PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY (ARSANJAN BRANCH)
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:28 |Papers Count:23

The linearity of harvest index (HI) increase has provided a simple means to analyse and predict seed growth and yield in experimental and simulation studies. The objective of this study was to Investigate harvest index linear increase and related parameters in filling grain period of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) crops grown under well-watered conditions. A field experiment, with 3 sowing dates and 4 plant densities, was conducted in Gorgan during 2004-2005. Crop biomass and phenological stages were measured between emergence and maturity. Harvest index increased in seed filling period linearly. The effect of density on harvest index linear increase was not significant but there was different between sowing date. The time of beginning harvest index linear increase, decreased from 26 to 8 days from first sowing date to third one, but there was any difference in plant density. From obtained parameters in this research can use in chickpea growth simulation models.

The effects of seed rate on seed growth rate of wheat varieties, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three varieties of wheat (Koohdasht, Chamran and Zagros) and seed rate (35, 70, 105, 140 and 175 kg per hectare) were conducted at the agricultural Research Station in Khorramabad. Components for grain growth after pollination eight sampling intervals of five days, grain dry weight was measured. The results showed that grain yield, biological yield, straw yield and number of ears per square meter and highly significant positive correlation, negative correlation with seed weight and hectoliter weight but very significant and the number of grains per spike, and for high-speed grain non-significant negative correlation. All three varieties of the grain dry weight showed that the dry weight of the grain with seed rate of 105 kg per hectare Koohdasht the minimum dry weight of the same variety, seeding rate of 70 kg of grain per hectare. Grain filling rate between 1. 504 to 1. 697 mg per day between 1. 496 to 1. 648 mg of seed per day and for interaction between 1. 363 to 1. 867 variety and seed rate mg per day was variable. Between 26. 37 to 29. 11 day time filling grain and seed rates between 26. 42 to 28. 79 days for interaction between 24. 43 to 30. 72 day variety and seed rate was fluctuating. It seems that in areas with climatic conditions with drought stress, use of varieties with higher grain filling rate is preferable.

To investigate yield and yield components in 22 corn hybrids, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted under water stress and non-water stress during 2013 and 2014 at the Research Station Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran. Treatments were two irrigation levels (Irrigationafter70mmevaporation from class A evaporation pan and irrigation after 140mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan at the beginning of the Tasseling) as main plots and 18maize hybrids and 4 maize varieties as sub– plots. Combined analysis in two years showed that genotype × water stress interaction had significant effect on the most of measured traits. GenotypeL2 × K1263/1andL3 × A679 showed the highest yield by 6/38 and 3/82kg ha-1 under normal conditions and stress conditions, respectively kg. Correlation analysis showed that number of kernels per row and numbers of grains per ear have a maximum positive significant correlation under stress and non-stress conditions. Based on the results of step wise regression in non-stress conditions, 100 seed weight, number of kernel per ear, number of leaves and plant height and under stress conditions100grainweight, number of kernels per ear and plant height were remained. Path analysis showed that non-stress conditions and stress conditions number of number of grains per ear had a direct effect on grain yield. Results showed that in the both condition (stress-non stress), selection for increased yield could be performed by selecting genotypes with number of grains per ear.

Biological fertilizers are one of the most important supply source of nutrients in sustainable agriculture. In order to study the effect of biofertilizers and Nano zinc oxide foliar application on yield and traits related to grain growth of triticale under water withholding condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farming of Faculty of Agriculture Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2014. Factors experiment were included water withholding in three levels (Full irrigation, irrigation to%50 of heading and booting stages), biofertilizers in four levels (nonuse of biofertilizer, G. mosseae, application of Azotobacter chrocoococum strain 5 + Psedomunas putida strain 186, application of PGPR+G. mosseae) and Nano zinc oxide in four levels (non-foliar application and foliar application of 0. 3, 0. 6 and 0. 9 g/lit). A two part linear model was used to quantifying the grain filling parameters. Results showed with increasing water limitation, yield, rate grain filling and the maximum of grain weight decreased. Means comparison showed that maximum of yield (663. 26 g/m2), rate grain filling (0. 00304 g/day), grain filling period (41. 5 day), effective grain filling period (25. 6 day) and the maximum of grain weight (0. 078 g) were obtained at application of PGPR+Mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0. 9 g/lit nano zinc oxide and full irrigation. Results showed that irrigation withholding in heading and booting stages respectively%22 and%42 reduced from grain yield and use of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide compensated%52 and%53 respectively from yield reduction.

To investigate the effects of water deficit and chemical phosphorus (P) application methods on yield and phosphorus recovery efficiency of two rapeseed cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Agriculture College and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2013-2014. The experimental design was a split split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments including irrigation regimes (common irrigation, cutting off irrigation at midflowering and mid-silique formation stages), P application methods (without P, broadcast and band) and rapeseed cultivars (Sarigol and RGS) were assigned in main plots, sub plots and sub sub plots, respectively. Results showed that cutting of irrigation at common irrigation with 25. 31 seed numbers per silique had significant differences with mid-flowering with 22. 25 seed numbers per silique and cutting of irrigation at mid-silique formation with 22. 94 seed numbers per silique. In cutting of irrigation at midflowering and band application of P, RGS had the highest biological yield (12435 hg/ha). Common irrigation had the highest (11. 02 kg/ha) and cutting of irrigation at mid-flowering had the lowest (5. 95 kg/ha) P absorption amount. Overall, P recovery efficiency in broadcast and band application methods of P was 1. 09% and 1. 38%, respectively. RGS cultivar compared to Sarigol had maximum grain yield under cutting of irrigation at mid-flowering (3830 kg/ha) and mid-silique formation conditions (5428 kg/ha). RGS had the highest rate of assimilate remobilization under cutting off irrigation at mid-flowering and band application of P and it can prevent a further reduction in grain yield when exposed to late season water shortage.

In order to study of relationships between various agronomic traits and their influences on barley grain yield, two separate experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were genotypes including Gorgan4, Nosrat, Reyhan, Makoii, Valfajr, Zarjou, Gorgan, Kavir, Esterain and Nimruz. The experiments were under drought stress and non-stress: stopping the irrigation at blooming stage till complete maturity stage conditions. The correlation coefficients were significantly positive between grain yield and days from emergence to physiological maturity, plant height, culm thickness, biological yield, kernel length and spike weight under non-stress condition. Days from emergence to physiological maturity, plant height, biological yield, kernel length, kernel thickness, spike weight and 100-grain weight significantly positively correlated with grain yield under stress condition. Using stepwise regression, with grain yield trait as the dependent variable and biological yield, spike weight, 100-grain weight and days from emergence to physiological maturity, spike weight, kernel length, spike length, kernel thickness and biological yield as independent variables, model determination coefficients were R2=0. 83 and R2=0. 91 under non-stress and stress conditions, respectively. path coefficients analysis showed that direct and indirect effects of spike weight on grain yield were the highest and positive under non-stress and stress conditions, indicating that direct selection to improve grain yield with this trait would be effective.

Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) is the herbaceous plant; biennial fuchsia belongs to the family Onagraceae. The yellow flowers of this plant are bisexual. The seeds contain non saturated oils as γ-linolenic acid, Linolenic acid and Oleic acid. In this research toping height (without toping and toping on 20, 30, 50 cm of plant) and irrigation type (drip, furrow) treatments on length and width of leaf, node distance, number and length of flowering stems per plant; and in complete ripening the characters of weight of seed per capsule and per plant, weight of 1000 seed, number of capsule per stem and per plant, weight of fresh/ dry shoot material and oil extracted from seeds were measured. The results showed that by increasing of toping, width of leaf, internode distance, length of lateral stems were decreased. In drip irrigation internode distance, length and number of lateral stem increased. The most of number capsule per stem and plant, weight of seed per plant, weight of 1000 seed, oil percentage of seed were obtained in toping of 30cm and drip irrigation. This research is primary investigation about toping height and irrigation type in Primrose and more studies for complete results are necessary.

Soil moisture deficiency is the most important factors of plant growth and development inhibiting. To evaluate the effect of foliar application of titanium dioxide nano particles on Purslane some physiological and morphological traits under different irrigation levels was done a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors were including of three levels irrigation 60, 80 and 100 percent of field capacity and sprayed titanium dioxide nano particles in the 6-8 leaf stage at four levels 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg. l-1, respectively. The result showed that irrigation levels was significant in all traits in 1 percent level and it cause to reduce the total chlorophyll content and increase the amount of soluble carbohydrates and proline. The maximum amount of total chlorophyll content 32. 36 mg. g-1 of fresh leaf was obtained in treatment of 100 percent of field capacity and lowest amount it 13. 42 mg. g-1 of fresh leaf was obtained in treatment of 60 percent of field capacity, respectively. Sprayed of titanium dioxide nano particles was also significant on the most traits and increases the total chlorophyll and fresh and dry weight of Purslane. The maximum amount of the fresh weight of shrub 21. 61 g in the 3 mg. l-1 sprayed of titanium dioxide nano particles treatment and the minimum fresh weight 17. 16 g was obtained control treatment (spraying with distilled water). The results showed the use of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide, increased significantly chlorophyll (a) and dry weight the purslane.

Spermidine effect on biochemical properties consisted of activity of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, relative water content, soluble sugar, and electrolyte leakages in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ) was investigated. An experiment was conducted based on CRD with three replications in Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch. The first factor was included different irrigation courses at three levels; irrigation every other day, irrigation three days in between and irrigation five days in between. Second factor was included foliar application with three different concentration of spermidine (0, 1 and 2 mM). The results of variance analysis for interaction effect of different courses of irrigation and various concentration of spermidine on peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbate peroxidase activity and relative water content was significant. The results also showed that plants that received irrigation five days in between with 2mM Spermidine had the highest activity of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme. The interaction of different levels of irrigation and Spermidine foliar application on sugar solution and electrolyte leakages was not significant. In conclusion the effect of 2mM Spermine on peroxidase enzyme activity, ascorbate peroxidase activity and relative water content was significant.

The barley is one of the most important cereal crops. In order to study the effect of seed rate and nitrogen levels on agronomic characteristics and nitrogen use efficiency of barley, this study was carried out in Aran and Bidgol region in 2014. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Seed rate treatment (S1= 150, S2= 225, S3= 300 kg ha-1) and nitrogen levels treatment (N1= 0, N2= 75, N3= 150 kg ha-1), were assigned in plots. Each plot consisted of 6 row, 5 m long with 50 cm between rows space and 5 cm between plants on the rows was used. In this study Plant height, number of fertile tiller, 1000 grain weight, number of grain per spike, grain yield, harvest index, protein percent, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen appear recovery and amount of nitrogen absorbed were assessed. Results indicated that the interactin effect of seed rate and nitrogen levels treatment on the characteristics such as: nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen appear recovery was significant. The maximum and minimum of nitrogen appear recovery with average (0. 44 and 0. 14 %) were obtained by the treatment (150 kg ha-1 of seed + 75 kg ha-1 of nitrogen application) and (300 kg ha-1 of seed + 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen application), respectively.

To evaluate the effects of nano fertilizer and different levels of nitrogen on sesame, a factorial experiment, arranged in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications, was done in the research station of Kahnoj. Factors in this experiment included four levels of nano fertilizer (0, 1, 2 and 3 /1000) and N levels in four levels (0, 50, 100 and150 Kg N/ha). Analysis of variance showed significant effects of N and nano fertilizer on all characters. Maximum plant height, amount of capsule and biological yield was obtained in 150 Kg nitrogen and minimum level of these parameters was in 0 Kg N. In nano fertilizer yield per plant, amount of capsule and biological yield, was maximum in (3/1000) treatment, while plant height was maximum in 2/1000 treatment. N fertilizer together with nano fertilizer increased 1000 kernel weight, grain yield and biological index, in comparison with none fertilizer treatment and the highest amount of this parameters was in 100 kg N and 2/1000 nano fertilizer treatments. For the oil percent maximum average was 58. 5% more than none N fertilizer treatment and maximum amount of oil between nano fertilizer was obtained in 2/1000 and the minimum was in none nano fertilizer usage. Generally, it can be said that the effects of nitrogen and nano fertilizer increased availability of nutrients, which is required by plant, and caused the best growing condition for the sesame.

In order to investigate the effects of vermicompost and urea chemical fertilizers on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake in marshmallow (Altheae officinalis L. ) organs, a field experiment was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2012. Experiment was conducted using a completely randomized blocks design based on factorial arrangement with three replications. Experimental treatments were three levels of vermicompost (0, 5 and 10 ton. ha-1) and five levels of urea fertilizer (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of 200 kg N ha-1). Vermicompost application in each urea fertilizer level had an effective role in increasing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentages in seed, leaf and root of marshmallow. By applying 10 ton vermicompost ha-1, phosphorus percentage in seed of marshmallow was increased by 29. 5 %, as compared to control treatment. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in seed, leaf and root of marshmallow were significantly increased by vermicompost application. Urea fertilizer caused a significant increase in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentages in seed, leaf and root of marshmallow. According to the results, there was a positive relationship between nitrogen uptake with phosphorus and potassium uptake.

In order to study the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and agronomic and physiological traits of medicinal plant of Peppermint, a factorial experiment was carried out based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in 1394 at the Agricultural Research Farm of University of Payam Noor, Kosar baranch, Kosar, Ardabil. Experimental factors were, nitrogen fertilizer in five levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N. ha-1, from urea source) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in three levels (no inoculation, seed inoculation with Azotobacter chorchorum strain 5 and Azosprilium lipoferum strain OF). Minimum and maximum of all traits were obtained at control level and highest level of nitrogen fertilizer. analysis of variance showed that in seed inoculation by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, leaf fresh weight, total plant dry weight, total plant fresh weight, leaf area, chlorophyll index, leaf essence and essence yield, significantly affected. The highest levels in all of the listed traits were observed by seed inoculation with Azotobacter. Azosprilium were ranked. The lowest levels in traits were observed in no inoculation. Stem dry weight, leaf area and leaf essence were significantly by interaction effect of nitrogen × PGPR. Maximum stem dry weight, leaf area and leaf essence were observed in 200 kg N. ha-1 × Azotobacter. The interaction effect of 200 kg N. ha-1 ×Azosprilium was at a lower level. Minimum levels of listed traits were obtained in control levels of experimental factors.

In order to investigating nitrate accumulation, tuber yield and protein variation, affected by different levels of iron nano oxide in different growth stages of potato, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications during 2012 in Ardabil region. The first factor was iron nano oxide fertilizer at four levels including 0, 0. 5, 1, 1. 5 and 2 percent as well as normal iron oxide at 2 percent and the second factor was spraying stages (vegetative growth, beginning of tubering and tuber filling). Results showed that by iron nano oxide application, nitrate content of tuber decreased significantly and the least value was acquired in the interaction of spraying with 1. 5 and 2 percent of iron nano oxide during tuber filling. The most leaf chlorophyll and average tuber weight was acquired in the interaction of spraying with 1, 1. 5 and 2 percent during tuber filling and the most protein percentage of tuber by spraying with 1. 5 and 2 percent of iron nano oxide during this period. Iron nano oxide levels of 1, 1. 5 and 2 percent and spraying during tuber filling had the most tuber yield with a significant difference compared to other treatments. Additionally the application of normal iron oxide significantly increased tuber yield compared to control while it was in the same group with iron nano oxide levels of 0. 5 and 1 percent. Regarding all traits measured, iron nano oxide concentration of 2 percent by spraying during tuber filling indicated the best result and is recommended to farmers.

In order to evaluate the effect of density, soil and foliar application of iron and zinc on yield and quality of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), an experiment was performed in a split plot design in randomized complete block design with three replications in Zabol University. Density was at three levels 2, 4 and 6 plants per square meter, as the main cause of micronutrient intake in five levels, sprayed with chelated iron 6% rate 4 per thousand, sprayed with chelated zinc rate 2 per thousand, soil application of chelated iron 6% to 50 kg, and soil application of chelated zinc15% to 50 kg per hectare, was performed. The spraying with water was considered as a secondary factor. The results showed that most quantitative traits including plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, weight and dried sepals and biological yield of boll were affected by density. The most wet and dry weight of sepals were obtained in density six plant density, . Sepals much dry so that the density of 6 plants per square meter than 2 density was 200% increased. Effect of soil and foliar application of micronutrients showed significant increase in the number of bolls, biological yield, weight of 1000 seeds, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, wet and dry weight sepals, and amount of anthocyanin and protein sepals. Based on the results of this study, to achieve maximum performance of dry sepals, six plants with foliar application of zinc can be recommended as a suitable treatment.

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on concentration of some mineral nutrients in seedlings of Bakraee and sour orange. The experiment involved a factorial combination of two species Bakraee (natural hybrid of citrus) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and three culture media (non-sterile soil without fungi, sterile soil without fungi, and sterile soil with mycorrhizal fungi) in a completely randomized design. Seeds of Bakraee and sour orange were sown in pots containing different culture media. The studied attributes were concentration of phosphorous (P), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in shoots. There was significant difference (P<0. 05) in concentration of these nutrient elements in shoot of mycorrhizal treated sour oranges compared to non-mycorrhizal ones. The concentration of nutrient elements was more in shoot of Bakraee inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus, and significant difference (P<0. 05) was observed (except for iron) compared to non-inoculated sterile soil. In conclusion, the results showed that G. intraradices increased the concentration of phosphorous, iron, zinc, manganese and copper in shoots of Bakraee and sour orange seedlings.

This study was conducted to find out the weed floristic composition of 24 chickpea farms in Khorramabad during 2012. Based on a floristic study, 70 weed species belonging to 20 families were identified. The results showed that dicots were predominant in the chickpea farms. Maximum of weed densities were recorded for Gallium tricornutum (10. 27 plants. m-2), Vaccaria grandiflora (4. 3) and Vicia villosa (3. 4) plants. m-2respectively. Maximum frequency of different weed species was recorded as G. tricornutum (93. 8%), V. garndiflora, and C. dichotomum with frequency of 75%, and 59. 4% respectively were the two others prevalent species. Carthamus oxyacantha, and Centaurea spp. With frequency of 56%, and Conringia orientalis, Vicia villosa, and Sinapis arvensis by frequency of more than 50% were the others prevalent weed species. Plant families of caryophyllaceae, compositae, and brassicacea any with two species, and rubiacea, and fabaceae families any with one species included the 8 species with frequency more than 50%. Among 30 species with frequency more than 10% only 4 species were biennial or perennial, that is 83. 3% of weed species that had frequency more than 10% was annual. Of the total weed is detected (64 spacies, 75/92%) were C3, and (5 species, 25/7%) had C4 photosynthetic pathway.

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen application on corn competitive ability with Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense) at different densities, An experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on completely randomized block design with three replications at researcher greenhouse of Islamic Azad university, Sabzevar Branch in 2015. Factors were: Nitrogen Levels (recommended (90 Kg. ha-1 of N) and recommended+50%(135 Kg. ha-1 of N)) and Johnson grass density (0, 1, 2 and 3 plants. Pot-1(0, 15, 30 and 45 plants. m-2, Respectively). Corn and Johnson grass were planted in pot with 30 cm diameter containing approximately 10 kg soil. Corn density was five plants per pot. Analysis variance result showed that chlorophyll index, stem dry weight, root diameter, root volume, root dry matter and root/shoot ratio affected by nitrogen levels. Increasing nitrogen amount increased these characteristics. Increasing Johnson grass density decreased chlorophyll index (7. 89%), stem dry weight (16. 48%), root diameter (21. 31%), root area (22. 18%), root volume(22. 99%) and plant height (1. 1%). Other corn root trait was not affected by Johnson grass density. Overall. Nitrogen application increased competition ability of corn with johnson grass, whereas increasing of Johnson grass density had negative impact on corn root morphological.

Determining forage quality is an important factor for proper management of rangelands. Information on forage quality of key species is necessary to assess rangelands to supply the feedstock requirements of livestock which depends on growth season and rangeland grazing capacity. This research was conducted in Sari plain region at three growth stages of four rangeland species, including white clover (Trifolium repens L. ), sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), snail medic (Medicago scutellata), and common alfalfa (Medicago sativa) which have three life forms. The samples were randomly collected at three phenological growth stages (vegetative growth, flowering and seed formation). Then chemical analysis was accomplished to determine the contents of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter digestiblity (DMD) and metabolic energy (ME). The results showed that the effect of phenological growth stages on forage quality indicators including cell wall free hemicelluloses and digestible dry matter were significantly higher than other indicators. The percentage of ADF on sainfoin and white clover species increased in the later compared to earlier growth stages. Percentage of DMP significantly reduced during phenological stages in these species. White clover had the most nutritive value than other species in beginning of growth and flowering stages.