PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY (ARSANJAN BRANCH)
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:38 |Papers Count:21

There is low information regarding quantitative partition of biomass in faba (Vicia faba L. ). The purpose of this study was to obtain the values of the distribution coefficients of dry matter between different parts of faba plant under different sowing dates and densities conditions. This experiment was conducted in Gonbad Kavoos during 2012-2013 in rainfed conditions. Experimental design was a factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were combinations of sowing dates (27 November 2012, 14 December 2012 and 7 January 2013) and four plant densities (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants m-2). Separately dry weight of different organs and phenological stages were measured between emergences to maturity. A linear relation was found for biomass partitioning between leaves and stems before podding stage (R3). Ratio of dry matter distribution among leaf and stem on 27November 2012, 14 December 2012 and 7 January 2013 were 62: 37, 60: 39 and 54: 40, respectively. Dry matter that was dedicated to stem more than leaf. On the other hand competition between of plants had not significant effect on dry matter distribution. Dispersion between data was more after podding stage than before it, which is probably due to translocation of dry mater. Therefore, the using of fixed partitioning coefficients isn’ t effective after podding stage. It was concluded that using fixed partitioning coefficients between leaf (0. 39) and stem (0. 58) after first-seed (R3) are not as effective as they are before this stage and using partitioning coefficients after this stage by conception of linear increase in harvest index are ideal. It was concluded that the obtained coefficients could be used for faba bean growth simulation models.

In order to study the effect of different fertilizer sources (Chemical and biological) on yield and yield components and some agronomic traits of two varieties of garlic (Allium sativum) an experiment as spilt plot in randomized complete block design with three replications has been conducted in the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station of Zehak in 2014. Different fertilizer sources was in 7 levels include (Nitroxin, nitrokara, fertilizer phosphate 2, chemical fertilizer NPK, chemical fertilizer+ nitroxin, chemical fertilizer+ nitrokara, chemical fertilizer+ fertilizer phosphate 2) as the main factor and two varieties of garlic include Hamedani and Chines as the minor factor. The result showed that different fertilizer sources were significant effect on plant height, steam diameter, garlic yield, garlic diameter and number of clove. The result showed that varieties had the significant effect on plant height, garlic yield, garlic weight, number of clove, clove diameter and clove weight. Such that, means comparison of fertilizer effect showed that highest plant height (50. 16 cm) and garlic yield (8350. 7 kg. ha-1) was obtained from chemical fertilizer+ nitroxin (F5) treatment and in other hand lowest plant height (30. 50 cm) and garlic yield (6636 kg. ha-1) was obtained from chemical fertilizer NPK (F4) treatment. Means comparison of varieties showed that maximum plant height (43. 52 cm) and garlic yield (8342. 3 kg. ha-1) was obtained from var. hamedani (V2) treatment and in other hand lowest plant height (39. 90 cm) and garlic yield (6949. 4 kg. ha-1) was obtained from var. chines (V1) treatment, respectively.

In order to study the effect of planting methods and planting depth on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of potato cultivars a factorial experiment carried out based on randomized completely block design in three replications under Mahidasht Town in Kermanshah Province, 2014-15 season. Experimental factors in this research were planting methods includs conventional cultivation (Hill planting), planting in leveled soil surface (Flat planting) and planting in furrow. Planting depth were 7, 12 and 17 cm and three studied cultivars were Agria, Arinda and Banba. Results showed that planting methods had significant effect on all of studied parameters. Planting depth had not significant effect except of tuber PH. The interaction effect of planting method and planting depth on tuber mean weight and total tuber yield was significant. Triple effect interaction of examined factors showed that the Agria cultivar produced the highest tuber numbers (14. 67) into furrow planting in the depth of 17 cm and the Banba cultivar produced the lowest tuber numbers (6. 33) in hill planting in the depth of 7 cm. Mean comparison of parameters showed that the highest percentage of dry matter was observed into furrow planting with amount of 3. 29% and the lowest in the hill cultivation method with amount of 4. 6%. The highest tuber pH was obtained into furrow planting (5. 81) because of better availability to nutrients. Triples effect interaction also showed that the highest individual mean weight of tuber obtained in furrow planting and depth of 7 cm in Arinda (1037 gr) and the lowest mean weight was obtained in depth of 12 cm in flat planting in Banba variety(477 gr). The highest tuber yield produced in Arinda cultivar (58530 kg/ha) into furrow planting in depth of 7 cm. totally, the Arinda and Banba determined as the best cultivars to cultivation in this region.

In order to study the effects of superabsorbent polymer and vermicompost on yield and yield components of chickpea (var. Gerit), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications during the 2014-2015 growing seasons in Alashtar town, Lorestan, Iran. First factor was superabsorbent polymer at four levels (including control, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) and second factor was vermicompost at three levels (including control, 7. 5 and 15 ton/ha). According to the results, mean comparison showed that the highest grain yield (943. 6 kg/ha) was associated to third level of superabsorbent (200 kg/ha) and non-application of vermicompost indicating increase compared to control. Based on results, the highest grain yield (831. 4 kg/ha) was related to third level of superabsorbent representing 20. 4 percent increase compared to control. Also, highest grain yield (798. 4 kg/ha) observed in 15 ton/ha vermicompost representing 12. 3 percent increase compared to control. Application of vermicompost and superabsorbent in wheat at dry land farming conditions, caused prominent improvement in growth and growth indices. This positive impact could be attributed to stimulating activity of soil beneficial microbes through vermicompost and its ability to improving macroand micro-nutrients uptake as well as ability to absorbing and holding water.

In order to investigate of the effects of nitrogen and potassium levels on nitrogen and potassium uptake, agronomical use efficiency and protein content of lentil, a field factorial experiment design in the base of complete random block in three replications was carried out in the research field of Islamic Azad University of Ardebil branch during 2015-2016. Factors include potassium fertilizer rate with three levels (0, 35 and 70 kgK/ha) the form of potassium sulphate source and nitrogen fertilizer rate with three levels (0, 30 and 60 kgN/ha) the form of granulation and the cultivated variety was the native variety. The results showed that in the all of traits, (Except of agronomical nitrogen and potassium used efficiency) increasing of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer rate increased the studied traits. The main effects of each fertilizers, cased to increase of yield and yield components and precentag and the amount absourbtion of potassum and nitrogen fertilizer traits, so that the highest amount of these traits was obtained in 70 kgK/ha potassium fertilizer and 60 kgN/ha nitrogen fertilizer. The interaction effects between potassium and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield, agronomic efficiency of K fertilizer, protein yield of grain and grain nitrogen uptake were significant. The results of this study showed that simultaneous use of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer was positive reactions of lentil to fertilizers and increased seed yield. Totally Coapplication of these two fertilizers to increase the quantity and quality of this plant under this condition, is recommended.

To investigate some physiological responses of two wheat cultivar under variable moisture conditions to salicylic acid, a split split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Research Center of Sarableh, Ilam during 2014-2015 cropping season. Experimental factors included moisture treatments in three levels (control (100), 70 and 40 % Field capacity) In the main-plots, salicylic acid in three levels (0, 50 and 100 μ m) in the sub-plot and two wheat cultivar (Bahar and Pishtaz) in sub sub-plot. Studied traits in this study included yield, Relative Water Content, stomatal conductance, rubisco activity, photosynthetic rate, Transpiration rate, electrolyte leakage and Sub stomatal CO2 concentration. The results showed that Triple interaction between drought stress, salicylic acid and Cultivars on all traits was significant. Although By increasing drought stress yield (33%) and Relative Water Content (24%) decreased, while the use of salicylic acid in this situation improve these traits. Also by increasing drought stress Electrolyte leakage decreased, but the use of salicylic acid improved that, 13% and 24. 5% respectively. Photosynthetic rate (12%) and Rubisco activity (13%) by increasing salicylic acid Decreased In comparison with control. In general, based on the role of salicylic acid in reducing the negative impact of drought stress on physiological processes that studied in this research, application of that in 70% soil capacity with 100 μ m salicylic acid for Pishtaz cultivar can be suggested.

In order to identify the effect of water stress on potato traditional cultivars and advanced clone growth this experiment was carried out under field conditions as Split-plot design based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in Ardabil Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station during 2015. Main plots included three irrigation levels: complete irrigation, mild and severe water stress and sub-plots included 5 potato cultivars: Agria, Spirit, Marfona, Luca, Hermes and 397008-9 promising clone. Results showed that in spite of the effect of water stress on marketable tuber number per plant, other studied traits such as tuber weight per plant, marketable tuber weight per plant, total tuber yield and marketable tuber yield were influenced by irrigation and cultivar treatments. Luca and Marfona produced the highest marketable tuber weight per plant and marketable tuber number per plant, respectively and also the 397008-9 promising clone had the most highest total tuber yield and tuber weight per plant due to genetic diversity. There were no significant interaction effect between cultivars × irrigation levels on any traits. Because of no significant difference between complete irrigation and mild water stress treatments and also economic importance of tuber yield for farmers, It seems that replacement of complete irrigation by mild water stress, not only will lead to relative maintaining water resources, but also will produce good marketable tuber yield (In accordance with the cultivar).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and mycorrhizal fertilizer treatments (control, Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradise, Glomus hoei and combination of all three strains of mycorrhiza) on growth and grain yield and oil yield, and The physiological characteristics of safflower were cultivated in the farms of agricultural faculty of Malekan Azad University in 1395. The results showed that the levels of 100 kg / ha and 150 kg / ha of phosphorus fertilizer increased the grain yield (51. 5% and 58. 6% increase) and oil (95. 3% and 93. 3% increase). Phosphorus fertilizer increased by increasing the number of seed grain (up to 84. 2% increase) and oil percentage (up to 30. 8% increase) on safflower oil yield, while 100 seed weight negatively affected by phosphorus fertilizer and even manure fertilizer it placed. In addition, Glomus intraradise and Glomus hoej showed the highest grain yield (20. 2 and 21. 5% respectively) and safflower oil (21. 3% and 33. 4% respectively). The increase in mycorrhiza in the number of seeds (up to 28% increase) increased the oil yield, but the percentage of oil was not affected by the application of mycorrhiza. The application of these two treatments improved the content of safflower phosphorus. The content of antioxidants and proline of safflower was also increased by application of phosphorus fertilizer and bio-manure manure.

In order to evaluate the effect of the combined system of biological and chemical inputs on different characteristics of winter barley, the three-factor factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Sarableh Research Station of Ilam, during the 2014-2015 growing seasons. Treatments contain the application method of biofertilizer factor that include, Soil inoculation at the depth of 4 cm in the soil and Seeds inoculation, the second factor was phosphorus (P) fertilizer as triple super phosphate include three levels of P fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 kg P ha-1), the third factor involves the use of bio-fertilizers (1. Azotobacter 2. Pseudomonas 3. Azotobacter + Pseudomonas 4. Control (no inoculation)). Mean comparison of treatments showed highly significant differences between different levels of P fertilizer. The comparison of means showed that significant differences exist between different levels of bio-fertilizers and grain yield (4206 kg ha-1) of the third level (Azotobacter + Pseudomonas) achieved a 26% increase compared to the control. The results of this study showed that the use of biofertilizers potentially reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers and decreasing potential human, animal and environmental impact. Finally, according to the survey results, it seems that seed inoculation method with biological fertilizer is more effective than terrestrial insemination.

Today, the emphasis is on stable agricultural, the long-term stability of crop production with minimal impact on the environment. The use of biological fertilizers has been considered in recent years, with the purpose of eliminating or reducing many environmental impacts irreparable, caused by indiscriminate use of chemical-based agricultural ecosystems. To study the effect of Mycorrhizal and Azotobacter biological fertilizers on growth and yield of red bean, an experiment in crop year 2016 in Lorestan Beiranshahr, a factorial experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Parameters studied: mycorrhizal fungi at two levels (inoculated and no inoculated), inoculated with Azotobacter bacteria at two levels: (inoculated and non-inoculated) and red bean (Beiranshahr landrace, Akhtar and Goli Cultivars). The results showed the effect of three factors were significant at probability 1 percent level, plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, seed yield and seed protein yield; And the interaction of three factors (Azetobacter×Mycorrhiza×varieties) on plant height, seed yield and seed protein yield at 5 percent probability level. seed yield in Beiranshahr landrace, Akhtar and Goli Cultivars, increased 56. 5, 19. 1 and 43. 2 Percent Respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained from the combined effect of Inoculation Azotobacter×Mycorrhizal inoculation×Goli Cultivar (298. 90 kg. ha-1) plants with form the progressive and unlimited growth. According to the findings of this study, the use of biological fertilizers containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone or along with Azotobacter crocococcus can be recommended in red bean cultivation.

Using of low quality resources of water and soil for food production in developing countries must be considered as option. Therefore, this study has done on the plant forage sorghum in different levels of salinity (2, 5 and 8 ds. m-1) and different irrigation levels (120, 100, 75 and 50% of water requirement) in three stages harvesting forage. Experiment done in the form of factorial split plot in randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 3 replicates in Sistan region in 2015. The results Analysis of variance showed that interaction of irrigation, salinity and harvest and the effects of each treatment alone, the parameters measured in %1 probability level was significant. The results mean comparison of traits measured showed that with increasing salinity and irrigation water depth decreases, yield decrease. But between treatments perfected irrigation and % 75 crop water requirement significant differences was not observed. Also Between treatments with salt 2 and 5 ds/m significant different in feed production was not observed Showed the effects of harvesting forage yield in the second harvest was better than the first and third harvest. Chlorophyll ratio a to b and percentage of proline increased and percentage of caroteniods, Chlorophyll a and b increased with increasing salinity and decreasing irrigation water depth. Thus, according to the results and the lack of water in the region can irrigate the plants with %75 of water and salinity 5 ds. m-1 Without any significant effect on the amount of forage produced and the stored water can be used elsewhere and the best cutting forage for yield and quality is the second harvesting.

To study quantitative and qualitative traits of bread wheat, this investigation was conducted as two factorial experiments using a randomized complete block design with three replications at two sites in Ilam and Bushehr during 2013-2014 cropping seasons. The experimental factors were including two levels of Cycocel (CCC) (0, 2. 5 gram per liter), application of Zinc sulfate (Zn) at the three rates (0, 25 and 50 kilogram per hectare) and Nitroxin, as bio-fertilizer, (seed inoculated and non-inoculated). The results showed that CCC application had significant effect on yield and its components at the probability level of 1 percentage. CCC spraying increased spike number per meter square, grain number per spike and grain yield by about 14. 6, 19. 6, 28. 5 and 29. 5 percentages, respectively. The highest grain protein content (13. 8%), wet Gluten (36. 1 %), Gliadin (53. 6%) and Glutenin (31. 8%) were obtained from plants treated with CCC spraying, at 50 kilograms per hectare of zinc sulfate and Nitroxin-inoculated seeds treatment. CCC spraying at the concentration level of 2. 5 g/L, application of 50 kg of Zn per hectare and inoculation of seeds with Nitroxin resulted to the highest grain yield (1710 kilograms per hectare) and the highest amounts of lysine, Threonine and Methionine were obtained by about 510, 545 and 772 milligram per 100 gram of protein sample, respectively. Generally, it can be concluded that CCC, Zn and Nitroxin might be effective in improvement of grain yield in wheat under dry land farming.

The competitiveness of 20 advanced wheat genotypes with weeds under rainfed and supplementary irrigation was studied as a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications at Shirvan Agricultural Research Station of North Khorasan in 2015-2016. The main plots included weed-free and weed-infest and subplots included 20 advanced wheat genotypes. Based on the compound analysis of variance results, a significant difference was observed between wheat genotypes in the all traits. Wheat growth and yield reduction by weeds under irrigated conditions was higher than in rainfed condition. Based on the results, genotypes 12 (MOB/NE94406 BALANCO) and 17 (SISABAN-4), had the highest grain yield compared to the other genotypes in the supplementary irrigation and rainfed conditions in both weedy and weedfree treatments. The greatest reduction in biomass of weeds was related to genotypes 12 and 17. The most yield reduction by weeds in irrigation (37%) and rainfed (26%) conditions was related to genotype 20. The least yield reduction by weeds in both irrigation and rainfed conditions was created by genotypes 12 and 17 than other genotypes. Based on our research results, competitive ability of wheat genotypes with weeds is different under irrigated and rainfed conditions an also, weed control is more important in irrigated than rainfed conditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of cut-irrigation on chlorophyll content and yield of different genotypes of cotton, a field experiment were performed in Haji Abad (28° 36'N, 54° 41'E) during 2014-2015 growing season. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plot was drought levels (Full irrigation (every 10 days) and irrigation-cut for two periods (30 days)) and the subplot was different cotton genotypes (Super Elit Arian, Super ElitGolestan, Kiza, SB-35, Opal, Super ElitBakhtegan, T-2, Dr-Omoomi, Khandagh, Superokra, Termez-14, T-3, Sahel, Sepid, Silend, Armaghan, Pak, Oltan). Irrigation cutting reduced the chlorophyll content of different cotton genotypes. The highest and lowest β-carotene, Xanthophyl, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were obtained for Termez-14 and Dr-Omoomi genotypes, respectively. Under irrigation cutoff some genotypes had higher levels of chlorophyll content and yield such as, Khandagh, Pak, Opal, Armaghan, Sahel and Oltan which shows that these genotypes can better tolerate drought stress condition.

While Azetobacter bacteria in the rhizosphere, in addition to providing a part of the nitrogen will be production of crop growth promoting, root growth and yield. Acording to this, two experiments were in order to the effects of Azotobacter and nitrogen carried out on irrigated barley (Bahman variety) on root and shoot growth at booting stage (experiment 1) and root and shoot growth and also grain yield at ripening stage (experiment 2) in pot condition in Songhor town (cold area), Kermanshah Province as a factorial in based a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications during 2014-2015. Factors included Azotobacter chroococcum (0, 100 and 200 g ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) from urea source. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of Azotobacter and nitrogen as well as interactions between them on all traits at two experiments were significant. The maximum of root traits, shoot dry weight and grain yield (21. 77 g pot-1) at booting (experiment 1) and maturity stages (experiment 2) obtained at Azotobacter (200 g ha-1) and Nitrogen (200 kg ha-1) and declined amount of traits with decreased amount of treatments. But, this grain yield was not significant difference with Azotobacter (100 g ha-1) and nitrogen (100 kg ha-1) treatment (20. 85 g pot-1). Generally, the results of this test showed that the consumption of 100 g ha-1 Azotobacter has been saved about 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen and reduced bio-environmental problems.