PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY (ARSANJAN BRANCH)
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:35 |Papers Count:26

In order to study effects of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on yield and components of Sweet corn (hybrid SC 403), a field experiment was conducted at Ramin University of Agriculture Natural and Resources. Experiment was carried out as factorial design arranged in, randomized completely blocks design with 3 replications. The treatments were three levels of nitrogen (100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and three levels of plant density (85000, 70000 and 55000 plants ha-1 ) Grain yield, dry matter yield, wet cob yield, kernel number in row, kernel number row, 1000 grain weight, cob length, cob diameter, harvest index (HI), and grain protein contents were determined The results showed that effect of nitrogen was significant on all traits. The highest grain and wet cob yield (6. 39 and 24. 78 t per ha-1 ) and the highest of grain protein percentage (14. 16%) was obtained with 200 kg/ha-1 nitrogen. The highest kernel number per row, kernel number per row, 1000 grain weight, cob length, cob diameter and harvest index (HI) were obtained with 200 kgha-1 of nitrogen. The effect of plant density was significant on all traits. The highest grain and wet cob yield (5. 96 and 24. 81 t ha-1 ) were obtaned with 85000 plant per ha but the highest grain protein percentage was obtained with 55000 plants per ha. The interaction between nitrogen and plant density was significant for grain yield, dry matter yield and cob length. and highest dry matter yield (760. 46) was significant 200 kgha-1 nitrogen and plant density 85000 plant per ha. significant 200 kgha-1 nitrogen and density 55000 plant per ha highest cob length (24. 60 cm).

In order to investigate the possibility of decreasing the water requirements forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. var speedfeed) with applying of superabsorbent (SAP), without decreasing the dry matter yield and increasing the water use efficiency, and also to investigate the economic efficiency of applying superabsorbent (SAP), this experiment was conducted in Dashtak region of Zahedan during 2013 and 2014 seasons in a split plot with four irrigation regimes, providing 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the water needed sorghum, calculated from pan evaporation as main plots and four amounts of SAP (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1) as subplots based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the effect of irrigation regimes, SAP levels and their interaction on dry matter yield, water use efficiency as well as the economic efficiency were significant. The regression models estimated showed that SAP in 100% ETc treatment had no effect on the dry matter yield and water use efficiency but in the other irrigation treatments caused an increased in these traits. Therefore, applying 75 kg SAP per hectare along with a 20% decrease in the sorghum’ s water requirement in arid regions, the dry matter yield and water use efficiency is maintained similar to 100% sorghum’ s water requirement. Also the hightest economic efficiency of SAP was secured at 75 kg SAP per hectare SAP level and 80% of sorghum’ s water requirement.

In order to evaluate the performance of sulfonylurea herbicides on weeds control of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Pishgam) in Sarakhs (N. E of Iran), an experiment was performed as randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replications in 2013. Treatments were: five herbicides of sulfonylurea included as Apyros 75% WG (sulfosulfuron), Atlantis 1. 2% OD (mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron + mefenpyre diethyl), Lentour 70% WG (triasulfuron + dicamba), Logran Extra 64% WG (triasulfuron + terbutryn), and Total 75% WG (metsulfuron + sulfosulfuron) in addition two check treatments as weed free and weed infested. Herbicides were applied post emergence at the 4-5 leaf stage of wheat. The results showed significant control of all sulfonylureas on weed as Total 92% (highest) and Logran Extra 50% (lowest) decreased total dry weight of weed compared to the check of weed infested. The corresponding values for Lentour, Atlantis, and Apyros were 74, 71 and 59 percent, respectively. There was no apparent the persistence damage of herbicides on wheat, and all herbicides increased wheat yield compared to the check of weed infested, that was due to its success in weed control.

This study was aimed to investigate the change of yield of wheat in different light intensities and weed competition at research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of in 2014. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design in split-split plot with three replications. Two time to shading in flowering and grain filling stages as the main plot, three light intensities (normal and 50 and 70% of normal light) in sub plots and two levels of weed competitions (weed free and weed infested) as sub-sub plots were the treatments. The results indicate that under weed competition and 70% of light intensity, shading at grain filling and flowering reduced tiller and spike numbers by 20 and 26%, respectively. Also, lowering light intensity at flowering and grain filling stage reduced nearly 21and 44% of biological yield versus 18 and 46% of grain yield, respectively. Weed competition declined up to 19 and 23% of wheat biological and grain yield, respectively. In conclusion, result represented that lowering of light intensity along with weed competition could adversely influenced wheat yield and yield components.

In the present study, the effects of lead and putrescine on Lepidium sativum plant were examined. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with foure replications. Lead nitrate at concentrations of 0, 125, 250 and 1000 micro molar and putresine at concentration of 0 and 1 mM was used. The utilization of lead and putresine increased plant fresh weights compared to lead treatment of same concentration and at a concentration of 500 micromolar fresh weight was10 gr. There was no significant difference between dry weights of treated plants and control. Lead treatment increased polyphenol oxidase (0/8 micromoles per minute per gram fresh weight in 1000 micromolar) and catalase (0/053 micromoles per minute per gram fresh weight in 1000 micromolar) activities. The use of putrescine and lead increased the polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity (0/99 micromoles per minute per gram fresh weight in 125 micromolar) compared to lead treatment of same concentration. The combined use of putresine and lead reduced the amount of proline except at 250 micromolar of lead compared to plants treated in the same concentration of lead. Treatments of lead at concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 micromolar and putrescine, were reduced the percent of inhibition compared to the treatment of lead in the same concentration. Inhibitory percentage was increased on 1000 micromolar of lead. The total phenols were not significant difference under the lead and putrescine treatments. In Lepidium sativum under lead stress activated polyphenol oxidase, Proline increasese. Useing putrescine has controlled production of proline by reduction the stress effects

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake and allocation to different organs of the plant, especially the tubers, nitrate accumulation and protein yield in potato tuber, during the four-year an experiment implemented in Agricultural Research Station of Mohaghegh Ardabil University in randomized complete block design with three replications. Factor studied in this experiment was different levels of nitrogen included 0, 80, 160 and 200 kg N ha from urea source. The results showed that application of 160 kg nitrogen per hectare had the highest rates for fresh tuber yield, percentage and yield protein. With increasing of levels of fertilizer from zero to 200 kg per hectare were observed increasing in the characteristics of tuber and shoot nitrogen percentage, nitrogen uptake in tubers, shoots and total plant and nitrate accumulation in dry and fresh matter, so that the characters was lowest in non-fertilizer and application of 200 kg fertilizer was highest value and the highest group statistically. The highest tuber yields (31. 49 ton. ha-1) and protein yield (467. 95 kg. ha-1) were achived in the first and fourth year, respectively. In general, excessive increase of more than optimal nitrogen in the soil cause reduces the yield of potatoes and also by reducing the amount of protein increases the accumulation of nitrates in tuber and is caused a drop in product quality.

To study of combined effect of vermicompost and nitrogen fertilizers, nitroxin on yield and yield components of potato a factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in Damavand city in 2015. The first factor was three levels of vermicompost including no application (control), application 5 and 10 ton. ha-1 and the second factor was four levels of nitrogen fertilizers and Nitroxin including no application(control), application 100% of the recommended consumption nitrogen fertilizers(150kg. ha-1urea), application nitrogen bio fertilizer (5kg. ha-1Nitroxin)and application 75% of the recommended consumption nitrogen fertilizers(100kg. ha-1urea) and nitrogen bio fertilizer (5kg. ha-1Nitroxin). Analysis of variance showed that vermicompost and integration of nitrogenous fertilizer and Nitroxin in most traits were significant. Results of mean comparison showed that the highest tuber yield of five tons per hectare use of vermicompost (22/52 kg. ha-1) and taking seventy-five percent of the recommended amount of nitrogenous fertilizer with biological Nitroxin (23/8 kg. ha-1). Finally the consumption of 5 tons per hectare use of vermicompost and application 75% of the recommended consumption nitrogen fertilizers (100kg. ha-1urea) and nitrogen bio fertilizer (5kg. ha-1Nitroxin) the results were the best.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and biostimulants on growth, physiological characters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration and pod yield of common bean cv. Sanry under different irrigation regimes, the experiment was conducted split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in research filed of university of Zanjan during 2015. Three different irrigation (I) regimes (100, 75 and 50% ETc) and foliar application of salicylic acid (0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 mM), Megafol (0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 3% MF) and to distilled water as control were conducted. The results showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced growth and pod yield. Foliar application of SA and MF enhanced growth and fruit yield. The irrigation × foliar treatments interactions results suggested that maximum leaf number (43. 1), leaf area (2729. 3 cm-2) and pod yield (6193. 9 kg. ha-1) was obtained using MF 0. 2% under I100 %ETc. Plants sprayed with SA 1. 5mM and MF 0. 2% exhibited higher stomatal conductance (205. 27 mM. m-2s-1) under I100 %ETc. The highest N (2. 47%), P (181. 6 ppm) and K (0. 88%) concentration was found in plants sprayed with MF 0. 2%, SA 1mM and MF 0. 3%, respectively under I100 %ETc. According to the results, MF 0. 2% and SA 0. 5 mM had the highest effects on growth and pod yield under water deficit stress.

Today, application of anti-oxidant and plant growth regulators has been proposed to reducing the negative impacts of drought stress. Ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside are the substances that make plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the effect of drought stress, ascorbic acid and sodium nitroprusside foliar sprays were examined on the qualitative characteristics in summer squash plants. The experimental design was a split plot factorial with two irrigation regimes; irrigation at 75% FC and irrigation at 25% FC, as the main plots, and combination of sodium nitroprusside at three levels of 0, 50 and M and ascorbic acid at three levels of 0, 10 and 20 mM at flowering stage as subplot with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2011 at the Zabol University research farm in south Iran. Deficit irrigation reduced seed oil content and chlorophyll a. Also delay irrigation decreased relative water content of leaves. Ascorbic acid spraying increased, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein and oil contents of leaves, but leaf relative water content decreased with the use of ascorbic acid. The concomitant use of 20 mM of ascorbic acid and 100 M of sodium nitroprusside achieved the greatest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein and oil contents and relative water content of leaves.

This study aims to assess Agro-climatic suitability for Cumin producing in East-Azerbaijan province based on GIS spatial analysis technique. For this goal, several criteria including soil conditions, climatologically indicators, topography situation and agro-climatology criteria were taken into account of modeling process. The methodology was performed based on GIS spatial analysis. For this to happen, standardization process was performed on criteria and weighting process was done using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. GIS based multicriteria decision analysis was employed for weighted overlapping of indicators and results were achieved based on GIS-Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method. Initial results indicated that East-Azerbaijan province has potential for cultivating of Cumin. Based on results, Cumin plant can be cultivated in Mianeh, Shabestar, Maragheh, Marand, Sahand, Sarab, Varzrghan, Kaleybar and Bostan Abad regions which are classified in suitable category. Also, the rest regions indicated moderate potential for this purpose. Finally, about 2561151 ha of this province has high suitability, 2017916 ha has moderate suitability. Lacks of enough attention to the feasibility assessment of Cumin plant in this province, results of this research are great of importance for the purpose of regional planning in East-Azerbaijan province.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate individual application efficiency and mixing herbicides of broad leaf killer on control of European bishop (Bifora testiculata) as well as traits of growth, yield and components yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based on the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in four replications in research farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2014-2015 growing season. Treatments included Tribenuron methyl (Granstar), Bromoxynil+MCPA (Bromicide MA ), 2, 4, D + Dicamba (Dialen super), mecoprop-p + dichloprop-p + MCPA (Duplesan super), 2, 4, D, mixing of the Tribenuron methyl with other herbicides and control (without application of herbicides and hand weeding). Results showed that effect of the various treatments of control (without application of weeds and hand weeding) and herbicides on dry matter, plant desity and total chlorophyll content of Bifora testiculata and whole measured traits of wheat were significant (p<0. 01). In the Overall, mixing herbicides had a more decrease effect on the plant desity, dry matter and total chlorophyll content of Bifora testiculata in comparison with individual application. In this study, the hieghest yield were obtained in the treatment of Tribenuron methyl along hand weeding about 3527 and 3720 Kg/h respectively. In return, the lowest yield were found in the treatment of without application of herbicides (1864 Kg/h). The mixing of Tribenuron methyl with mecoprop-p + dichloprop-p + MCPA and 2, 4, D + Dicamba caused highest negative effect on Bifora testiculata, while these treatments had a lower negative impact on seed number in spike and seed yield over individual application of them. Regarding to more efficiency effect of Tribenuron methyl in mixing with new herbicided in Bifora testiculata control and low negative effect on seed yield of wheat, to prevent herbicide resistance using individual application, it is recommended to apply Tribenuron methyl with other herbicides specialy mecoprop-p + dichloprop-p + MCPA and 2, 4, D + Dicamba in wheat field.

In order to study the Evaluation of idosulfuron metal sodium+ foramsulfuron metal+ thincarbazone metal+ saiprosulfamed (Maister power OD) in weeds control of corn fields, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 12 treatments and 4 replications in Moghan region, Iran, in 2014. The most important weeds were black night shade (Solanum nigrum L. ), lambs quarters (Chenopodium album L. ) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. ). The results showed that the density and dry weight (biomass) of weeds were affected by the herbicide treatments So that weeds dry weight highest treatments show in idosulfuron metal sodium+ foramsulfuron metal+ thincarbazone metal+ saiprosulfamed (Maister power OD) 1, 1. 25, 1. 5 L. ha-1 and Nicosulfuron Bromoxynil + MCPA (Kroz +Bromicide) 1. 5 L. ha-1. Also Nicosulfuron Bromoxynil + MCPA (Kroz +Bromicide) 1. 5 L. ha-1 and idosulfuron metal sodium+ foramsulfuron metal+ thincarbazone metal+ saiprosulfamed (Maister power OD)1. 25-1. 5 L. ha-1 Treatments showed the highest yield percentage and lowest yield with 12. 5 percentage The hand weeding and Nicosulfuron (Kroz) 2 L. ha-1 with 46. 4 percentage. Totally, The best herbicides were foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron + thincarbazone (Maister power OD) 1-1. 5 L. ha-1 and foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron + thincarbazone (Maister power OD) 1. 25 L. ha-1 + citogate with more than 85% efficacy in weed control. Corresponding to the good efficacy, foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron + thincarbazone (Maister power OD) 1 L. ha-1 for post-emergence at the 5-2 leaf weeds were suitable for application in corn fields.

Seedling emergence probably is the single most important phenological event that influences the success of an annual plant. The main objective of this study was to develop a seedling emergence model for green bean and maize and select a best-fitted model associated with sowing depth. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted in 2015 at Research Farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, to quantify the response of seedling emergence to sowing depth. Treatments were four sowing depths (2, 4, 6 and 8 cm) in three replications. The results indicated that the percentage emergences of both species in the first two levels of sowing depth (2 and 4 cm) were high, but at deeper levels, seedling emergence were suffering a severe loss. Emergence indicators (MED, ERI, D50%) showed that seedling emergence of bean was greater than maize. For two species, an increase in pre-emergence mortality with increasing depth was observed. So that the highest germinated seeds mortality occurred at 8 cm depth. However, in probit fitted curves for each dataset, the rates of increasing between plants varied. The rate of emergence varied between plants and based on values of statistical criteria, because of less parameters number in linear probit model, it was showed suitable to fit model. Therefore, these models may provide a better basis for broad practical application in crop management.

Maize is the most important cereal after wheat and rice which has a wide range of cultivars. For this reason, in this study was evaluated different Maize cultivars including KSC706, KSC705, KSC704, KSC703, KSC647, MV527, KSC500, KSC403, KSC400, DC370, KSC260 and KSC201. Maize cultivars were sown in 2014 at the Research Institute of Animal Science and under potential conditions including recommended planting date and density and apply the potential conditions (without stress) during the growing season and harvest each cultivar at full maturity stage. In each varieties was measured important traits as a grain, biological yield and traits related to ear, Harvest Index and dry weight. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference between treatments in all of characters. Comparison of means showed that KSC703, with 19. 39 and 40. 11 t/ ha of grain and biological yield was the best hybrids. Also KSC260 showed highest yield between 300, 400 and 500 maturity groups. The results of correlation analysis showed that grain yield had the most correlation with biological yield (0. 94), ear length (0. 90) and seed weight (0. 89) (P≤ 0. 01). It seems that the genetic improvement have been by increasing the traits such as biological yield, ear length, grain weight, stem weight and lose weight tassel. After converting each of studied traits to the normal distribution Z (standardize with statistical method), Cluster analysis to determine the distance between genotypes through the square Euclidian distance and Ward's method based on mean of all characters, hybrids was classified into five distinct groups that this classification did not match to FAO classification.

In order to study the effect of biological manure on efficiency of some manure mixtures and select the best manure combination to reach highest chickpea yield, an experiment arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Field Research of Payam Noor University of Arak. Treatments were different manure mixtures include: 1-No manure (Control), 2-Animal manure, 3-Vermi-compost, 4-Animal manure+ phosphorus and potassium powder, 5-Vermicompost+ phosphor and potassium powder, 6-Animal manure+ phosphor and potassium powder+ biological manure include Iron and phosphate biological manure and rhizobium, 7-Vermicompost+ phosphor and potassium powder+ biological manure. Tested characters were plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, total biomass, 100 seed weight, seed yield, and content of N, K, Ca, Mn and Fe in plant. The results showed the effect of manure type was significant on all of the tested traits. The highest seed yield and growth criteria were obtained from two triple manure mixtures. In Animal manure+ phosphor and potassium powder+ biological manure and Vermicompost+ phosphor and potassium powder+ biological manure, use of biological manure by increasing plant necessary elements, respectively, caused to 6 and 7 percent increases in seed yield compare to without biological manure treats and 32 and 33 compare with control. On the basis of result, using biological manure caused to improve elements absorb, growth and seed yield of chickpea.

Crop-weed competition has a profound effect on the seed yield of mung bean. We evaluated the effects of both the seeding rate and weeding regime on the weed infestation and crop performance of mung bean. Two factors via seed rate (15, 25 or 35 kg ha-1) and different doses of haloxyfop-R-methyl (0, 0. 4, 0. 8 and 1. 2 L ha-1) were included in the experiment. The experiment was implemented in a split-plot design accommodating seeding rate in the main plot and doses of herbicide in the subplot with four replications. Mean data from the experiment showed that weed density and weed dry weight were significantly affected by seeding rate: these two variables decreased with the increase in the seeding rate (p<0. 01). The seeding rate significantly influenced plant height, number of pod per plant, biological yield and seed yield. Different variables that included; plant height, number of pod per plant, 1000 seed weight, harvest index and seed yield were significantly influenced by variations of herbicide doses. Seed yield was significantly improved in dose of 1. 2 L ha-1. Overall, the interaction effect of seeding rate and herbicide doses was not significant in respect to the plant characteristics except harvest index. Nevertheless, a seeding rate of 35 kg ha-1, coupled with volume of 0. 8 L ha-1, illustrated the best seed yield. Therefore, crop competition can be explored as an effective alternative weed management strategy and achieving optimal yield of mung bean.

Casing material is very important element for size and yield of mushroom. To study the replacement of peat moss by vermicompost from animal resource, this research was conducted with 3 replications as CRD basis. Treatments were T1: vermicompost+ perlite peat (1: 1: 2), T2: vermicompost+ perlite+ peat (2: 1: 1), T3: vermicompost+ perlite+ peat (3: 0. 5: 0. 5), T4: vermicompost+ peat (2: 2), T5: vermicompost+ peat (1: 3), T6: vermicompost+ peat (3: 1), T7: vermicompost+ perlite (2: 2), T8: control, T9: peat from Netherlands. After growth of mushroom, they separated in 3 groups: 1-mushroom with high quality (grade 1), 2-mushroom that have membrane abnormality and then leasers marketable than grade 1 (grade 2). 3-mushroom have defects and no marketable (grade 3). After harvesting, characters contain of yield and number of mushroom grade1, 2 and 3, protein percentage, humidity percentage, spore diameter measured. Results showed that T2 (vermicompost + perlite +peat) and T9 (Netherlands peat) had the most and least amount of mushroom grade1 respectively. T1and T7 had most and least of mushroom grade2. T3 had the most of protein content, also contained high amount of number and yield of mushroom, then this treat introduced the best treatment. It seems that for high addition character in vermicompost particles, can no use high amount of this treatment in replication with peat moss.

In this research, symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and some of the medicinal plants such as: Artemisa aucheri, Mentha longifolia, Plantago lanceolata, Thymus kotschyanus, Ziziphora clinopodioides and Cychorium intybus were studied during the spring and autumn period for two years in Nojian Watershed. Noujian with the area of 34000 hectares is situated between the Eastern latitude of 48° 23̕ to 48° 40̕ and its Northern longitude ranges from 33° 17̕ to 33° 60̕ at Lorestan province in watershed of Dez dam. Soil and thin roots collected randomly from the depth of 0-30 cm of plant canopy area. Significant difference (p> 0. 01) was found in phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, magnesium and organic matter in spring and autumn. Potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus showed significant negative correlation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi spore density and percentage colonization but magnesium was positively correlated with spore density and percentage colonization respectively; +0. 61 and +0. 48. Thymus kotschyanus showed the highest percentage root colonization and the highest number of spores were observed in rhizosphere of Ziziphora clinopodioides. The highest root colonization and spore numbers were observed in spring. Six species of Glomus genus contain G. microcarpum, G. etunicatum, G. macrocarpum, G. constrictum and G. geosporum were identified in the rhizosphere of selected medicinal plant species.

This study was conducted to assay the effects of diverse levels of foliar application of brown marine algae extract (0, 150 and 300 ml) in combined with integrative treatment of organic fertilizers (control, poaltry manure, cow manure and vermicompost) and soil cover (white and black) on some physiological characteristics (chlorophyll content, total phenolic, flavonoids and anthocyanin contents) and growth potential of Calendula officinalis as factorial based on RCBD with three replications. The results revealed the significant interaction effects of integrative treatments (soil cover and organic fertilizer) and algal extracts foliar application on chlorophyll a content. The highest chlorophyll a content was recorded in vermicompost + 300 ml algae extract. The highest data for root (15gm-2) and stem dry weight (74/8g m-2) and for flower diameter (5/98cm) were recorded in plants treated with vermicompost + white mulch. The greatest phenolic content, flower dry weight, as well as the highest essential oil content were acquired in organic fertilizer + black mulch. The lowest data for phenolic and essential oil content was belonged to control (without algae extract) treatment. Algal extract foliar application significantly influenced the anthocyanin content at 300 ml. Finally, all treatments used in this study had positive effects on the physiological and morphological characteristics of Marigold and can be recommended to farmers.

Cover crops and their residues can act as mulches or physical barriers by smothering weeds, suppressing weed seed germination and growth. In order to evaluation the effect of cover crops and their residues on weed management, wheat yield and yield components, an experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 in two stages. Evaluations were performed in randomized complete block design as split plot. At the first stage, cover crops grew for 45 days as second factor involved rye, hairy vetch, mixed of rye-hairy vetch and control without cover crop. In the next stage, wheat has planted after residuals management as first factor (include incorporated residuals, mowed residuals and herbicide application). The results showed standing cover crops, before residuals management, rye and mixed treatments reduced density (as average 60%) and dry weight (87%) of grasses significantly rather than control treatment. After residue management, mowing and herbicide application had highest and least density of narrow weeds respectively. On both samplings, cover crops decreased intensively density and dry weight of grasses at the stages of booting (59 and 62% respectively) and maturity (60 and 68%) of wheat. During this study, cover crops and residuals management had no a negligible and consistent impact on density and dry weight of broad leaf weeds. Despite residuals management was not effective on yield components and yield. A significant impact of cover crops observed on some yield components of wheat. Among the cover crop treatments, rye-hairy vetch mix had highest number of spikelet per spike, main spike weight, spike weight per square meter and biological yield. The cover crop and residuals management interaction showed higher harvest index when rye-cover crop killed by herbicide and rye-hairy vetch mix treated by mowing. Since cover crops and also their residuals in soil declined severely density and biomass of narrow weeds especially as rye-hairy vetch mix (72 and 75 percent respectively), then cover crops appear to be profitable for weed management due to delay or decline weed germination and reduction of wheatweed competition ensued from it even for short time.

The experiment was performed in order to comparison of ecological and chemical management methods on the emergence, growth and development of the potato weeds in 2015 on the two locations of agricultural research stations Alarogh and Samian in Ardabil province in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments was included. 1. ) between rows of potatoes sprayed with Trifluralin herbicide. 2. ) between the rows of potatoes sprayed with Metribuzin herbicide. 3. ) cultivation practice. 4. ) usage of plant mulch contain the Wheat stubble. 5. ) usage of plant mulch contain the Canola stubble. 6. ) usage of black polyethylene sheets mulch. 7. ) usage of transparent polyethylene sheets mulch. 8. ) weed infested (interference) treatment. 9. ) weed free (control) treatment. Based on the results obtained in this study, mulch, herbicide and cultivator were significant effects on the potato weeds density in both locations so that the least density of weed obtained in Wheat stubble mulch and then usage of Metribuzin herbicide treatments, respectively. Most weed density was counted in the weed interference treatment equal to 99. 1 plants per square meter. The usage of Wheat mulch compared to the non-application, reduced to 84 percent of weed density compared to weed interference treatment in potato crop. The application of Canola stubble residues compared to weed interference treatment reduced the weed density as 79 percent. The broad leaf species of Common Amaranth, Bindweed and Common lambsquarters density, as important potato weeds in all herbicide treatments, mulch and cultivation, decreased compared to weed interference treatment. The most of Common Amaranth density was observed in black plastic mulch, Trifluralin and transparent plastic mulch treatments respectively. The Common lambsquarters was the highest density in Metribuzin herbicide and plastic mulch treatments in this study. So the Green foxtail had the highest density in usage of cultivation and the least of density was observed in black polyethylene sheets mulch, Canola mulch and Wheat mulch treatments respectively. The highest tuber yield was related to Metribuzin, cultivator and Trifluralin treatments and the least tuber yield by approximately 83 percent was related to weed infested all season treatment then plastic mulch treatment with 47 percent. The weed management of plant stubbles, black polyethylene mulch and cultivation practice treatments could care yield of potato in damage. So that use of mulch, especially plant stubbles, compared with herbicide usage, in addition to lower cost, would be adequate weed control.

Fars is the largest wheat producer province in Iran. In terms of planted area and output, wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) is the number one crop in Fars and currently almost all irrigated wheat is conventionally planted in narrow spaced rows or broadcasting on the flat and is irrigated by flood irrigation within bordered basins. In order to study the response of wheat genotypes to flat planting and bed planting under different irrigation regimes, experiments were conducted in Darab regionattwo consecutive growing seasons (2010-2011 and 2011-2012). The experimental design was split-split plot with three replications. The main factor was two irrigation regimes (normal irrigation and irrigation cut off after flowering stage). Sub plots were two planting methods (FP: flat planting, BP: bed planting). The sub-sub plots were four wheat genotypes (Shiroudi-local check, Chamran 2, Aflak and a promising line: S-82-10). Results indicated that, post anthesis drought stress significantly (P ≤ 0. 05) decreased grain yield and its components in all genotypes. Grain yield shows highest correlation with grain mass (r = 0. 742**) as compared with the other grain yield components under drought stress condition. This result indicated that, grain yield reduction was mainly affected by grain mass decrement under water stress conditions. The main reason of grain yield reduction in stress condition was reduction in grain number per spike and grain weight. The Aflak cultivar produced the highest grain yield (5712 kg ha-1) in non-stress condition while the highest grain yield in drought stress (3148 kg ha-1) condition was belonged to Shiroudi cultivar. The biological yield and harvest index were positively affected with bed planting by 14% and 3%, respectively. The bed planting method improved WUE (water use efficiency) and grain yield by more than 27% and 16%, respectively.

To investigate the physical seed priming of maize under water deficit, a split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2014. Main plots consisted of two irrigation levels (control and water deficit respectively 70 and 110 mm evaporations from class A pan) and sub plots of eleven levels of physical priming (gamma and beta rays with fixed velocity of two micro curie, laser with continuous wave He-Ne with wavelength 6328 angstrom, magnetic field with 40 Mt and ultrasonic waves with maximum 3 wat/cm2 in 5 and 10 minutes along with control, without any treatment). Based on the results obtained, grain yield and leaf area index decreased by 18. 5 and 23% respectively under drought stress condition in comparison with normal irrigation (70 mm evaporation from the pan). Proline concentration of leaves increased under drought stress by 38% as compared with control treatment. The highest leaf area indices by using magnetic field and 5 minutes laser and gamma irradiations obtained to be 3. 95. The highest grain yield belonged to treatment of 5 and 10 minutes of magnetic field and to treatments of 5 minutes gamma and laser irrigations. Increasing treatment time from 5 to10 minutes, of gamma and laser irradiations decreased grain yield by 20 and 17%, respectively. It can be concluded that physical seed priming by magnetic field, gamma and laser irradiations for short times can be recommended for higher grain yields.

Planting data and soil moisture retention are the most important factors influencing the increase crop yield. In order to evaluate the effect of planting dates and rice residue application (mulch) on growth and yield of cranberry bean, a factorial experiment arranged in a complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in Koochesfehan (Rasht, Iran). The factors were planting dates 3 levels (23 April, 30 April and 7 May) and mulch application with 2 levels (with mulch, without mulch). Results indicated that planting dates had significant effect on parameters, exactly number of green pods had significant effect on parameters, exactly number of green seeds, number of flowers, biological and productivity score. Interaction between planting dates and mulch had significant effect on number of dry seeds, number of root nodules, dry seed yield, biological yield and productivity score. Comparison of means indicated that first planting date had the highest effect on parameters; number of green seeds (29. 79), number of dry seeds (30. 03) and number of flowers (16) per plant, dry pod yield (1139. 58 Kg/ha) and harvest index (47. 93%). Mulch application had the highest effect on parameters; number of green pod per plant (8. 33), pod yield (1085. 28 Kg/ha) and harvest index (42. 68%). Overall the first planting date (23 April) and application of mulch had higher effect on dry seed yield and productivity score of cranberry bean.

There are numerous factors that contribute to the realization of a successful cotton crop. Two major management decisions, variety selection and planting date management can have a profound effect on the development and final outcome of the crop. In order to study the yield and correlation between traits of cotton cultivars in Moghan region with two planting dates, spring (May 15) and summer (June 21), an experiment was conducted on ten cotton cultivars (Avangard, Mehr, Crema, Sp-731, Sp-732, 001, No. 210, JR-3, No. 228, No. 200) as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2013-2014 cropping year at Ardebil Agricultural Research Center (Moghan). In these experiments various traits of cotton cultivars (yields of first cutting, second cutting, total cutting, total yield, plant height, number of bolls per plant, and prematurity and green percent) were investigated in two spring and summer planting dates. The results showed that, all traits, except plant height were affected by planting dates. The interaction between planting dates and cultivars was significant for all traits, except plant height and second harvesting. The highest yield of first and second harvesting were obtained by Mehr, Avangard, SP-731, SP-732, NO. 210 × spring planting and Mehr, Avangard, Sp-731, Sp-732 × summer planting, respectively. The lowest yield of these tow traits were obtained by Crema, Sp-731, No. 200, No. 228, JR-3, No. 210, No. 001 × summer planting. The highest total yield, Balls number and prematurity percentage, were obtained by SP-732, NO. 001, Mehr, SP-731, NO. 001 × spring planting, jointly. Also the lowest of these traits were obtained by NO. 210, NO. 200, and SP-731 × summer planting, respectively. The highest and lowest of plant height were achieved in NO. 001 × spring planting and SP-732 × summer planting, respectively. Among ten cotton cultivars, the highest yield belonged to SP-731, Avangard and SP-732.