JOURNAL OF METABOLISM AND EXERCISE
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:2|Papers Count:6

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic or resistance training on the serum levels of NF-kB, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, and insulin resistance index in type2 diabetic women. Method: Participants were 45 volunteer women with type 2 diabetes who randomly assigned into three groups of 15: aerobic training, resistance training, and control. The exercises performed three times a week for eight weeks. The resistance training consisted of 8-12 repetitions with 60-70% of 1RM, and the aerobic training consisted of 30-50 minutes of running on the treadmill with 65-75% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the intervention, the levels of NF-kB, lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin resistance index were measured. Results: Eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training had no significant effect on NF-kB levels. However, both training methods significantly reduced the insulin resistance index, fasting blood glucose, LDL levels, and increased HDL levels (P<0. 05). The levels of triglycerides were significantly reduced only after the aerobic training (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of aerobic and resistance training in improvements of the insulin resistance index, blood glucose, LDL and HDL levels. Conclusion: : Eight weeks of aerobic training with 65-75% of the maximum heart rate or resistance training with 60-70% of 1RM can lead to reducing insulin resistance and blood sugar level, and improvement of lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes, without significant effect on NF-kB levels. There is no difference in positive effects of these training methods.

Aim: The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of L-Arginine acute consumption on fat and carbohydrate metabolism during high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in overweight individuals. Method: : Ten overweight male students (Mean± SD; age 24. 3± 2. 2 years; and BMI, 27. 0± 1. 2 kg/m2) performed two HIIE trials including 10 intervals of 3 min include 1 min running at 100% of vVO2max and 2 min active recovery at 40% of vVO2max with or without supplement consumption. In each session, subjects consumed either L-Arginine or placebo 90 min prior to exercise. In each session, insulin, glucose, non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA) and triglyceride were measured before and after L-Arginine or placebo, and immediately after exercise. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were collected by using Cortex Gas Analyzer and to calculate fat and carbohydrate oxidation, using Frayne’ s equation. Results: Carbohydrate oxidation rate was significantly different between the two sessions (P<0. 05). In addition, glucose concentration and carbohydrate oxidation were significantly increased following HIIE (P<0. 05). However, there were no significant differences between the two trials for glucose, insulin, NEFA, triglyceride and fat oxidation. Conclusion: Based on the findings of present study, it could be concluded that L-Arginine supplementation may lead to increases in carbohydrate oxidation during HIIE in overweight men, but has no effect on fat oxidation and rest of metabolites.

Aim: Myostatin, its inhibitor follistatin have been proposed as factors that could potentially modify biological aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks resistance band exercise training on myostatin, follistatin levels in elderly women with osteosarcopenic obesity. Method: In this randomized, single blind randomized clinical trial, 48 elderly women with osteosarcopenic obesity (based on the results of the DEXA test, age 64. 63 ± 3. 68 (years), fat percentage 45. 4 ± 6. 6 (%), BMI 33. 1 ± 3. 71 (kg/m2), T score of bone minerals density of femur and 1-4 lumbar spine-1. 86 ± 1. 42) were randomly divided to control (n = 22) and exercise (n = 26). The training group performed 12 weeks and three sessions a week resistance band training for all major muscle groups. Forty-eight hours before and after 12 weeks of intervention, blood sampling was performed. Paired-sample t-test was used for intra-group comparisons and Ancova was used for comparison between groups. Results: The between groups comparison showed the a mount of significant difference in Follistatin (P=0. 002) in training group, weight (P = 0. 001), fat percentage (P = 0. 001) increased and the ratio of follystatin to myostatin (P = 0. 018) decreasedsignificantly. incontrol groups. However, there were no significant difference in body mass index (P = 0. 054), myostatin (P=0. 095) between groups. Conclusion: Resistance band training seems to be an appropriate exercise strategy in elderly people with osteosarcopenic to improve body composition and muscle mass by modulating follistatin and myostatin levels.

Aim: Alzheimer disease is characterized by progressive cognitive decline accompanied with hypocampic neurotrophins reduction. The effects of exercise on hypocampic changes in these patients are not well known. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks moderate-intensity endurance training on hypocampic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor gene expression in the rats with hippocampal degeneration model. Method: In this experiment, twenty-four mature Sprague-dawley male rats were subjected to Alzheimer’ s disease through intraperitoneally injection of 8 mg/kg Trimethytin (TMT) and then were divided into (1) Alzheimer-infected control group, (2) endurance training, and (3) sham to study the impact of the disease on the variables. Sixteen healthy rats were assigned to the control group that eight rats sacrifice at first week and eight rats sacrifice at last week. The rats in the endurance training group ran on a treadmill with the speed of 15 to 20 meters per minute for 15 to 30 minutes in each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. To analyze the results, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were run using SPSS. Results: The results revealed that induction of Alzheimer’ s disease by TMT decreases the BDNF (P=0. 001) and TrkB receptor (P=0. 001) gene expression in rats. The results, also indicated that there were no significant differences in hypocampic BDNF (P=0. 25) and TrkB receptor (P=0. 99) gene expression between endurance training group and sham group. Conclusion: According to the study results, it seems that endurance training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study had not significant effect on changes of hypocampic BDNF and TrkB receptor gene expression in the rats with hippocampal degeneration model. Further studies are needed in this field.

Aim: A main reason of death in diabetes is cardiovascular diseases, which apoptosis plays a critical role through the progress. As known, physical activity can protect human heart from damaging induced by apoptosis. This study was investigate the effects of eight weeks of resistance exercises on cardiomyocyte apoptosis markers in diabetic rats. Method: twenty male wistar rats (8 weeks old and 210-250 g weight) were randomly allocated into two groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg) in diabetic groups. The resistance training carried out on a step ladder, with an 80% slope and a load of 30-100 percentage of subjects weight, whereas control group remained sedentary. To determine training adaptations, blood and heart tissue samples were taken. The level of the serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index, and gene expression levels Bcl-2, Bax, caspase8 and the ratio of Bax/ Bcl-2 were assessed. Results: Implementation of 8 weeks of resistance exercise resulted significant decrease in gene expression levels Bax and the ratio of bax/ Bcl-2 (p=0/000) and a significant increase in Bcl-2 (p=0/000) and caspase 8 (p=0/004) compare to control group. Conclusion: The results show that resistance exercise may be used as a non‐ pharmacological strategy to reduce side effects of apoptosis in the heart cells in diabetes.

Aim: Obesity is known as an inflammatory systemic indicator of various diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise on serum levels of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase in obese men. Method: Forty sedentary obese men (BMI = 31. 07 kg. m2) with age range of 30-45 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 participants: progressive resistance exercise and control. The exercise protocol, was carried out for 12 weeks, three times a week. (from 15 repetitions in 2 sets with 50% 1RM to 12 repetitions in 3 sets with 80% 1RM). Blood samples were taken after 11-h overnight fast before first training session and 24 hours after the last training session, to determine serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase. Data were analyzed using independent and dependent t-test at a significance level of α =0. 05. Results: : The results showed that 12 weeks of progressive resistance training has significant effect on between group changes of aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0. 003), alkaline phosphatase (p = 0. 014), alanine aminotransferase (p = 0. 040) and the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase (p = 0. 006) in sedentary obese men. Significant between group changes were observed in muscle strength (p = 0. 001) and body fat percentage (p = 0. 038). Progressive resistance training is likely to reduce the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase in the blood of obese obese men by improving body composition, muscle strength, and oxygen consumption. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of progressive resistance training is likely to reduce serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase in obese men by improving body composition, muscle strength, and oxygen consumption.