JOURNAL OF RESISTANCE LITERATURE (SCOLARY RESEARCH)
Year:2012 | Volume:3 | Issue:5-6|Papers Count:24

Among the intellectual elements of the holy defense, the most significant are those taken from the Shiite ideology and their enormous influence in the political and social aspects of our society, at different times, is irrefutable.Based on the works of contemporary poets Qeisar Aminpoor and Salman Harati, this article intends to examine waiting as a persisting component in poetry of holy defense and also analyze its influence on the holy defense literature.

The political myths have direct impact on the national identity. Nation-making is a very crucial process in the international political arena. This article tries to deal with the question “How myths can form the collective, political and national identify of a nation?” and focuses on the Iranian national identity with regard to the Quranic concept of “osveh”. The Iranian nation enjoys a long history of resistance originating in the concept of "osveh" and in myths.

In addition to the destructed infrastructures and martyred warrior countrymen during the Iraqis' and their supporters' imposed war against Iranians (1980_1988), there have been irremediably body and soul harmed civilians like non-combatant woman and children. It would be instructive to analyze the artistic reflections of war and the Iranian's resistance specifically reported by those authors and poets who have experienced war at first hand.Qaysar Aminpour (1959-2007) is one of the earliest and most authoritative writers and poets who illustrated the imposed war in their works. He is regarded as a prominent literary figure among contemporaries, both in children's literature and resistance poetry. This study aims at analyzing his literary statements in order to figure out how war affects children and how they react to war. The relation between the concepts of childhood and warfare in Aminpour's works will also be examined through an interdisciplinary approach. Altogether, the author's attitude and art indicate that he never neglected children's needs and irritation.

Crisis is inevitable in the social life and crisis management could be discussed in various fields. Based on Jess' interdisciplinary studies of crisis management, this study examines crisis and its management in the novel "Daa" and tries to reveal new aspects of Iranian resistance and crisis management during the holy defense period.

Based on Genette's theory, this study examines the narrative element of time in one of the short stories of holy defense. First, the problem is presented and there is a brief reference to the history of ideas on "time" whereby the subject of chronological narration of stories and Genette's theory of order, duration and frequency are indicated. In part two the usage of the narrative element of time, in the short story “Waiting at Railway Station” by Javad Afhamee from the third series of YOSEF short stories (1387) is discussed. It is indicated that, based on Genette's four narrative time relations, i.e. analepsis narration, prolepsis narration, homodiegetic narration and heterodiegetic narration, and taking advantage of stream of consciousness technique, the writer has surpassed the boundary of time. The results of this research can be used for surveying other contemporary Iranian short stories.

Although the threat of Zionism against Palestine was already acknowledged in non-Palestinian Arab journals, Arab poets were virtually inattentive to this concern till the issuance of the Balfour declaration in 1917. These poets were then mainly concerned with Arab-Turk relationships. The 1929 clash between Palestinians and Jews over “Nodbe Wall” served as a turning point in the history of Arab poetry. From this point on, Palestine’s political issues found its way to the works of Arab poets. Palestine's defeat in 1948 and the establishment of the Jew government made Arab-Israel strife the chief subject of the works of these Poets. The defeat of June also exercised considerable influences on the different branches of literature such as fiction. It additionally occasioned dramatic effects upon several Arab poets, including Nazar Ghabbani. Celebrated, due to his sonnets, as "the feminine poet" till then, Ghabbani colored his poems with heroic aura after 1967 defeat. Employing the frenzy of his sonnets, he fought against Israel in his poems, having Palestine as his companion. Dwelling on the inherent wrath of the heroic poetry, he condemned those in charge of Palestine’s defeat. His frank and forthright diction irritated so many people, including the indifferent authorities who surrendered to the Zionism doctrine, to the extent of near-banishment of his poems. He also targeted Arab artists, poets, and writers who carry the noble responsibility of awakening their readers. To him, the future generations are the source of hope who would fuel the movement by sacrificing themselves to reclaim their homeland. Drawing on a number of Ghabbani’s poems, this study aims to demonstrate his position and reactions to the human dormant conscience and also his approach to awaken it.

Epic is an outstanding literary genre concerned with war and heroism which encourages warriors to battle. Today, however, man has made great progressions and developed organizations like The United Nations to establish conversation and peace among peoples. This study, therefore, attempts to justify composing epics in contemporary time.It is understood that epic poetry does not concern war only; in other words it includes other concepts such as: nationalism, heroism, teaching generosity, opposing enmity and identity making.

Resistant literature is a committed literature that comes into being by the people and the intellectual pioneers of a society against what may threaten them. Modern critics believe that the most significant literary consequent of the Arab-Israeli clash is the emergence of Palestinian resistance literature, created against colonization and Zionism. Fadva Toghan is the famous poet of Palestinian resistance literature who has suffered from the disaster in Palestine and has most beautifully motivated the revolutionary men through his heroic verses. In his poetry, Fadva mentions different aspects of resistance literature such as patriotism, freedom, hope and sacrifice. The main objective of this study is to examine the manifestation of resistance against Zionism in Fadva's poetry ant to determine his role in the awareness of his people.

Diaries comprise a great part of resistance literature. Humor and satire are outstanding features of these diaries employed either to encourage or to mildly criticize different themes. Generally, these themes come from essentials of life and the warriors relations with their peers, family, and the enemy. Based on these themes the present study categorizes satirical diaries and examines their techniques.

The term “Poetry of Holy Defense” or “Poetry of War” refers to the collection of poems composed on the occasion of the eight-year imposed war and the virtues of the period. One of the major features of “Poetry of War” is its multi-dimensional reference to Ashura culture. The present research has tried to deal with two out of the four main principles of Ashura upheaval, i.e. grieving, conveyance of message, gnosis and heroic deeds.Imam Hosein’s irreconcilable stand against oppressors, rejection of contemptibility, preference of dignified death to disdainful life and embracing martyrdom in the way of God can be named as the main manifestations of heroism of Ashura in the “Poetry of Holy Defense”.There had been explicit and implicit allusions to other valorous figures of Ashura upheaval such as Abolfazl Alabas, Ghasem-Ibn-e Al-Hasan, Moslem-Ibn-e Hosaje, Habib-Ibn-e Mazaher, Horr-Ibn-e Yazid and the Great Lady of Ashura, Zeynab, and their famous sayings in the works of the poets of Holy Defense.

The study of point of view of a story is an important element for the story analysis, since it is the narrator and his/her narration and the author's intended qualifications and limitations for the narrative voice which differentiates any story from others. Using an omniscient point of view in Ghasan Kanfani's “Men in the Sun” has been a great success for the author, so standing around of some events by narrator and then, intervention of narrator in the other events, considering the style of talking a dialog by characters in the different times, among the skills that the Narrator of men in the sun has been observed in the storytelling. This study intends to examine the narrative technique of "Men in the Sun" through a descriptive-analytic method.

Lack of freedom of speech in Shariati's time made him to use the language of codes. His comprehensive knowledge of the value of symbolic themes and his sociological and aesthetic views enabled him to create the most profound and beautiful literary symbols. His artistry lies in presenting his two intellectual cornerstones − "the Iranian-Islamic culture and civilization" and "the return to one's self" – through new concepts. His style set a good model for many writers. These symbols could be placed in seven categories including "the idealistic man", "anti-heroes or bad guys", "religious themes", "natural elements", "colors", "animals" and other elements.The present study examines these symbols most recurrent in his three works Kavir, Hobout and Ensan. "The return to one's self", "the quest for the truth", and "endeavor for perfection and knowledge" are of the most significant of these symbols.

The Ashora incident has historically inspired great number of poets. Even in the present time، poets write about Ashora and their poetic images are highly influenced by the setting, time and the incidents of this religious event. Taking into consideration its form and contextual images, the present article examines the contemporary Ashora poetry, and since there has not been any substantial research done on this literary type, this study can be considered as a critical analysis of literary images in Persian poetry.The article begins with an analytical introduction to the different kinds of image and the influence of Ashora on it from the beginning of Dari poetry till today, and then it traces the literary images in Ashora poetry.

Yadegar-e Zariran is the oldest Iranian religious epic depicting the bravery and sacrifice the Iranian new-believers of Zoroastrianism showed against Arjasb Shah's Army. The hero of the epic, Zarir, Goshtasb's brother, dies for Zoroastrianism. Esfandiar and Bastour – Zarir's son – shine gloriously as well. The book was written in Pahlavi language during the Sassanid period; however, some scholars believe that, since there are some Parthian words in the book, it could probably belong to Parthian period. After Islam, Yadegar-e Zariran has inspired many works the most significant of which is Daghighi's Goshtasbnameh written in 5th century AH. Features of resistance could be traced in both of these books and the present study compares them by bringing examples from both works.

Throughout history, literary movements have been affected by social phenomena. Holy defense literature too, has been formed through the outbreak of Iran's holy defense against Iraq and today the abundance of works created with this subject has provided the recognition of style earmarks of this literary type. Renovation of some patterns in holy defense literature is considered as a proper and preeminent characteristic, and versification has been considered as a subsequent to the renovation of mathnavi.In addition to the analysis of mathnavi pattern in holy defense poetry and the examination of its situation in three distinct periods, this article indicates the presence of versification movement, introducing fourteen comparatively long poems with the subject of holy defense. Through the evaluation of their similarities the style characteristics of holy defense literature have been enumerated and approved. It is also emphasized that these characteristics could be considered as the general style indexes for the literature of the Islamic revolution.

A glance at the history of Persian literature reveals that it abounds in mythological elements and discourse. A mental and imaginative process, poetry could mingle with myth more coherently than prose. After the Islamic revolution, due to some events as the imposed war and the holy resistance, and influenced by the Islamic discourse, contemporary Persian poetry incorporated mythological factors. Qisar Aminpoor, one of the committed poets after the Islamic revolution, takes advantage of myth and mythological archetypes as features for the persistence of art. Based on Laurence Coupe's categorization of mythological patterns, this article analyzes Aminpoor's poetry regarding the mythical paradigms.

Resistance, or opposing aggressiveness, has always existed throughout history. We feel the resistance with all our soul, because we are dealing with it every day.The essence of occupation is that the colonizers let themselves enter where there is not any resistance. Therefore, naturally, where there is more resistance less motivation of aggression would be felt. This study examines the reasons for resistance and the way the occupied countries such as Palestine, Iraq and Lebanon deal with the problem.

A literary examination of the intellectual and historical ground of the democratic movements in the Middle East, especially in the present situation, could be a matter of political interest.Through examining the 8-volume works of Nizar Qabbani –the Syrian poet (1998)− and also studying some of his critics' views, the present study attempts to indicate that, contrary to common belief, he is not simply an indifferent lyrical poet but that he has spent his valuable life fighting for the freedom and awareness of his people. His modern political views and his social self-awareness have played a significant role in the awakening of his audience to the dictatorial structure of their society.In his poems, Nizar has explicitly enumerated the features of despotic regimes and considered them as symbols of backward anti-development states.

One part of the beauty of a poem comes from its music, and where there is a relation between music and the subject matter the meaning and feeling of a poem would be more effectively communicated to the audience. Ibn-e Abbar Ghozaei, The scholar- poet living in Andalusia during Movahedin period, has composed many poems with the subject matter of resistance trying to stimulate Andalusia Muslims to defend their lands. In one of his famous poems called the Siniyeh Ode, a eulogy for the king of Tunisia، he depicts the tragedy of Balencia's people and asks the king for support. He chooses extended meter for the ode to communicate sorrow and he employs a beautiful rime pattern, pun, riming prose, oxymoron and other musical devices to convey emotions and to influence the king to help Muslims.

Variety in colors existing in nature is nothing trivial or random; colors are an indication of the highest degree of wisdom in creation of the world. Colors have been present in people’s tools and clothing as clear symbols from distant history to represent people’s beliefs. Under the influence of western symbolists, contemporary Arab poets have imported codes and symbols into their contemporary poetry and have turned everything to a symbol. The element of color, which is one of the most significant features in figures of speech, is among the elements of symbolic language for resistance poets. The following study tries to find an answer to the following questions:1- How have poets used this element for expressing their symbolic concepts?2- Is it possible to decode symbols in poets works by identifying the characteristics, specifications and symbolic meanings of colors?

The Islamic revolution in Iran established significant political as well as cultural transformation. The poetry of revolution and holy defense opened up new horizons and introduced new themes into the literature of Iran. Some of these new themes recurrent in the poetry of revolution and the holy defense include: call for awareness, returning to one's self, waiting for the promised, returning to heavenly love, stating the suffering of the deprived, criticizing tyrants, uniting heroism and mysticism, the memory of the martyrs, the grief over and envy for the martyrs, depiction of the martyrdom of revolution comrades, reflecting the culture of war and martyrdom, the presence of religion and its symbols, desire for martyrdom … . Ghader Tahmasbi, pen-named Farid, has included many of these themes in his three volumes of poems i.e. Pari-Setareha, Pari-Bahaneha, Pari-shodegan. Studying his works would be of great advantage to understanding poetry of the revolution.