MOSKUYA
Year:2009 | Volume:4 | Issue:11|Papers Count:14

By beginning of the First World War and attendance of English colonialists in south Iran, Iranian liberal people, who was so annoyed because of English tyranny and trespass, forced to fight against colonialists.Gendarmerie movement was happened in Shiraz leading by Yavar Ali Gholi Khan Pesyan and supporting by parties and legislators for fighting with English colonialists and their rejection from Iran.First they succeeded to capture all English colonialists residing at Shiraz but this movement failed finally considering objection of some of allies Irainian fans and their cooperation with English people. This article focuses on examination of reasons and methods of this movement formation and its failure. We hope that the name of liberal martyrs of the South Iran are perpetuated, clarifying parts of anti – colonialists fight history in south Iran.

Khorasan in the late of Sasanid's period, because of Sasanid's civil differences, was governed independly by "Dihghans" (small-holders) and "Marzbans" (border gurds). This group, considering the situation they gained in Khorasan after Sasanid's fall, to protect their political-social situation, began to cooperate with Arabs, and Arabs also, because were not interested in administrative-civil affairs, retained them in their occuopations. Dihghans by taking taxes paid from people, in addition to protecting their rank and situation, even in exchange for "jaziah" (poll tax) could hold their forebears religion. The Umayyad caliphs in the first century A.H tried in protecting social-economic system of Khorasan, because, control of this vast province was difficult without local rulers cooperation. The tendency of Khorasan people to Islam religion led to decreasing of Umayyad's tax revenues, so, political-military pressures of Umayyad's rulers for taking taxes, prepared the ground of revolt for the people of Khorasan against them. Consecuently, revolts were formed by Iranians (Khorasanians) and other social groups, and weakening of Ummayads' government in Khorasan was form the results of these revolts.

Undoubtedly one of the best days of Kerman people in recent centuries, was the reign of Safavid Shah Abbas and the period of Ganjalikhan' s government. Being located in front of the commercial ways of BandarAbbas and India and attention of European's to valuable commercial product, wool, (fleece) caused kerman be one of the most habitable city in Safavied period.But this pleasant period didn' t last much, because in the reign of Shah Solaiman and Shah Soltan Hossien the south- east region, specially Kerman, from one point of view of negligence and inattention of Esfahan gorernment trustees and from another point of view special situation of Ghandehar (golden key of east gate) and unsatisfied Baloochestan captured by insecurities, plundering of carvans and killing people by Balooch groups, which their result was economg difficulties and destroying of Kerman.Canvas seller Haj Mohammad Jafar's rebellion, the headman of Kerman traders was a prominent sign of annoyane about the people who were afraid of Baloochis renewed attacks and their despair from those days government.Of couse this revolution subsided wih mediation of greatmen and scientists but after a while Esfahan court and Kerman government gave back their inattention damages about souh – east region hardly.Ghandehar which was a strategic region in east and always in quarrel between Iran and India grew Mahmood Ghalzaei who was born there, during 1131 and 1133 A.H years. He with 2 attacks captured Kerman and had these results: accompaniment unsatisfied Iranian minorities like Zoroastrians and Sunnite religion Baloochis, falling of Esfahan and descenting of Safavied's dynasty.This study is a history research done by analytical descriptive way.

After two ultimatums of Russia to Iran for termination of Morgan Shuster's mission in December, 1911, the National Consulative Assembly of second period was closed by order of Abolghasem Khan Naser al-molk (Regent) and he actually put an end to constitutional system. This period is known as despotic period rule of Naser al-molk due to parliaments dissolution and domination of strangulatory political atmosphere on country which is coincident with period of Naser al- molk kingdom viceroy.After few months of beginning interregnum of the second and third parliaments (1330-1332A.H/1911-1913A.D.), the government of Najaf Gholi Khan Samsam al-Saltaneh which couldn’t solve the internal and external problems of country was replaced by a new government which was established under the leadership of Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan Ala al-Saltaneh (Safar1331A.H). This government was called as "powerful government"by Russia and England. Although the mentioned government has political strangulation, after few months of beginning of Ala al-Saltaneh government, nationalist and liberalist members attempted to revive the constitution system. The present article tries to introduce the political circumstances of Iran in the interregnum and to study the liberalists attempt to revive the constitution system briefly.

The Interment of corpses and how to treat with them, also mourning rites and offering sacrifices to the dead, are the most important aspects of religious life. The Turks from ancient times had wide relationship with Iranian ethnicities such as eastern Iranians like nomad Scythes and sedentary Sogdians and Khoarazmids. This article deals with the effects and influences of Iranian faiths upon the Interment of corpses among the antiquarian Turks, meanwhile it tries to use the fruits of archeological excavations, reports of historians and writers in antiquity, as well as the results of researches of the contemporary Iranologs and Turcologs. The writer does believe that the way the ancient Turks dealt with their dead relatives such as leaving them in the nature, human or horse scarifying and burying sacrifices with the dead according to their nobility and social ranking, also the shape and material of the tomb, as well as the Persian word of Gour or tomb in Turkish vocabulary, all shows the influence of Iranian elements in the Turkish culture.

One of the most important events in the Iran’s contemporary history is Mashrooteh (Constitutional) Movement which is considered to be a symbol of great evolution. One of the most important acheivements of Mashrooteh (Constitutional) Movement was establishing the associations and schools with different political approaches which played an important role in political revolutions of Mashrooteh (Constitutional) Age. It is true that Mazandaran didn' t use to act like Tehran, Rasht, Isfahan and Tabriz, in dispose of cruelty and autocracy movements, it was influenced by the transformation of regions due to locating in Rasht and Tehran's neighborhood and has been source of the transformation and significant influences in the process of Mashrooteh (Constitutional) Movement in the region and the country due to famous faces such as Ayatollah Abdollah Mazandarani (Moqim-e-Atabat), Sheikh Kabir Saravi, Sharif Al' olama, Saeed Al' olama, Sheikh Kabir Bar Foroosh (Babol), and its political faces such as Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni (Great Chief of Army), Ali Khan Divsalar Kojoori, Ehsano' llah Khan Saravi and Molla Mohammad Allameh.Establishing associations and schools, was not only related to Tehran, but also in the other cities of Iran, associations tend to establish schools in modern formations. Mazandaran is not an exception in this regard. There were Mashrooteh (Constitutional) associations in cities like Sari, Babol, and Tonekabon for all of which many clergies were great proponents. However, this trend did not last long because, on the one hand, differences between Constitutionalist and legiitimatist sects, and, on the other hand, the struggles and arguments on electing and establishing city candidates in Sari and Babol brought great inconsistency to Mazandaran, which made many opposition groups stand against Mashrooteh. At the beginning of the minor autocracy and with the succession of Mashrooteh (Constitutional) proponents, some of the clergies in Mazandaran changed their approaches and willingly or unwillingly stepped toward Mohammad Ali Shah autocracy. This article attempts to analyze and study the circumstance of forming, activities and autcomes of constitutionalist and legitimatist associations and schools and also the role of Mazandaran’s priests in the first constitutional era.

Mythology has been seen among all nations and ethnic groups as part of the ethnic, local and national culture of urbans or scattered tribes as rituals and customs. The myths are extracted out the beliefs and thinking of human thought, and myth is one of the main elements of constructive culture of ancient ethnic communities, and as a part of ethnic identity up front of the spiritual and material needs of man. So myth can specify the structure of social life of people and nations. Myths are appeared in symbols, when these symbols are on ancient myths of a nation, they can affect on the unconscious mental life of everyone.In this article, myth is considered as a symbol of history and some mythological symbols in the cultural history of Iran in the Islamic and pre-Islamic sources have been studied and the origins of myths and their changes over time have been reviewed. Results of this study show that we can analysis the cultural, social, economic and psychological behaviors of various ethnic groups by mythology.

Qajar period is the time women had no proper situation in the society, because they had many problems and their destiny was at the others hands rather than themselves.In Qajar society, the woman has been continuously exposed to diverse threats which were making undesired changes in her life, for instance, they were rejected and shelter less by the unkindness of their husbands due to remarriage or divorce. They were not aware of their social rights which were the outcomes of early marriage and remaining in the closets. Also lack of appropriate and comprehensive education for all the women from all social classes led to the point that prior to the constitutional revolution all of Iranian women – except some cases from the higher class – were considering no right for themselves.Many foreigners traveling to Iran in Qajar period for different reasons have described the life of Iranian women in their itineraries and their works are reflects of difficulties harshness and social situation of Qajar women.This study has tried to be paid to physical and mental health Qajar' s women of narrative travel letter writers, because, travel letter writers have studied the physical and mental health of Iranian women due to personal and social significance of it.

As influential social forces inside the city, the street performers (looties) played an important role in political arenas in Qajar period. By appearing Constitution Revolution, they actually divided into two groups: people-oriented looties who favored Constitution, regressive looties who favored autocracy and reaction. Although people-oriented Looties gained successes in these periods but lack of success and disachievement of Constitution aims led to decline of people-oriented looties.When Reza Khan gained power as a symbol of reactionary looties who favored autocracy and can be entitled lumpens, the number of them in society increased. Contrary to Qajar period, first Pahlavi period saw lack of influential presence of lumpens. Undoubtly, we can’t infer that they began to decline in a short time. This research attempts to study the position and performance of lumpens in first Pahlavi period.

Polygamy was common among the well-off social groups in Naseri age. Women, who most often had no role in choosing their spouses, entered the harems through a marriage contract, a marriage formula or as a bondwoman. They benefited from a variety of rights and privileges due to their social standings. On top of all harems was the magnificent harem of Naser ud-Din Shah with a wide range of women from various tribes who seemed to live a prosperous life. The multiplicity of women in harems particularly in the king’s harem had provided an environment, jealousness and quarrel of women. This would in turn lead to both the risk of transferring them to other men and kings as means of strengthening ties, and spreading of ethical corruptions and superstitions, even murder. This article studies the sources to find the reasons of interest of men from noble groups particularly Naser ud-Din Shah in polygamy, and the consequences.