Year:2002 | Volume:14 | Issue:4 (53 IN ANIMAL & FISHRIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:27

Clinical, microbiological and histopathological studies were undertaken to study any possible aetiological agents of fry trout mortality syndrome in some farmed rainbow trout of Tehran and Lorestan provinces during 1998 and 1999. Anorexia, lethargy, darkening of body, swimming in the surface of water, exophthalmia, fin -rot, abdominal distension and hyperemia of internal organs were some of clinical findings. Histopathologically, the affected fish showed hyperemia, hyperplasia and necrosis of gill lamellae, hyperemia/ haemorrhage in liver sinusoids as well as a notable accumulation of haemosidrins in the liver and kidney tissues were observed. The results of microbiological studies consisting of bacteriology and parasitology were negative except for a few samples at which were positive for some filamentous, rod and gram negative bacteria observed in the liver and gills.

Performance records of 15790 female birds on body weight at the end of 12 week (BW 12), egg number (EN), egg weight (EW), and age at sexual maturity (ASM) and performance records of 5463 male birds on BW12 of Fars native fowls breeding center, Collected over years (1989 to 2000, were analyzed using a multivariate animal model. Restricted maximum likelihood was used to estimate genetic and environmental variance of each trait and covariance's among them using the estimated (co) variance components, the heritability of Bw12, En, EW and ASM were obtained 0.69, 0.41, 0.65 and 0.5 respectively. Genetic and environmental covariance’s and correlation among traits are also presented.

In order to utilize a reliable, fast and sensitive test for detection of Foot-and-Mouth disease virus (FMDV) in clinical samples, a Reverse - Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT -PCR) method was optimized. This RT-PCR can detect FMD viral RNA in samples regardless of their serotypes. Four vaccine viral strains of types A (two isolates), 0 and Asia 1 were tested and a 131 bp pcr product from 28 region of FMDV genome was amplified. Thirty-seven clinical samples were also tested. The specificity of results was confirmed by direct sequencing of PCR products. This rapid molecular diagnostic method, which is sensitive and specific, can detect FMDV in clinical samples in less than eight hours. Therefore, it would be valuable for early detection of suspected FMDV outbreaks.

In this survey salmonella infection rate in race horses of Golestan province was studied during one year. 325 fecal sample were taken which 237 of them were due to race horses and 88 of them due to control horses. Most of collected microbes from samples, before and after race during spring and fall, were: E. coli, citrobacter and enterobacter.

This study was conducted to determine the apparent digestibility and digestible energy of biogases. Treated bagasse (with urea) and alfalfa, and also to evaluate the effect of treating on nutritive value of bagasse. A complete randomized block design with 3 treatments and 6 blocks was used, and 18 mature male sheep were kept in 18 metabolic boxes. The determination of digestibility was done according to the method of direct use of animal (in vivo) with complete collection of feces. The data of digestion coefficient were analysed and the mean of treatments tested (duncan test) at the end of experiment. According to these results, bagasse has low in crud protein percentage (1.59) and the digestion coefficient of protein also was negative. Enriching of bagasse had a very high effect on its protein that increased it to 6.21 and the protein digestion coefficient improved from -58.27 to 31.28 percent by this method. The crude fiber percentage of bagasse (47.16 percent) was higher than treated bagasse and alfalfa (37.0 and 37.9 percent), and fiber digestion coefficient was lower than treated bagasse and alfalfa. The digestion coefficient of treated bagasse showed a higher and significant improvement than alfalfa. The results between digestion coefficient and digestible energy of bagasse and treated bagasse (except digestion coefficient of fat) showed a significant difference (p<0.01). However it can be concluded that urea treatment of bagasse greatly improves its nutritive value and digestible energy.

Polrud river which runs in eastern part of Gilan province is about 51 km long and it flows in to the Caspian sea near Kalachay. The purpose of this research is the identification of benthos, the survey of biodiversity of the river bed organisms and its assesment potential of natural productivies. Six sampling stations were used and the work has been done on them for two years and the result of its benthos are the four class of the following aquatic insects: Ephemeroptera- Plecoptere- Diptera- Trichoptera. In winter and spring seasons, two classes of Ephemeroptera & Plecoptere nnually in upland area were dominant but Diptera &Trichoptera were permanently dominant. The average temperature of the yearly water has been 14.6°c in the first year and 14.4°C in the second year. The biomass has been identified 1.06 g in the first year and 1.11 g in the second year which most of it belongs to the Hydropsyche. The water classification of this river in the highland has been identified one and in the plain area two. The potential of natural productivity of this river has been identified 248.1 kg the first and 256.5 kg the second year in per hectare. Polrud river according to Saprobic classification lies in upland area with low Pollution and downlink area with average pollution.

Iran is one of the major producers of cashmere fibre in the world. Considerable amount of cashmere fibre is lost as a result of seasonal shedding. Cashmere and hair of the Iranian Raeini cashmere goat grows in a distinctly seasonal pattern. Zare et al. 1999 in a study using thirthy four female and male Raeini goats of 1 to 4 years old kept in a breeding station in Kerman province indicated that 30 percent of secondary follicles stopped producing fibre during mid-winter. However the extent of fibre loss in commercial Cashmere producing flocks in not known. The present experiment was conducted to determine the extent of Cashmere shedding and some fibre and follicle characteristics of Raeini goats run in four different commercial flocks in Kerman province, south of Iran (29017' S). All goats were grazed on pastures throughout the year and were supplemented with hay and barley during the winter. Follicle activity and fibre characteristics of ninety six male and female goats of one to four years old (12 goats in each group) were measured. At the peak of fibre shedding season in mid-winter, skin samples were taken from the right midside region of each goat using a 1 cm diameter trephine. The samples were placed in individual cassettes and dehydrated through a series of graded ethanols and cleared in histoclear using a tissue processor. Processed skin samples were blocked in paraffin and sectioned transverse to the follicles at 8mm using a base sledge microtome. To determine the SIP ratio, 400 follicles from at least 1015 randomly selected follicle groups were counted. The percentage of active and inactive follicles was determined from the cross section of skin samples as described by Nixon (1993).To measure fibre diameter, about 15 of wool was take from the midside region of each goat and washed. The mean fibre diameter of the washed samples was measured using microprojectina. Analysis of variance was performed using the SAS computer package and the means and standard errors of the means were generated with this program. Duncan's new multiple range test was then used to compare the characteristics between groups. The average percentage of inactive secondary follicles of 1 to 4 years old male and female goats was respectively 23.44±3.50, 26.22±2.90, 24.22±3.30, 25.34±4.41, 27.35±3.65, 24.12±2.80, 26.14±3.28 and 25.61±3.43. The SIP ratio of 1 to 4 years old male and female goats was respectively 14.12±1.40, 12.45±1.70, 13.95±2.03, 12.83±1.51, 12.52±1.72, 11.98±2.1 0, 12.64±1.40 and 13.43±1.56. There were no significant difference in the average percentage of inactive follicles and SIP ratio of groups. However significant difference was found in the average fibre diameter of groups. One year old male and female goats had the lowest fibre diameter. The average fibre diameter of 1 to 4 years old male and female goats was respectively 20.85±1.21.22±1.70, 21.30±2.41, 21.45±2.12, 20.95±1.30, 21.42±1.90, 21.35±2.43 and 21.80±2.51 mm.

In order to evaluate some biological and physiological qualities of the broodstock of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtt), blood factors consisting of albumin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBCs) an white blood cells (WBCs); ISI germinal vesicle and fertilization rate in 27 females broodstock (17 specimens showed no respond to the hormone injection) and 13 males broodstock (8 specimens showed no respond to the hormone injection) were investigated. Results showed that the average levels of RBCs, WBCs. hematocrit,) hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and eosinophiles were higher in both female and male broodstock where positively respond to pituitary hormone injection Also, average percentage of fertilization, hatching and total number of produced larvae were 68.2%, L 38.6% and 6 x 105, respectively. Therefore, based on present results, it is possible to identify the, appropriate brood stocks using mentioned parameters, in particular the level of eosinophiles and metaeosinophiles as well as determination of germinal vesicle.

In this study, the growth rate and saprophytic ability of urea-treated wheat straw were studied. In the first experiment the species of Pleurotus ostreatus (2021)and cross between Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajorcaju (2030), Pleurotus hybrid Iranian (2041), Pleurotus of wild (2060), on urea treated wheat straw (0.0, 1.25, 2.5%) were cultivated. in the second experiment the effects of cultivation of fungi on chemical composition and digestibility of wheat straw, treated with3% urea were investigated. The best growth rate and favorite mycellium extension of fungi were seen in the 2060 and 2021 species respectively. Urea supplementation had significant negative effects (p<0.05) on growth rate and saprophytic ability of all species (except 2060 sp). Cultivation of fungi decreased the organic matter and cell wall contents of wheat straw among of cell wall contents (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) the highest reduction was seen in hemicelluloses content (p<0.05). The dry matter and organic matter digestibility of treated wheat straw increased (p<0.05) following fungies cultivation. The results of this study showed that with higher growth rate are more suitable and effective than the others.

In this trial the effects of four levels of oak kernel (0, 10, 20 and 30%) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and daily dry matter intake in 48 Kurdish male lambs with 180-210 days old and 23.236 ±1.311 kg initial weight was studied. A completely randomized design with 4 diets, 4 replications and 3 observations in each replication was used. The lambs were fed for a period of 100 days and daily weight gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio in 20 days intervals were calculated. At the end of this trial the lambs to determine carcass efficiency, carcass cuts and chemical composition of boneless meat of ribs (No: 10,11 and 12) were slaughtered. The results showed that average daily gain and daily dry matter intake of the lambs fed with diets containing 0,10,20 and 30% oak kernel were 235,245.5, 262 and 272.75(gr/day) and 1.498, 1.520, 1.507 and 1.612 (kg/day) respectively. There was no significant difference between treatments (p>0.05). The average feed conversion ratio of the lambs which were fed by different rations was 6.430, 6.220, 5.765 and 5.927, respectively. There were no significant differences between warm carcass weights 22.330, 22.813, 23.802 and 26.133 (Kg) and dressing percentage that were 47.770, 47.755, 47.677 and 52.162 on different diets, respectively(p>0.05).

Anzali lagoon is an important ecosystem for growth and living of bony fishes and other organisms. The large amounts organic and inorganic materials entering to Anzali lagoon by agricultural, domestic and industrial wastewaters. Since most of this material is nutrients, they change the chemical, physical and biological conditions of lagoon and causes eutrophication. The goal of this study is the comparison of important nutrients in four stations from four different parts of lagoon namely; Peerbazar in center, Espand in south, Shilehsar in west and Shijan in east of lagoon. Furthermore were examined some of non-nutrient for more information. Data employed in these analysis covers a period 18 month with monthly intervals measurement. Measurements of factors carried out by standard method. For comparison of nutrients in stations the statistical test" T-student” (Gosset) was used to analyze the data. In this test Shilehsar stations was chosen as witness (because there are a few land use in this part) and others were considered as influence stations (because a large amount of wastewaters entering in these rivers). Then the mean factors compared between witness stations and influence ones with confidence level of 95% (a = 5%).The result has shown significantly different in Peerbazar stations with other stations.

To ascertain of determining nutritive value and digestible efficiency and digestible energy of vetch straw, sesame straw, rice straw, wheat straw, and barley a total number of 20 heads mature male sheep were used and, kept in 20 metabolic boxes with a complete randomized block design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. In this experiment the method for, determination of digestion coefficient was a direct method with animal (presentation (In vivo). Finally, the results were analysed and the average. Mean of treatments were compared with each other. On the basis of these, results, the crud protein of sesame straw (12.38%) in comparison to other; straws is showing significant increase (p<0.05), and crude protein of (vetch straw (9.88%) in comparison to barley, wheat and rice straws (4.7,4.46 and 2.53% respectively) had significant differences. Also ether extract of sesame straw (3.73% in relative to barley, vetch, rice and wheat. straws (1.97, 1, 0.83 and 0.55% respectively) remarkable differences was significant (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the crude fiber in wheat straw, barley and. rice (41.58, 37. 94 and 35.32% respectively) has decreased and it doesn’t , have any significant differences with vetch and sesame straw (21.5 and 18.2%). On the basis of these results, the digestible coefficient of dry matter and crude protein of vetch straw (53.64 and 65.73%) and sesame straw (51.46 and 66.7%) in comparison to wheat straw (43.66 and 40.1%), barley straw (48.74 and 37.07%) and rice straw (44.25 and 41.01 %) has significant differences (p < 0.05). Also curde fiber digestible efficiency of 1 sesame straw (61.5%) and rice straw (48.58%) has significant difference. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) between vetch straw (48.73%) and wheat straw (43.65%) has been shown significant differences (p<0.05), but there is no significant difference between these two straws and barely, rice and sesame straws (47.84, 44.83 and 43.65% respectively). It is, concluded that there was significant differences between digestible and metabolizable energy of barley straw (2.09 and 1.72 MCal/kg), wheat straw 1 (1.86 and 1.53 MCal/kg) and rice straw (1.81 and 1.49 MCal/kg), however between digestible energy of vetch staw (2.02 and 1.65 MCal/kg) and' sesame straw (1.92 and 1.57 MCal/kg)and other straws, the differences are not significant.

Urolithiasis is an important economic disease in food animal. This research was IS carried out on 500 slaughtered do cows in the city of Shahrekord for determining frequency and relative frequency of nephrolithiasis. Results indicated that prevalence of nephrolithiasis was equal to 6% and in 80% of cases nephroliths were found in left skidney (maybe due to decrease urine flow in suspended left kidney). Three major types of nephrolith: Calcium carbonate (83.33%), calcium oxalate (13.33%) and struvite (3.34%) were diagnosed and calculi composition were as follow Calcium and carbonate (in 100%). phosphate (in 33.33%) oxalate (in 30%), cystine (in 10%), magnesium and ammoniac (in 6.66%) of cases.

For large scale production of diphtheria toxin, Coryneabactrium diphtheria must be cultured in a nutrient medium, and optimum conditions. In this condition coryneabactrium produces maximum amount of toxin, which is used for, diphtheria vaccine production. For obtaining maximum yield, needed to find the optimum conditions and use a suitable statistical design 4 to determine the effects of factors and errors. For this reason in different statistical experiment designs we used orthogonal taguchi method. For this expects the orthogonal array L'16 was used for the following five factors: Concentrations of 1. N. Z Amine (gr/lit), 2. Iron (mg/lit), 3 Calcium, (mg/lit), 4. phosphate solution (ml/lit), 5. Growth factors solution (ml/lit) that all of them had four levels. Optimum condition and optimum response determined after analysis of experiment results. Final results showed in the optimum condition, toxin production level increased from 120lf/ml (over 60%) and comparable to other vaccine manufacturing of developed countries.

To evaluate the safety of Persian caviar, 7 chemical factors of pH, O/R (Oxidation/Reduction potential), salt (NaCl%), TVN, PV (Peroxide value), histamine and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb) were examined in samples of caviar, collected from 2 caviar processing plant (A and B) in Mazandaran region. The highest and the lowest values (averages) of pH, O/R and NaCl in 3 stages of processing were 6.2 and 5.35 for pH. 48.3 and 12.1 for O/R (mv), 3.61 and 0.017 for NaCl (%), respectively. Also the highest and the lowest values (averages) of TVN, PV and histamine were 25.3 and 9.43 for TVN (mg/100g), 2.54 and 0.34 for PV (meq/kg), 4.12 and 1.28 for histamine (mg/100g), respectively. Furthermore, in the case of the heavy metals the ranges of obtained values from the raw caviar were 7.48-23.71, 1.01-4.02, 4.23-12.7 and 0.06-0.54. Microgramlg for Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb, respectively. Overall although there is no specific standard level for the values of the chemical factors examined in this study, the obtained results were all in the safe limits. To improve the quality and grade of exporting caviar, while avoiding from any time/temperature abused in processing, the storage time of caviar must be reduced to less than 6 months. The impacts of each individual chemical factors examined in this study on the spoilage of caviar and health hazards are discussed.

Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (Jaagsiekte) is a chronic, progressive pneumonia, with the development of typical ademomatous) ingrowths of the alveolar walls. Jaasiekte is, caused by a retrovirus with RNA genome. The adenomatous ingrowths of alveolar epithelium encroach gradually upon alveolar air space so that anoxic anoxia occurs. There is no inflammation and no toxemia. This research was carried out on 1000 slaughtered sheep for determining the prevalence of pulmonary adenomatosis in Chahar-Mahal va Bakhtiary.Results indicated that, 47 cases had some gross lesions that similar to adenomatosis, but only 30 cases were positive at the level of light microscopic examination. Thus the prevalence was estimated approximately 3 percent in Chahar- Mahal va Bakhtiary.

In this research the samples of alga Viva lactuca were collected from Chahbahar in summer. Then the genus and species of the samples were determined microscopically and macroscopically. For long term storing, the algae were dried in shade and powdered to fine particles. Extraction was done with water and organic solvents. The antigiardial effect of Ulva lactuca assessed at 25°C and 37°C In respect to findings, the extracts of alga Ulva lactuca had severe antigiardial effect. The chloroform extract were stronger that water ones, but with respect to the economical applicability the water form was more important and after 24 hr all of the cyst were destroyed. For chemical analysis TLC, (UV-VIS), HPLC methods were used. In the TLC method, RFs in each extract were determined and alkaloids in some of them detected. From the GLC and HPLC method the relative activity of agents determined that were appropriate for themselves.

Interest in searching for new sources of food has increased exponentially during the last 40 years. In this study, modeling of continuous stirred tank bioreactor is carried out from experimental results and then a bioreactor in pilot scale is designed for production of 40 kg S.C.P. per day. For modeling of bioreactor in constant temperature and pressure, balance equation of cell mass, methanol, oxygen and carbon dioxide are developed. After dissolving of equations by fourth order runge, the influence of both kinetic and transport parameters on dissolved oxygen, biomass and methanol concentration were studied. From comparing of experimental and theoric results optimum parameters were obtained. For designing bioreactor in pilot scale from optimum parameters, size of bioreactor and other equipments were obtained. Then other parameters from different bases for scaling up were obtained.

Seasonally bottom sampling was carried out during 1996 and 1997 at 8 stations in Baho-Kalat estuary. Baho-Kalat estuary is located in Sistan & Baluchestan province at end of Iran & Pakistan water border. In this assessment 17 family of polycaete were recognized and counted. Maximumabundance of polychaete was 5913 n/m in winter & maximum abundance 783 n/m in spring usually in most seasons cossuridae was dominant, but Nerridae was dominant in summer. In order to assess polychaete diversity, Shannon index for all stations and indices of richness, diversity and evenness at different periods of samplings were assessed. Almost in all seasons of the year, site 1 located in entrance of estuary with sandy bed had minimum diversity& site 5 located in northern part of estuary surrounded with mangrove trees, had maximum diversity. It seems that Baho-Kalat estuary is mainly affected by mansoon streams which cause the variation in polycheate distribution and diversity.

Protozoan parasitic fauna of starlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.) caught from the Danube river; Hungary, was studied. The collected materials obtained from 30 samples were examined in both fresh and stained preparation. The protozological examination resulted in identification of five different species of protozoans consisting: of Gussia acipenseris (21%), Goussia vargai(13%), Cloromyxum inexpectatum (80%) Sphaerospor colomani (50%) and Zschokkella sturionis. (3.3%). Goussia species was found within epithelial tissues of fish intestine. Also, except for zschokkella stations at which identified in fish bilary ducts, other myxosporeans were found within epithelial tissues of urinary tract. Regarding the zathogenicity of these parasites in fish such high contamination should be concerned when fish are grown commercially.

Persian sturgeon (Acipenser Persicus Borodin 1897) is an important species in economy of fisheries in the south coast of Caspian sea there by attention to its biology is necessary. For study on the changes of sex steroids Testosterone (T), 17 -b - Estradiol (E2) Progesterone (P) and its relation with stage of oocyte maturity in Persian sturgeon, 86 specimens were sampled and investigated in 1999 and 2000. Results showed that before vitellogenesis T, E2 and P levels were relatively low (0.25, 0.55 and 0.32 ng/ml respectively). But during the vitellogenesis (III thstage of oocyte maturity)the levels of T, E2 and P increased considerably and reached up to 8.55, 4.53 and 0.52 ng/ml respectively and it was significantly different comparing to previous stage (p<0.05). In IVth stage, when nucleus had migrated toward animal pole, level of sex steroids decreased (T=7.44, E2 =2.65 and P=0.36 ng/ml) and in the case of E2 and P level it was Significant (p<0.05). GSI in 11th, IIIth and IVstage of gonad maturity were 2.44%, 13.11% and 21.18% respectively (p<0.05).

In this research the plants that used by honey bees were recognized and the activity of honey bees on flowers was observed and the flowering periods was appointed of those plants. The percentage of canopy cover and vegetation density of plants was calculated and the types of plants used by honey bees was recalculated and recognized too. In this research 139 species of plants which used by honey bees were recognized. At the end of vegetation cover studies were recognized eight vegetation types. According to predominant species, which had the most percentage of canopy cover were nominated. In nomination of vegetation types, species had been chosen which used by honey bees. The areas of vegetation types, percentage of canopy cover vegetation density of predominant species and associated each type were determined too. Finally vegetation map was prepared by 1/20000 Scale.