Journal of Applied Biology
Year:2019 | Volume:31 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:11

The genus Grammosciadium DC. (Apiaceae) consists of three species in Flora of Iran. Generally, they are located in temperate and are considered to be attractive animal foods. The aerial parts of Grammosciadium scabridiumin fruiting stage were collected from Lorestan Province, Iran. Collected plant materials were dried in shade and were hydro distillated using a Clevenger apparatus. Substances in the oil were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC/MS. The anatomical studies were carried out using double staining method. GC and GC/MS analyses of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 36 compounds, representing 89. 3% the total oil. Major constituents of the oil were 2-Cyclohexen-1-one (29. 53%), limonene (17. 09%), apiol (11. 78%). The anatomical studies showed that the stem has a nine-sided polygon structure and 40-44 secretory canals were found in the cortex and pith.

Nisin is the first FDA-approved food preservative produced by Lactococcus lactis at industrial scale. The negative effect of lactic acid produced by metabolism of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, on nisin production, was removed by co-culture of Lactococcus lactis with Yarrowia lipolytica yeast. In the present study, the co-culture of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Yarrowia lipolyticawas performed for the first time inmolasses-based medium at 30° C, pH 6, 100 rpm, 0. 15 vvm was applied in a laboratory scale bioreactor. Nisin production was measured as 920 IU/mL. The results showed that co-culture fermentation increased biomass and nisin production up to 63% and 78%, respectively. Other factors such as extracellular proteolytic activity of the yeast should be taken into consideration, which in turn make the culture nutrients more available to the bacterium.

In order to identify QTLs controlling agronomic traits in 103 F3 families of Barley derived from cross Badia × Kavir was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014-2015 years, at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource of Gonbad Kavous University. For linkage map construction, 69 ISSR polymorphic alleles and 7 SSR markers were used that covered 698 cM of the barley genome. 23 QTLs were identified. Among these mapped QTLs, qSW-3 (between ISSR29-7-ISSR31-5) and qSW-4 linked to (ISSR20-1), qSW-4 (between ISSR131-1-ISSR16-4), qSW-5 (between ISSR47-6-ISSR30-3), qSW-6 (between ISSR48-5-ISSR47-7), qSW-6 (between ISSR22-6-ISSR30-1), qSW-7 (ISSR48-1) for spike weight and qGL-4 (ISSR20-1) for grain length identified as major QTLs. It is suggested that Major QTLs should be considered in plant breeding programs and marker-assisted selection.

Chlorella has applications in medicine, industry and food. For this reason, increase of biomass and its metabolites is valuable. Aim of this study was to obtain the best substance or phytohormone combinations to increase biomass and metabolites contents of Chlorella sorokiniana. In this study, Chlorella sorokiniana was cultured in modified Bold Basal Medium (BBM). Different proportions of plant hormones, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA) and kinetin (Kin), nitrate and phosphate and thiamine pyrophosphate were added to medium. There was significant rise in dry weight, photosynthetic pigments and protein contents in treatment NAA (10mg. L-1) + Kin (1mg. L-1) compared with control. In treatment of IBA+ Kin, and thiamine pyrophosphate no significant difference was observed in these parameters. The highest significant enhancement of dry weight, metabolites and protein contents were observed in medium supplemented with higher amount of nitrate and phosphate.

In this study, we have investigated the effects of red hawthorn powder= Valik (RHP) (Crataegus monogyna) as a natural pigment sources and Astaxanthin as synthetic pigment source on growth, and skin color of Severum (Heros severus) with initially average weight 8. 5 ± 0. 57 for a period of 60 days. Basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 1 g kg-1 Astaxanthin, 5, 15 and 25 g kg-1RHP in a totally randomized design trial in triplicate groups. The results showed significant differences in growth and skin color between control and treatment groups (P<0. 05). There was a statistically significant increase (P<0. 05) in growth performances level in group treated with 25 g kg-1RHP. The highest and the lowest growth performances were observed in control and 25 g kg-1RHP, respectively. Total carotenoid content of the fish was determined spectrophotometrically at the end of the experiment. As a result, a visible change of color in the skin of the fish fed on the feed containing Astaxanthin was observed with 0. 58± 0. 2 mg g-1 of pigment accumulation while a relatively change of color was observed in the skin of other fish that were fed on the feed containing powder RHP with 0. 54± 0. 2 mg g-1 of pigment accumulations, respectively (p>0. 05). Therefore, it was determined that these pigment sources have an effect on the color of Severum fish.

Rotifers is frequently used as indicator test animals of water pollutants due to their sensitivity and ecological importance. In present study, population response of rotifer B. calyciflorus to six different concentrations of carbaryl (0, 1, 10, 100, 200 and 400 µ g/l(parts per billion)) with three replicates per concentration was studied for 6 days. Rotifer density and specific growth rate were calculated daily in the control and treatments containing carbaryl. Result showed that, rotifer population growth decreased significantly (p< 0. 05) with increasing carbaryl concentration in the medium. The maximum density in six day belongs to control (49. 15± 0. 05 ind/ml) and minimum density belongs to treatments containing concentration of 400 µ g/l carbaryl (6. 28± 0/1 ind/ml). Also, the rotifer specific growth rate decreased significantly (p< 0. 05) (from 0. 71± 0/006 in control group to 0. 37± 0/003 in concentration of 400 µ g/l) with increasing concentration of this pesticide. The results showed that the pesticide carbaryl even at very low concentrations can highly affect the population rotifer B. calyciflorus.

Tocopherols, identified as vitamin E, are amphipathic molecules known as antioxidant & able to remove ROS in lipophilic conditions. In this study, tobacco plants were cultured on MS medium containing concentrations of 0, 100, 200 mM NaCl supplemented with 0, 100, 200 & 400 mg. L ˉ 1 α-tocopherol for 4 weeks. Then growth parameters including fresh & dry weight, photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll & carotenoids, sodium & potassium, proline, total phenol, soluble sugar, anthocyanins, & total protein were measured. The results showed that, increasing of α-tocopherolconcentrations increased fresh & dry weight of plants & the amount of photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble sugar, total phenol, anthocyanins & potassium while, amount of sodium was decreased significantly. Protein content increased by the highest concentration of α-tocopherol. It seemed that, treatment with vitamin E by changing physiological parameters increased salt tolerance of tobacco plant.

Damping-off is an important disease of cucumber in Iran. Greenhouses cucumber production were visited in south-west Iran, and sampled from infected seedlings. The pathogens were isolated and were known as Phytophthora capsici and Phytophthora megasperma. One hyper-virulent isolate of each pathogen was selected from nine isolates after the pathogenesis test, and were subjected to hyper-parasitism and dual-culture tests against 20 Iranian isolates of Trcihoderma harzianum. All isolates of this fungus had the potential for hyper-parasites and inhibition of colony growth of of the pathogens. Then the ability of five superior T. harzianum was tested in controlling the disease caused by the hyper-virulent isolates of the pathogens in greenhouse. All these isolates of T. harzianum were able to significantly reduce the disease severity. The efficacy of Iranian isolates T. harzianum in the biological control of this disease is reported for the first time.

Spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii) is an important pest of alfalfa. For study of proteome response to that aphid feeds, leaf sampling was made of alfalfa (Hamadani genotype) under treatment and control conditions. Leaf tissue proteome analysis identified 208 protein spots detectable in staining by Coomassie blue. Of these, according to t-test, 16 spots were significantly different at 1% (P≤ 0. 01). The protein spots with significant expression changes, were searched by isoelectric point and molecular weight in databases and identified responsive possible proteins to pest stress conditions. Classification of identified proteins based on functional groups, showed that the highest of proteins change have been expressed in relation to stress, including protein disulfide isomerase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, heat shock proteins, polyphenol oxidase and proxiredoxins. The results revealed the activity of alfalfa at the level of protein expression to develop resistance to pest aphid spotted.

Lepyrodiclis holosteoides is a weed from Caryophyllaceae family that has infested some of wheat and canola fields. The effect of some factors on seed germination of L. holosteoides was studied. Optimal temperature of seed germination was 25/20◦ C. The maximum (80 percent) and minimum (44 percent) seed germination was due to 1 and 15 min scarification with sulphuric acid, respectively. Gibberelin did not affect seed germination. Lepyrodiclis holosteoides germinated only to response to 50 and 100 mM NaCl, and PEG 15. 6, 100 gr/100 ml water. The best planting depth was 1 cm. L. holosteoides distribution is more limited to moderate climate and it is not a problematic weed in warm regions.