Journal of Management and Planning in Educational Systems
Year:2019 | Volume:12 | Issue:1 (22) |Papers Count:13

Objective: . The main goal of the present research is designing and providing a comprehensive model as a guide charter to improving the quality of of Non-Profit and Non-Governmental Higher Education Universities and Institutes. Therefore, in the present study, by literature and research background, the factors affecting the quality of higher education first were identified and then by the Delphi method, 12 factors were finalized, and in the next step, these factors were verified by a factor analysis method (CFA) have been validated and prioritized. Finally, the final model for improving the quality of Non-Profit and Non-Governmental Higher Education Universities and Institutes in Guilan province was developed and presented. Materials and Method: Statistical population of the study consisted of 2697 master degree students, board of science formal members and staff of non-governmental higher education universities and institutes in guilan province and of which, 347 were selected as samples which is calculated according to the Cochran formula. Also, members of the research sample were selected using stratified random method. The research method is descriptive in nature and exploratory-causal and the research method is applied in terms of purpose. The dimensions of higher education quality in this study include 12 components. Exploratory factor analysis was used to confirm exploratory factor validity and in according to this analysis, all dimensions were approved. In the present study, a 123-item researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among the reseach sample and after completing it, it was analyzed using KS test, one-sample t-test, structural equations modeling and specifically confirmatory factor analysis. For this purpose, the specialized SPSS 22 and LISREL 8. 8 software was used.Result and Discusion: The results of the distribution of the questionnaire between the research sample and its analysis using SPSS 25 and LISREL 8. 8 showed that the priority of the factors affecting the quality of education in universities and nongovernmental higher education institutions of Guilan province based on factor load It is as follows: 1-The dimension of physical infrastructure and information and communication technology (λ = 0. 67); 2. Service dimension (λ = 0. 64); 3. Research dimension (λ = 0. 60) The financial dimension (λ = 0. 58), students' (5. 9), (6), (6), acceptance process (λ = 0. 52), 7) education and curriculum planning (λ = 0. 48), 8dimensional staff (λ = 45/0), 9-dimensional perspective, mission and goals (λ = 0. 44), 10-dimensional general values The university (university culture) (λ = 0. 43), 11-The dimensions of management and leadership (λ = 0. 49) and 12-faculty members (λ = 20/0); According to the research results, it is determined that Each of the 12 factors above is tantamount to the impact of their statistics on the quality of higher education, since all t values are higher than 1. 96, but what should be considered is very important. It is impossible to simultaneously invest on all of the above factors due to the constraints and lack of resources; therefore, the priority of the variables should be looked at based on factor load. But, with a closer look at the above factors and focusing on factor load, one can conclude that the first four factors, the dimension of physical infrastructure, services, research, and finance, have the highest factor load, and the factor load factor of these four factors is very high with the rest of the factors Therefore, it is recommended that heads of universities and non-governmental higher education institutions and non-profit institutes in Guilan province invest in these four factors in order to achieve quality first.

Purpose: The main purpose of this research was to identify and explain the characteristics and requirements of the transition period from the second generation to the third generation for one of the first level engineering universities of the country and determine the key indicators for monitoring its performance during this period. Materials and methods: The research methodology was in kind of case studies that have been implemented in the university, based on the proposed model of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The statistical population of the study consisted of university faculty members which was more than 400 members. Sample population in the survey stage included 67 faculty members selected through purposive sampling. Results and discussion: The results of the research showed that although the characteristics of entrepreneurship and commercialization of scientific achievements are the most prominent dimensions of a third-generation university, But the ability to turn knowledge and research into technology and the proper location in the chains and networks of international scientific communication and cooperation are relatively large dimensions of university identity during the transition period. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate a significant share of the index of performance monitoring indicators during the transition period to these areas. By the way it was apparent that providing necessary infrastructures and acculturalization are the main duties of management during the transition period.

Purpose: Offering facilities to gifted, talented and honor students has been considered by laws in Iran and various institutions and organization such as universities have been required to provide facilities and services to these individuals. As a result, it is necessary to study performance of gifted and talented as an outputs of recruitment and selection system. The Purpose of the research is comparison of academic performance of talented, honor and regular post graduate students at Shahid Beheshti University. Academic performance is divided in to three parts: educational performance(GPA), research performance and academic promotion performance Materials and methods: This study is retrospective. Data were collected by researcher made questionnaire and, analyzed by SPSS. Also, the majority of student’ s GPA were obtained through the Department of Education and were analyzed as well. The results: Result of Independent T test show significant differences between talented, honor students and regular students in educational and research performance. Talented and honor students had better performance. In academic promotion wasn’ t significant difference between two groups. Results of one-way ANOVA showed significant differences between the grade point average of talented and honor students with regular students at science, humanities and engineering faculties. Between GPA of talented and honor students of engineering and regular students of humanities weren’ t significant difference in GPA. Conversely, the only significant difference in research performance was between talented and honor engneering and humanities students with regular humanities students. In other words, the research performance of talented and honor students at humanities and engineering faculties was better than regular humanities students. Results showed no difference in academic promotion between faculties. Results and discussion: Although, the performance comparison between two groups of talented, honor and regular students showed that talented and honor students were better in research and educational performances, comparison between faculties demonstrated that there were no differences between talented, honor and regular students at engineering and science faculties in research performance. There was no difference between two groups of talented, honor and regular students in academic promotion between faculties.

Aim: Today technological changes have had a significant impact on the constituent elements of the educational structure in a way that the educational system has inevitably been forced to adopt new approaches such as the implementation of school-based system in board of trustee’ s schools. As an unavoidable requirement, it is believed that this system holds the key to solving a myriad of current educational problems. The basic aim of this research was to present an operational model for evaluating the performance of the board of trustee’ s schools with regard to a ten-year lack in Iran’ s education system from the perspective of school-based management system. Materials and Methods: In terms of quality, the researcher has investigated the research subject, using the grounded theory, to identify the criteria and indicators of school-based management system so as to evaluate the performance of the board of trustee’ s schools. The statistical community of research consisted of 20 planners and policy makers of the Ministry of Education especially public participation, faculty members from prestigious universities as well as managers and teachers of the board of trustee’ s schools. Out of this pool, twelve members were finally selected to be interviewed under the title of the Delphi committee members. In this research, semi-structured interviews were used. Discussion and Conclusion: The findings which were obtained from the analysis of qualitative data in-depth interviews with the participants ( Delphi committee members), and open, axial and selected coding as well as content analysis of the interviews showed that 12 categories and main factors, as participation, organizational commitment, flexibility, autonomy, devolution, accountability, responsibility, decentralization, mission, empowerment, restructuring and organizational culture, respectively and 38 sub-factors were also identified. The research results demonstrate that the implementation of the school management system for evaluating the performance of the board of trustee's schools is at an intermediate and mediocre level. This study provides a model through which it can practically and concretely evaluate the performance and functions of these schools. In addition, this assessment can expedite the anti-decentralization process following a universal model of school-based management. In addition to paving the way and taking the current research model into account, it is essential that, in a long-term effort (at least 5 years) the preconditions become provided and implementation of the school-based management gradually take place in such schools.

Objective: This study aimed to identify and introduce a conceptual model of IT manager’ s tasks in higher education institutions. Materials and methods: The research methodology was exploratory mixed method. In this regard, the relevance research literature reviewed and IT manager’ s key tasks and sub-tasks identified by using the meta-synthesis qualitative method. Sampling in qualitative part was purposefully and took place after five-step documents screening process. The qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. Also the kappa coefficient (0/653) about the reliability of the qualitative part was assessed as desirable. in the quantitative part IT managers from public universities in Tehran (Shahid Behshti University, University of Tehran, Sharif University of Technology & Amirkabir University of Technology), comprised the study population. The census sampling method was used in quantitative part. In the following a questionnaire was developed based on qualitative results and the validity of the questionnaire was verified by experts and also the reliability of it, was estimated at 0/88. Then it distributed among 53 IT managers in the selected institutes. The quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics (percentage & mean) and inferential statistics (one sample t test & Friedman test). Result and Discussion: The results indicated that based on meta-synthesis results 12 key tasks and 61 sub-tasks of IT managers in higher education institution was identified. Also among the identified key tasks; providing infrastructure, negotiation, leadership, Coalition building and facilitating, entrepreneurship, finance director and resources allocation, change agent, coaching and inspiring, monitoring and evaluation, policy making, team building and communication, respectively were in the first to twelve key tasks of IT managers in higher education. From the perspective of research participants, all of the identified tasks of the Chief Information Officer’ s in higher education have been above average. Nevertheless, attempt to provide IT infrastructure, Negotiation and bargaining with all stakeholders and also the role of IT leadership has been identified as the three key tasks of the universities Chief Information Officer’ s.

objective: In recent decades, Iran's higher education system faced many challenges, including quantitativeism, financial pressures increase, centralization and multiplicity of decision-making centers, dominance politicization over higher education, increase of research unethical behaviors, lack of international communication, asynchronism between the curriculum and community needs, weakness of technological infrastructure, to say a few, which led to reduction of the quality of Iran's higher education system. Hence, now more than ever, rethinking about the structures and functions of higher education is needed. The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting the quality of education from the viewpoint of higher education specialists as well as Ph. D. students at the Allameh Tabatabaʾ i University. These factors were identified and analyzed in various levels of effectiveness through the investigation of two views. Materials and Methods: Due to the complexity, subjective and relativity of the concept of quality in education and its dependence on the context and ground of each structure, exploratory qualitative research method has been applied for this research. Because qualitative research provides more accurate findings for a deeper understanding and interpretation of the thoughts and minds of the subjects. For this purpose, interviews with six questions were conducted using semi-structured interviews with seven higher education specialists and 19 Ph. D. students selected by purposeful and snowball sampling. The collected data, then, were analyzed using content analysis method. In the coding sequence, after reading all the interviews, the concepts for each interview were counted. Subsequently, the concepts were classified according to the differentiated and shared aspects in the form of secondary subcategories. In the third part of the coding process, subcategories were contracted on the basis of similarities and differences and formed the secondary primary categories. This process was applied separately in response to each interview question. Discussion and Conclusion: The findings show that the factors affecting the quality of education in the classroom level are divided into four categories: professor (academic and personality), student (educational and attitude-personality), curriculum (structural and executive), facilities and infrastructure (hard facilities and technologic-scientific). The infrastructure of science and technology). The obstacles of high-quality education in higher education also are divided into two types of inter-university (professor, student, curriculum content, and facilities and infrastructure) and outer-university (micro and macro levels). The method for removing them in order to increase the quality if higher education, according to the obstacles, were also addressed, such as: reviewing the faculty members' promotion system, expanding contacts with international communications, reconstruction of university-industry connection, improving the recruitment process of faculty members, and so on. Findings showing the role of students in improving the quality of education were also classified into two groups of internal factors (academic and attitudinal) and external factors (managerialexecutive, policy). In examining the role of the curriculum in the enhancement of the quality of higher education, the findings were classified into two categories: content (structural, executive) and meta-content (managerial and policy). Based on the findings of this research, it is recommended to amend the professor's assessment system by the students and pay attention to its results for the enhancement of the performance of faculty members.

Objective: The present study aimed to model the structural equations of expectations and educational services quality with students' satisfaction and loyalty emphasizing on mediating role of perceived value at Imam Khomeini International University in Qazvin. Based on the purpose this study is practical and in terms of data collection is descriptive survey. Materials and methods: The statistical population consisted of 2996 undergraduate, postgraduate and Ph. D. students of International University. Stratified random sampling Commensurate with the size of the statistical society was done. For data gathering, expectations, educational service quality, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty questionnaires were used. For reliability verification, the alpha coefficients were gained 0. 78, 0. 91, 0. 85, 0. 87 and 0. 81 respectively which indicate the desirable reliability of tools. To assess the validity of the questionnaires, a confirmatory factor analysis was used and the validity of all questionnaires was confirmed. Finally 342 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel software. Result and Discussion: According to descriptive tables and averages, the findings of this study showed that the university's status in the area of factors affecting student loyalty, which includes satisfaction, perceived value, level of meeting expectations, quality of educational services, is below average and not desirable. The findings of this study showed that the effect of expectations on educational service quality, students' perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty was positive and significant. The effect of educational service quality on perceived value wasn't significant. The effect of educational service quality on satisfaction and loyalty was positive and significant. The effect of perceived value on students' satisfaction and loyalty is positive and significant. These results emphasize the role of mediating role of perceived value in students' satisfaction and loyalty. In other words, improving the quality of educational services and satisfying the students' expectations, and consequently increasing the level of perceived value in students, is expected to increase their satisfaction and loyalty. Based on these results and considering the importance of perceived value, the conceptual model was presented.

Objective: The aim of this study is modeling principals’ instructional leadership through school culture, empowerment and job characteristics of teachers in their job engagement. Materials and Method: The study method is structural equation modeling and for this purpose five research tool known as a Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale by Hallinger and Wang (2015), school culture survey by Gruenert (2005), Job Diagnostic Survey by Hackman and Oldham (1975), Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire by Spreitzer (1995) and Job Engagement questionnaire by Schaufeli and Baker (2003) was used for data collection. This survey was administered to 250 subjects whom selected through stratified sampling method. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that the model fit the data. (RMSEA=0. 067, CFI =0. 99, GFI=0. 87) and the relationship between educational leadership and job engagement is mediated by school culture, empowerment and job characteristics of teachers. The finding that the direct relation between instructional leadership and work engagement was non-significant in the model and the first hypothesis was not sup ported, is because of some probable gaps between employees and leadership. The positive association of instructional leadership and school culture reveals nessesary attention to cultural requirements before any change of approach. And those principals who can't shape a new culture often fail. Therefore, principals need to work harder at articulating the basis of reform and at creating interest among teachers in engaging in education. One of the more powerful influences a leader can have on followers is in the ‘ management of meaning’ as leaders define and shape the ‘ reality’ in which followers work. School culture has role in increasing teachers’ psy chological empowerment. So school culture which is based on open communica tion and flexibility allows teachers to participate in decision making and ex-press their opinions and support feedback and this in turn, will increase work engagement. When leaders thus increase employees’ degree of authority, deci sionmaking and accountability, share information and support, develop and coach employees for innovative performance, employees will experience feel ings of control. When individuals feel that their inputs are valued and that they make a meaningful contribution to the business strategy (impact), they will feel more engaged. Empowerment needs cultural background to make employees ready to accept new responcibilities. In other words the effectiveness of empowerment among different cultures is variable. For instance in low power-distance cultures it is more effective. So organizations need to define empowerment and consider it in theirstatement of mission as a cultural component and then commencing to internalize new culture. This procedure reqires changing the attitude of either employees and whole system and considering empowerment strategy of organization according to the needs and culture of all those who are involved. Since managers are mostly characterised as being the decision makers, empowerment strategies need to start where the power lies, at the top. Given the increasing complexity of the global environment, it is no longer con ceivable for managers to be the source of all knowledge; therefore, managers need to consult and involve workers in the decision-making process as opposed to merely expecting worker compliance. It is suggested for school principals to take educational leadership approach in their management. Principals as instructional leaders can develop positive and collaborative school culture by helping teachers to improve their capability of collective leadership, collaborating each other and creating common vision. They can be effective in increasing meaningfulness through inspiring worthiness of work and organizational goals and explanation of social influence of teachers’ activities.

Objective: The present research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the duties and roles of educational officials and school principals in strengthening and developing work engagement among teachers and evaluating the present status of khoramabad schools. Materials and methods: This study is a practical research concerning its purpose and methodologically it is a mixed research of explanatory sequential design, which is at first qualitative and then quantitative. The research population of the qualitative section are some famous, experienced and excellent teachers and Principals, who according to parents' and administrators' report can be regarded as engaged in their work. They were chosen by using purposeful and snow-ball sampling and they were interviewed. In quantitative section, research population includes all principals and teachers of the primary educational period (first and second period) and secondary educational period (first and second period) of khoramabad city in the educational year 2016-2017. The number of the sample was 340 of the teachers of different educational periods of khoramabad city, who were selected using stratified random sampling method based on Cochran's formula, and they were examined with researcher-made questionnaire of work engagement. The content validity of the questionnaire was approved by professors and experts in this field and its reliability was authentic (Cronbach's alpha above 0. 8). For the analysis of literary texts and interviews open coding method was used in order to formulate teachers' work engagement indices in the qualitative section; and for the statistical analysis of quantitative data, confirmatory factor analysis and T-test (single-sample t) analysis method was used. Results and discussion: the findings of the qualitative section of the study indicate that teachers' work engagement include 18 indicators and 5 dimensions: stimulating teachers, performance evaluation procedures, creation of opportunities to enhance learning, democratic management style, school atmosphere. In the qualitative section, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the measurement model of latent variable has good fit with observed data. In the quantitative section, According to the results of one-sample t-test, the five factors of the duties and roles of educational officials and school principals in strengthening and developing work engagement among teachers were evaluated as moderate and meaningful. Teachers' work engagement is a complex and multi-dimensional concept that is under the influence of different factors and it needs more identification and investigation.

Aim: Complexity understanding and systemic thinking deals with learning dynamism, the ability to understand the situation, the relations and interactions between phenomena and to adapt with different ideas even the opposing ones. Systemic thinking gives the people a special insght to adapt themselves with the complex world in which they live. It helps them to face the problems with sharpness. To acquire the skills of systemic thinking in universities can provide the foundations to grow systemic thinking and to understand the complexities of the community. In order to guide the academic orientation toward conplexsities' understanding and curriculum fulfilment is necessary in today's universities because by this, the leaners will be able to understand the relations between different field and will understand the complex relations between different phenomena. The study aims to construct and validation a queationaire for Individual Systemic Thinking (IST). Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and test making research. The population was the whole undergraduate students in Shahid Chamran University who studies in the school year 2016. The sampling method was multistage cluster random and involved 450 students. To design the questionnaire, first the scientific texts were investigated and the experts were interviewed, then the main factors of individual systemic thinking were selected. Consulting with a team of three experts led to 158 items. These 158 Items were analyzed in different stages and finally the quesationaire with 54 item was designed. In analyzing data, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent criterion validity and internal consistency were used. Results and discussion: Findings show that IST is psychometrically reliable to assess the different dimensions of individual systemic thinking among university students. It can be used as a tool to assess and recognize the students’ status in terms of IST. The five factors which were identified in the research are the main dimendions of systemic thinking and this is consistent whih the different researches done in this field. Individual systemic thinking deals with the ability to understand non-linear relations. reciprocal relations of social-environmental, on time evaluations and decision making, and dynamic behavior in students. Regarding the findings of this reserach and other growing researches about Individual systemic thinking in educational systems and its necessities in the community, the curriculum developers of universities should prioritize the systemic thinking and teach it to students. So it is recommended that the methodology of systemic thinking skills be taught to students and be strengthend and the opportunities be provided to fulfill the curriculum which expand individual systemic thinking for professors. The professors should design the curriculum in a way that empowers the ndividual systemic thinking for Students and equip them with this ability.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts, the developments as well as status of the dimensions of the education system of the country in the face of globalization based on the views of specialists, university teachers and the staff of education sector using a mixed method. Materials and Methods: In the qualitative part of the study, the interview method and in the quantitative part, the survey method was used to collect data. Purposeful (theoretical) sampling method was used for the qualitative part of the study. Also, the community of experts including 25 people was interviewed. The interviews were analyzed using content analysis method and finally 35 components in seven dimensions of globalization of education were identified. For conducting the quantitative part, 108 people out of 150 ones were selected as the sample of the study from the research community of the staff of education, school teachers and university teachers in the universities of Tehran who were familiar with the area of globalization and education. 100 people completed the questionnaires. The research tool for gathering the data was a researcher-made questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, T-test, One-way analysis of variance, and Scheffe test as well as Friedman test were also used to analyze the results of the questionnaire. In addition, AHP method was used to determine the weight of globalization dimensions. Based on the results obtained from the viewpoints of specialists, university teachers, education experts and staff, The system of education in the country in terms of workgroups in different cultures, the balance between worldview and local performance, world-view rather than selfcenteredness, foreign language knowledge, the comprehensiveness of using computer and group work is at a poor level compared to the global scale in terms of the growth of access to electronic and internet facilities, the inclusiveness of education in the country and the comprehensiveness of educational materials. Also from the viewpoint of the statistical population under the study, the comprehensiveness of the educational system and its effect on the growth of students is the most consistent component with globalization. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, many of the mentioned weaknesses of the education system require extensive actions in the area of curriculum development, teaching methods and techniques, development of global values, establishing constructive interaction and local factors and conditions with global norms, applying all capacities and potentials for language learning, developing learning literacy skills, developing users' computer skills, and ultimately changing attitudes from purely domestic to global considerations. Since experts familiar with the issues of globalization in the education system agree on these issues, special considerations are needed in order to enhance the power of students and the system of education in the face of globalization and its benefits. Large education programs and national documents should be considered so that the country's contribution to both globalization and rationalization is balanced and the balance of scientific, technological, cultural and social exchanges would be in a favorable position.

Objective: Virtual training (electronic) as one of newfound developments of information and communication is a powerful tool for improving quality and efficiency of training. This research studies the possibilities of rural and nomadic schools to answer the question of whether a virtual education system can be set up for nomadic and rural students. This study has been performed with the aim of the feasibility of the establishment of virtual training in the framework of six components including hardware infrastructure, software infrastructure, cultural activities, electronic content, financial resources and support system, and specialized human power in high school of rural and nomadic areas in Lorestan province. Materials and methods: In this study, descriptive-survey research method has been utilized. Statistical society consists of 1223 teachers, FAVA (Information and communication technology) experts and scopes of high school of rural and nomadic areas in Lorestan province, of which 292 persons were chosen by Morgan table. The information collection tool was researchist-made questionnaire. Data Analysis was performed on two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics, and also confirmatory factor analysis was done by SMARTPLS2. Discussion and result: Our findings showed that the studied society is ready to deploy virtual training in terms of software and hardware infrastructures. However, it is not possible to establish virtual training with respect to moderately specialized manpower, cultural activities, financial resources and support system and electronic content. Eventually, according to the terms it is not feasible to deploy virtual training in high school of rural and nomadic areas in Lorestan province.

Objective: The main aim of this study is to identifying the dominant educational leadership model and describing its features of high schools in Birjand base on Tony Bush (2003, 2008, 2014)'s viewpoint, . Materials and methods: mixed research method (QUAN-QUAL) was used. First, for recognizing the dominant leadership Models, the requisite quantitative data have been provided through the researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of all principals and teachers in high schools of Birjand city including 262 persons. 252 of them were selected by available sampling method as participants of the study. Thus, in each school, the team comprised a principal and at least 4 teachers who had the most experience with the relevant principal at that school. Then, for describing the characteristics of the dominant leadership model in the schools studied, using semi-structured interviews with teachers and principals, data were gathered and analyzed. Key educators formed all school principals and teachers who, based on the results of quantitative data analysis in the first phase, had the highest average of the dominant leadership model (interpersonal leadership), with 9 principals and 12 teachers. Therefore, the key criteria for choosing key participants can be the interpersonal leadership model as the dominant leadership model and at least two years of experience with the relevant principal. For analyzing qualitative data, interpretive analysis method was used. Result and Discussion: Analysis of the quantitative data showed that the interpersonal leadership was the dominant leadership model in the studied schools, and in turn, moral leadership, transformational leadership, contingent leadership, instructional leadership, managerial leadership, participative leadership, postmodern leadership and transactional leadership models were reported as the highest mean scores” . Based on these results in first stage, playing the managerial role, support of teachers and students, principal’ s personality, respect to others, the concern of improving teaching and learning, and participation are the most important features of dominant leadership model in the studied high schools. An interpersonal leadership model is a model that focuses on the close relationships between leaders and teachers, students, and other stakeholders. According to West Burnham (2001) and Touhie and Kugalan (1997), interpersonal leadership emphasizes the importance of collaboration and interpersonal relationships. According these results, interpersonal leadership was reported as the most influential type of school leadership. However, other aspects of school leadership also are important in the field of school leadership. Therefore, it is necessary for principals that to recognize the function of leadership and leadership models in school. Also, regarding the importance of interpersonal relationships, it seems that strengthening the communication and human skills especially between principal and teachers can be one out him most syllabuses in training programs. Interpersonal leadership can be viewed as prerequisite for other school leadership models such as moral leadership and the transformational leadership models but there is a sense of concern and risk that the instructional leadership model as the main aspect of school leadership was reported with lower absolute level on these models of school leadership. Therefore, consideration of this model is so necessary for school improvement and effectiveness.