Veterinary Research & Biological Products
Year:2019 | Volume:32 | Issue:1 (122) |Papers Count:12

Capripoxvirus (CaPV) genus of Poxviridae family comprises three closely related viruses, namely sheeppox virus (SPV), goatpox virus (GPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causing sheeppox and goatpox and lumpy skin disease of cattle, respectively, with significant economic impact on livestock in endemic areas. Sheeppox and goatpox are endemic for many past years, and Lumpy skin disease emergently occurred in recent years in Iran. Since capripoxviruses are morphologically and antigenically identical discrimination of them relies exclusively on the use of molecular tools. The aim of this study is the molecular characterization of Iran capripoxviruses based on sequence analysis of the chemokine receptor (CKR) homologue gene. For this purpose, 16 capripoxvirus isolates consist of 10 SPV, 4 GPV and 2 LSDV isolates from different parts of Iran during 2013-2016 were used. CKR genes of isolates were amplified by PCR and cloned to pTZ57R/T vector. They were sequenced and analyzed by comparing to those of CaPVs available in the Genbank. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that Iran SPV isolates with more than 99% identity were grouped on the same SPV clade retrieved from Genbank, except for Oman SPV. Iran GPV isolates with 98-99% identity were clustered with those of other countries and furthermore, with India and Bangladesh GPV isolates showed the same genetic profile. Iran LSDV isolates were 99-100% identical with other LSDs in the same clade. Conclusively, Iran SPV, GPV, and LSDV isolates are quite different based on sequence analysis of the CKR gene.

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine is one of the inactivated vaccines and its potency depends on the antigen quality, antigen concentration per dose, and adjuvant. In this study to introduce the better antigen concentration method, both active and inactive of three serotypes O, A05, and Asia of FMD virus were used. Each of the virus type was cultivated in BHK21 cell culture and half of each viral suspension inactivated by ethylene imine. The physical method; ultra filtration (cross flow system) and the chemical method; treatment with poly ethylen glycole (PEG6000) were used for virus concentration following safety assay. The quantity of virus recovery was evaluated by virus adsorption by aluminum hydroxide gel, complement fixation, ELISA, TCID50 titration, and sucrose concentration on the collected samples. The results indicate that the concentration rate did not affect virus adoption by aluminum hydroxide gel and the quantity of virus recovery using ultra filtration was higher than PEG precipitation.

The purpose of this study was the effect of vaccination with different adjuvant of inactivated ORT vaccines (potassium alum, mineral oil and Saponin) to measure the levels of antibodies against ORT in blood sera on SPF chickens. Inactivated ORT bacterin vaccines were prepared from ORT serotype A using potassium alum, mineral oil (MO) and Saponin. Fifteen SPF chickens per group were vaccinated at an age of 3 weeks with one of the three different inactivated vaccines. Similarly, 15 SPF chickens at an age of three week were vaccinated with inactivated vaccine in mineral oil. Booster vaccination with inactivated vaccine in mineral oil was performed five weeks after primary vaccination. Blood samples were collected from all the experimental birds during the experimental study. The presence of IgG antibodies against ORT antigens in SPF chickens were measured by using a modified ELISA, which were prepared in our laboratory. In this study, the levels of antibodies to ORT in blood sera of vaccinated chickens were significantly determined higher by ELISA than non-vaccinated chickens. These results show that the levels of antibodies of ORT vaccine with Montanide adjuvant were significantly greater than that of other vaccines when humoral responses of all vaccine were compared. According to the results, twice vaccination interval of 5 weeks could be effective for long lasting term than a single administration. In conclusion, vaccination of SPF chickens at 3 weeks of age with a booster dose at 8 weeks of age can be an effective method against ORT in chickens.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of whey on the performance, biochemical parameters of blood and immune response in broilers. A total 250 day-old Ross 308 male broiler were randomly distributed in 25 experimental units including 5 treatments with 5 replicates. The experimental diets included control, whey (at 4, 8 and 10% levels) and 0. 1% of commercial probiotic (multifactorial 100). The analysis of data showed that the addition of probiotic and whey at 4% to broiler diets decreased the feed conversion ratio during the starter and finisher period (P<0. 05). In the grower period, adding 4 and 8% whey resulted in an increase in body weight compared to diets contained 10% whey (P<0. 05). The antibody titer against SRBC were higher at adding 4 whey in 35 days and were higher at 4 and 8% whey at 42 days (P <0. 05). The Immunoglobulin M and G titer were not affected by experimental treatments at 35 and 42 days of age. The probiotic and whey at the level of 8% decreased serum cholesterol and also probiotic and whey at the levels of 4 and 8 levels decreased the concentration of LDL as compared to control (P≤ 0. 05). The level of 8% whey increased the depth of the crypt and the height of villi to the crypt depth ratio compared to the control (P<0. 05). Whey and probiotics increased the relative weight of bursa of fabricus and decreased abdominal fat percentage compared to the control group (P <0. 05). Therefore, the findings showed that supplementation of whey up to 10% does not have undesirable effects on performance, it suggested that addition of whey up to 4% to broiler diets may reduced cholesterol, and FCR and improve the immune response of broiler chickens.

Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous disease of the small intestine that is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The aim of this study was to determine the status of this disease in suspected animals and finally confirmation of isolates identity by molecular tests. For this purpose, 142 suspicious samples were cultured on plain and mycobactin J-supplemented Herrold's egg-yolk slants from Isfahan, Alborz, Tehran, North Khorasan, Khuzestan, Zanjan, Fars, Qazvin, Kerman and Golestan provinces. Forty seven isolates were obtained out of 142 suspicious samples. All specimens that were grown on mycobactin J-supplemented Herrold's egg-yolk slants were detected by Ziehl-Neelsen staining as acid Fast bacilia, and in 83 samples of the total, as well as mycobacterial strains, a 543 bp fragment was amplified using PCR-16s rRNA. Nested PCR was done on isolates and positive and negative controls. At the first stage, a 398 bp fragment was obtained by P90 and P91 primers, and in the next step, a 298 bp fragment was obtained using AV1 and AV2 primers, which indicates the presence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in the samples. Based on this study, Nested-PCR is suggested as a suitable rapid diagnostic method for disease cases.

Genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) remains a challenge in epidemiology of paratuberculosis even with availability of the traidional molecular techinques such as PFGE, RFLP, SSR and MIRUVNTR assays as MAPs are genetically monomorphic bacteria. In the Iranian environment MAP seems to have extensively scatterd across the country as reports indicating frequent occurrence of the disease in bovine, caprine and ovine populations are now on rise. However, only little is known on population structure of MAP in this country. The few conducted observations are in support of existence of cattle (C) type of MAP with no trace of sheep (S) type isolates ever found. In this work, a recently-developed PCR-based Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) assay concentrating on 13 individual loci across the MAP genome was conducted on a single endogenous Iranian MAP isolate of caprine origin. PCRs were conducted using universal protocol with all amplicons Sanger sequenced in search for target SNPs. An identical pattern of SNPs with that of the MAP K10 laboratory strain was revealed to confirm the identity of this local strain as a cattle type. The Leao’ s SNP analysis is a simple, straightforward assay that if used extensively, we might expect a better understanding of evolutionary scenario behind todays’ epidemiology of paratuberculosis in Iran.

Regulation of food intake is an important part of poultry and livestock breeding management which controlled by several factors such as neurotransmitters. Serotonin is one of the important and effective neurotransmitter regulated birds appetite. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of central serotonin and 5HT2c serotonin receptor on feed intake in female layer-type chicken Bovans by introcerebroventricular (ICV) injection of PCPA (parachlorophenylalanin: a brain serotonin depletive agent) and SB242084 (5HT2c antagonist serotonin receptor). A total of 33-one day old chicks, adapted to the experimental condition for three days, were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (n=11). Treatments included: control, ICV injection of normal saline; PCPA, ICV injection of 1. 5μ g PCPA, and SB242084, ICV injection of 1. 5μ g SB242084. Following three hours of food deprivation, the 5-days old birds received ICV injection of treatments that were dissolved in normal saline containing Evans blue. Amount of the food consumption and percentage of food intake based on body weight were recorded at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min post injection. Results showed that treatments had no effect on the amount of food intake and the percentage of food intake on the basis of body weight at the different experimental time-points (p>0. 05). In addition, the average feed intake was not affected by the treatments (p>0. 05). Overall, results of this study showed that serotonin and its specific 5HT2c receptor had no significant effect on food intake in 5-days old layer type Bovans chicks.

Pregnancy open days (POD) and its relationship with diet, blood and milk parameters was assessed in high producer dairy cows to determine the indices could be affect on pregnancy rate. Following the estruses recording feed, blood and milk samples were prepared monthly up to the date of pregnancy in dairy cows. The visible estruses was from one to 6 and were 21. 3%, 26. 2%, 19. 7%, 18. 1%, 6. 6% and 13. 1%, respectively. The POD were varied from 2 to 11 months and were 11. 5%, 21/3%, 9. 8%, 1. 6%, 11. 5%, 9. 8%, 11. 5%, 3. 3%, 9. 8% and 9. 8%, respectively. The differences among visible estruses and POD were statistically significant. Most cows revealed pregnancy after 3 months of calving. The overall mean for POD were 6 months. Approximately 50% of estruses were latent and have not been recognized. Mean values of urea, protein, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in diet, blood and milk during the POD were statistically significant difference among the groups. To realize the relationships between POD and biochemical parameters, POD classified into >120 and <120 days as normal and abnormal groups, respectively. Our results showed that the POD increases by increase in dietary protein andcalcium, blood urea, total protein, and magnesium and milk Mg. Indeed. POD decreases by increase in blood hemoglobin and phosphorus, milk urea, total protein and phosphorus. In conclusion, the POD in the experimental groups were twice as the normal condition. Protein, macro-minerals and urea seem to be more effective in cows POD.

Dietary additives especially prebiotics can improve performance and immunity of broiler by increasing health status. This study was performed to investigate effect of dietary alginate and antibiotic on performance, carcass traits, Hematology and histology of intestinal tract in male broilers. A total of 144, day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to three treatments with four replicates. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments consists 1) basal diet as control group 2) basal diet + 200 ppm Alginate 3) basal diet + 200 ppm antibiotic (felavophospholipol). Body weight gain at 1-10, 10-24 and 24-42d was not significantly differ between treatment but only Body weight gain at 1-42 was significant between control and other treatments significantly. FCR in all periods had significantly differed in Alginate group with control. There are no significantly differences in hematological and white blood cell differentiation count traits. There are no significantly differences in carcass traits, gizzard, abdominal fat, and thymus and spleen relative weight in all experimental treatments. Serum cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL did not show any significant differences among treatments. Serum glucose, triglyceride was significantly different and all treatment and alginate had lower than control group. Deudenum and jjenum height of villi, Villus height to crypt depth ratio in deudenum and jejenum had significantly difference in alginate group and control group. Based on our results, it can be concluded that 200 ppm alginate group had simmilar performance parameters in compared to control group and it had better histometric parameters so alginate can use efficiency as prebiotic source to increasing performance in male broiler.

The widespread application of nanotechnology in industries, especially the Caspian Sea region and infiltration of them through industrial sewage to the aquatic environment cause concerns for human health and the aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the acute toxicity and effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on some enzymes and hematological factors of the Caspian juvenile beluga as a valuable species. Juvenile beluga with an average weight of 40± 5 gr were prepared and after determination of the lethal concentration, were exposed to 20% of LC50-96h of CuO nanoparticles and control for 14 days in three replicates. Then the juveniles blood were sampled after 24, 48, 72, 96 hours and 7, 14 days and hematological factors, total protein, glucose, cortisol and enzymes in blood serum were examined. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and lymphocytes were decreased and the total number of white blood cells and neutrophils were significantly increased under CuO treatment (P<0/05). Analysis of ALT، ALP, LDH and AST enzymes activity showed significant increase compared to control (P <0. 05). Furthermore, the levels of glucose and total protein in the most of the treatment and levels of cortisol only after 14 days treatment were significantly increased when compared to control(P <0. 05). Due to significant changes in the most of the parameters compared to the control, it can be concluded that the concentration of CuO NPs used for Juvenile beluga have negative effects on its health.

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two closely related protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of warm blooded animals including dogs. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of anti Neospora caninum and anti Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, in healthy dogs in Ahwaz, Iran. For this, 100 serum samples were taken from healthy dogs referred to some veterinary clinic in Ahwaz. Serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum was carried out using an indirect Elisa test and detecting anti Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (IGg Immunoglobulins) was carried out using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). From the total of 100 dogs, 18 had detectable antibodies for Neospora caninum and 28 for Toxoplasma gondii. No sex predisposition was detected in examined animals but age and living places were of high importance both for Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections. This study emphasizes the importance of guard dogs in prevalence of these protozoan diseases.

Argaspersicus, family Argasidae, is soft tick that has incurred several difficulties to poultry industry. Besides, resistance to available anti-parasitic agents has intensified concerns. In the past few years, Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as a novel and marvelous material have attracted great interest. One of their outstanding properties is antimicrobial effect. The current research was conducted to assess possible acaricidal impacts of ZnO-NPs on a prevalent tick, A. persicus. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) content as a marker of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) level as a marker of nitrosative stress were measured. Egg, larvae and adult ticks were incubated with various concentrations of the nanoparticle (1, 2, 4, 8 ppm). Then, the rate of mortality and hatch inhibition was recorded in constant intervals. The results showed that mortality and hatch inhibition increase in concentration and time dependent manner. MDA and NO level also increased in same pattern. It can be concluded that ZnO-NPs destroy ticks and inhibit egg hatch via induction of oxidative/nitrosative stress.