust of wheat) for improving the fungicidal efficacy, were studied against wheat yellow rust disease in 1998-99 cropping season at Ghrakheil research station of Mazandaran. Triadimefon alone, at the rate of 250g/h, 500g/h and Triadimefon + volk oil (0.5% and 1%) were sprayed on flat cultivar (susceptible wheat) at booting stage under artificial inoculation. All treatments containing volk oil even at low rate of fungicide, could significantly prevented the disease progress and increased the yield in comparison the control (water sprayed).

The effect of water stress on germination and growth was studies in three species of Onobrychis spp. Drought stress was formed by using polyethyllene glycol 6000 (PEG) solution with potential produced different effects, both in germination percentage and speed, length, weight and alometric coefficient of radicles and plumule. This study was conducted as factorial experiments with randomized complete block design with three replications. The species factor in three sublevels and the osmotic potential were studied in six sublevels. The data were analysed using permutation radical. The effect of water stress on evaluated characteristes was highly significant and minimum germination percentage was average 89% and 47% for O. sintenisii and O. melanotricha respectively. Germination speed for O. sintenisiti with average 38 seed in day was obtained the first level. Average comparison of length of roots alometric coefficient on O. melanotricha in level 1%with species two sainfoin significant. This might be attribute to the effect of endosperm and seed size. Since orie of limitation factor for rangeland plant establishment is water deletion on the germination period, therefore this study would be useful for detection of drough tolerance plants.

The arid and semiarid regions of the world were estimated 44.7 million square kilometers, and approximately 39 percent of this area is semiarid. Majority of this semiarid lands are not suitable to crop production but can be used as grazing lands. The lands of north Khorasan are similar to condition of semiarid regions. Farmers prefere dryland farming and these continuous practices, will increased soil erosion, in the long time. In this line, determination of landuse, including preferance, pasture [(Medicago sativa), (Agropyron desertorum) seeding], dryland farming and range forage production are important. Collected data by Research Station of Natural Resources in North Khorasan, during 1993-1998 were used For determination of economical production of comparative advantage. Investigation on forage yeild of pasture and dryland farming were done yearly and each two years respectively in randomized complete block design with three replication. The results indicated that the econonomical production of pasture had the most preferable among other land uses. In addition, dryland farming production had more preferable than rangeland. In this area and similar regions, for the sustainable development of agriculture and natural resources, establishment of pasture and dryfarmingin alternate strips, for 6 years rotation, are proposed.

Composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an alternative to landfill and incineration. Composting is a natural process which results in the conversion of organic matter into growing media that can be used for agriculture, horticulture and landscape. Tehran as a capital produces 7000 tons of MSW per day, most of which ends up in landfill. Recently two compost plans with a capacity of 2750 tons were established. The end products of newly made compost and the physical, chemical and fungal flora of composting MSW were studied. One of the critical problems of all large cities is waste materials, solid as well as liquid. Use of municipal solid waste (MSW) to make compost is one of the most principal methods of reducing urban waste volume. Composting is the decompostion of organic matter by microorganisms in a moist, warm and aerobic environment. Municipal compost can be used as a soil amendment in agriculture. There is abundant literature on the application of MSW to the soil under different crops. Increasing amounts of MSW and decreasing availability of landfilling space has resulted in problems for modern society. Landfilling and incineration are common treatment of MSW in most developing countries, which are harmful for environment and cause water and air pollution. It has been estimated that for direct landfilling of 1000 tons MSW a volume of 1670 m3 and an area of 600 m2 land is required. Tehran with a population of 10 million produces 7000 tons of MSW daily, which needs 4200 m2 of land. Recently two mixed waste compostion plants with capacity of daily 2750 tons were established. Analysis of feedstock showed that about 60% of this MSW is compostable. The study was under taken for two purposes. 1) To evaluate the end product of newly made compost. 2) to study the physical, chemical and fungal flora of composting materials. This work was conducted in Kahrizak composting yard which is located 20 km away from Tehran with a capacity of composting 2000 tons MSW daily.

The rooting ability of three commercial, cultivars of Juglans regia L. ('Sunland', Chandler and Vina) was studied in vitro Microshoots were cultured on an induction medium (MS gelled with Kobe Agar and supplemented with 3 mg 1-1 IBA) for a week and rooting was evaluated after four weeks. Walnut cultivars exhibited significant differences in rooting, so that Sunland rooted most easily (90%), followed by Chandler (64%) and Vina (21%). Peroxidase enzyme has been introduced as a biochemical marker for rooting isozymes of this enzyme was analyzed in a horizontal starch gel. The presence of the peroxidase bands and polymorphic behavior was different in the easy - to - root Sunland cultivar. On the other hand, the amount of peroxidase enzyme activity was monitored during the induction stage of rooting in studied cultivars. Peroxidase activity was higher in the easiest -to - root cultivar over the rooting stages. The implication of these results in the micropropagation of walnut was discussed.

In order to study the growth pattern and competition effect, an experiment of intercropping soybean cultivars was conducted during the 1999-2000 growing season at the agricultural experimental farm of Tehran University. In this study some of the growth indexes in sole culture and intercropping were evaluated. The experimental design was a factorial with 3 replications in which the first factors were 3 different plant densities (20, 40 and 80 plant per 1 m2). Second factors were five different cropping rations (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 Hag and Clark 63 cultivars, respectively). The results showed that, the maximum total dry matter yield and crop growth rate (CGR) were observed in 50% Hag+50% Clark with 80 p/m2. The highest leaf area index (LAI) was produced in sole crop of Clark and 50% Hag+50% Clark. However, the mixture of 50:50 had higher leaf area duration in the end of growth season. it concluded that Clark may use light more efficiency in the end of growing season, because of longer leaf duration. In addition the highest relative growth rate (RGR) was achieved in mixture of 50:50 Hag/Clark and sole crop of Clark at the beginning of the season. The maximum of net assimilation rate (NAR) also were obtained in sole crop of Hag., but it reduced earlier in compare with other treatments. Finally the leaf area ratio (LAR) of all' mixture was more than sole crop of Hag, and less then sole crop of Clark.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is one of the important aromatic plants that can be planted in arid and semi-arid areas. Since, the most of areas in our country (Iran) deal with water deficiency, any study helping water optimum application is useful. In this study, effects of water stress on cumin product were investigated. Treatments consisted of moisture limits in FC, 2/3FC, and 1/3 FC. Investigated traits, were seed yield, one thousand seed weight, number of umbel per plant, stem weight, root weight, and stem/root weight ratio. Experimental design was a RCBD with 4 replications. ANOVA results showed that the effect of the treatments on seed yield, one thousand seed weight, number of umbel per plant, and stem weight were significant (a<0.01), but not on root weight, and stem/root weight ratio. According to result of Duncan test Fc treatment showed significant differences for umbelper plant and stem weight (a<0.05), while other treatments level were no significant. Results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there were significant correlations among all of the traits (a<0.01). According to the results of this study, to achieve maximum yield, cumin must be supported with sufficient moisture.

A field experiment was conducted during 1998 in research station of college of agriculture university of Tehran to determine the effect of density and planting pattern on the yield component of a hybrid corn KS.C 647, using a strip plot design with four replications. The three levels of plant density (70000, 85000 and 100000 pi/ha) was vertical factor and four levels of planting pattern (includes one level of conventional culture single row and three levels of double row with 15, 20 and 25 centimeter apart) was the horizontal factor. The results showed that by increasing the plant density up to 100000 pi/ha in single and double row planting, total dry weight of biomass increased and dry weight of grain yield, No of seeds in row, No. of row in ear and weight of 1000 seeds were affected by planting pattern significantly. According to the results, double row planting pattern was recommended in high plant density.

Intercropping is defined as simultaneous planting of more than one species in a piece of land sufficiently close to each other so that interspecific competition occurs. In order to study the possibility of obtaining higher yields, intercropping of soybean cultivars was conducted during the 1999-2000 growing season at the agricultural experimental farm of Tehran University. In this study total yield and components yield in sole culture and intercropping were evaluated. The experimental design was a factorial with 3 replications in which the first factors were 3 different plant densities (20, 40 and 80 plant per 1 m2) and second factors were five different cropping ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 Hag and Clark 63 cultivars, respectively).The results showed that, the treatment of 50:50 (2 rows Hag +2 rows Clark) had the highest total yield. Calculated Land equivalent ratio (LER) showed that the seed yield of mixture of 50:50 Hag and Clark with 80 plant/m2 had highest LER i.e. 1.07. By increasing plant density number of pods per plant decreased. There was no significant difference between number of seed in pod and 1000 seed weight.

Hyoscyamus spp., including the Iranian endemic species, i.e., H. turcomanicus Pojark have been regarded as the main resources of tropan alkaloids; consequently these species are of important value, medically. The materials used for this study were collected along the road side of Alasht-Charat, in Mazandaran province, during the years 1999-2000. The materials were examined taxonomically, morphologically and phytochemically. Using TLC, UV, IR and H-NMR spectra tropan alkaloid compounds (atropine and scopolamine) were isolated and identified. Quantitative analysis was performed based on the titromertric and spectrophotometry methods. Microscopic observations carried on the leaf dried powder of plant showed cubic and stellate crystals of calcium oxalate, a large number of nonglandular hairs, spongy paranchima, anisocytic stomata and xyllem. Two major alkaloids of the plant ie. atropine and scopolamine were isolated and purificated by TLC method and their structures were determined by using UV, IR and H-NMR spectra. The results of qualitative tests indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids, however cardiac glycosid, antraquinons and saponins were absent. Quantitative studies indicated that amount of total alkaloids indicated that the amount of total alkaloids in the plant was 0.046% The results of this study showed that, comparing with the other closely related species, H. turcomanicus contains less amount of atropine and scopolamine. However, improving growing conditions may increases the amount of alkaloid components and makes the plant suitable for industrial purposes.

This study was conducted to investigation of general combining ability and specific combining ability of Sardari, Rashid, Sabalan, Navid and Falat cultivars and type of genes action which are responsible resistance to yellow rust. For this purpose parents and their crosses (Non-reciprocal) investigated in diallel design. Gritting analysis showed that genes with additive and non-additive effect were important. The highest level of resistance was observed in Falat (with the lowest general combining ability) and the lowest level of resistance was observed in Sardari (with the highest general combining ability). The hybrid that showed the highest level of resistance was Navid x Sabafan but its specific combining ability was low. The hybrids that showed high specific combining ability were Navid x Falat, Sabalan x Falat and Sardari x Falat but they showed the lowest level of resistance. These conclusions showed that selection method is better than crossing method for transferring resistance. Analysis with Hayman's method showed that one gene is responsible for resistance to yellow rust and type action of alleles together is over dominance.

The interactive effect of co – inoculation Bacillus subtilis and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) on growth and mineral nutrition of Pistacia vera L. was evaluated in a green - house experiment. inocula consisted of VAM fungi and a rhizobacterium (Bacillus subtilis). This rhizobacerium behaved as "Mycorrhiza helper bacterium" promoting establishment of the introduced VAM endophytes. Dual inoculation with VAM fungi and B. subtilis significantly increased biomassand nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation in planttissues. The inoculated rhizobacterium may have released phosphate ions which were effectively taken up by external VAM mycellium. It appears that mycorrhizosphere interactions between bacterial and fungal plant associated promote a sustainable nutrient supply to plants.

Four methods of maize ear inoculation (silk channel injection, silk spray, toothpick, nail punch) and one control (without inoculation), and three opaque-2 maize lines, has been compared for determination of susceptibility to ear rot, in 1997, in Karaj. A randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement (methods as main and lines as subplots) with three replications was used. According to the results, effects of methods were significant at 1% level of probability for both disease incidence and severity, but, the effects of lines were significant only for disease severity. Comparing the methods and method X line interaction, showed that the disease severity should by better index for determination of susceptible germplasms and effective method of inoculation when compared to disease incidence. Nail punch method provided the highest disease severity and was much better than others for determination of susceptible lines to ear rot.

The genus Fritillaria S. lat. (Liliaceae) consists of c. 100 species, distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The most important morphological characters in subgenera of the genus were investigated with the aid of light and electron microscopy. The following informative characters are judged, for morphologic and studies: Bulb, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, nectary, androecium, pollen, gynoecium, fruit and seed morphology. It is concluded that these morphological features have an important role in classification at subgeneric, sectional, formal grouping and sometimes specific levels.

The effects of different concentration of NaCl (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mM) on growth of dissected root embryos of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). C.V. Sahel total protein and lipid content, activity of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase after four weeks of culture on MS medium were studied. MS medium contained IAA (5mg/L), BA (O.25mg/L) and different concentration of NaCl. The growth rate was 100% in all treatments and the highest growth rates of embryo and hypocotyl were 0 - 100 and 0 - 50 mM of NaCl respectively. Highest rhizogenesis were observed with 50 and 25 mM after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Growth of cotyledons at 500 mM NaCl as well as apical bud, and initiation of leaves in medium with 25 mM NaCl have been occurred after 4 weeks. Maximumlipid and protein were produced by saltless treatment and two concentrations of NaCl 25, 200 mM), respectively. Highest activity of peroxidase was seen at 200 mM NaCl but unlike the control with increasing NaCl concentration, polyphenoloxidase activity declined.

To reduce the environmental and economical impact of soil erosion resulting from improper management of land-use activites, this research was initiated on Syahrood, one of the sub-basins of Damavand watershed in Iran. Land-use optimization is one of the appropriate strategies for soil conservation. It can empower the decision-maker of watershed manger to choose from different land - use scenarios to reach the best decision between the different combinations of variables. The output, results of the sediment yield model, including the integration of MUSLE with SPANS-GIS, along with the net income of each land use were used as input in the land - use optimization model for minimizing the sediment yield and maximizing farm production of each land use. The multi-objective linear programming simplex method was used to generate an exact representation of the noninferior set by moving mathematically from one noninferior extreme point to adjacent points until all points have been found. The optimization process allocated dryland -farming areas to rangelands if no changes are made to the current supporting practice system. The expected annual sediment yield from the entire sub-basin was reduced by 2420 t/y (or by 5%) and the annual net farm income was increased by 3.99 billion Iranian Rial/y (or by 134%).

The seeds of F. vulgare Mill. ssp. Capillaceum were collected from six different locations of Iran and their essential oils were obtained by distillation and steam distillation. The oils were produced at the yields of 1.38% (Hamedan) to 1.74% (Marivan) and analysed by Capillary Gas Chromatography. Because of similarity between all chromatograms, only one of them was injected to GC/MS. Eighteen compounds were identified among which (E)- anethole (62.1-77.5%), a-fenchone (8.8-14.4%) and methyl chavicol (3.5-5.5%) were the major constituents, respectively.

Experts of agriculture believe that decreasing of radiation influence into canopy may cause to lower the yield of agricultural plants. In real, if plant wants to use sun radiation more efficiently, it should absorb the maximum of radiation. Therefore, if each factor, that, increases the absorption of radiation, it will cause to increasing of grain yield. Therefore, the relation between percentage of light interception into canopy with physiological indices as efficient on the growth including of NAR, CGR and LAl in different on the yield of three kinds of different hybrids of (Zea mays L.). In the framework of statistical plan of randomized complete block design and in three repetitions. This experiment includes of 9 treatments that the attendances are combination of hybrid and different densities. The obtained results of above experiment showed that generally in all treatments, when CGR is in its maximum rate, LAl rate is in its maximum level, but the percentage of light interception into canopy is in its lowest rate. The highest rate of CGR and NAR in related to hybrid SC711 in density of 75000 bushes per hectare and its lowest rate are in related to the same hybrid in density of 95000 bushes per hectare. Also, variance analysis of grain yield for three groups of maize showed that hybrid SC711 and DC370 in densities of 95000 and 105000 bushes per hectare have the lowest and highest yield.