MAJLIS & RAHBORD
Year:2020 | Volume:27 | Issue:101 |Papers Count:13

The study aims to evaluate the effects of changes in surface water resources and extraction of groundwater resources on net migration in 28 Iranian provinces during 2003-2016 through using the SGMM-DPD model within the framework of Arelano-Bond/ Blundell-Bond estimators. Results of the (estimator) model have been shown that the extraction of groundwater resources has a nonlinear and threshold effect on inter-provincial migration. That means, before the threshold level for per capita of 3343 cubic meters, the extraction of water through strengthening agricultural sector has a negative impact on migration but after abnormal extraction of groundwater resources and exceeding over the threshold level for per capita of 3343 cubic meters also increasing the probability of drought risk and famine of groundwater resources, this variable has a positive effect on net migration. Thus, the threshold level of groundwater resources extraction for per capita of 3, 343 cubic meters is considered as a risk to widespread inter-provincial immigration. But due to the acute (surface) water resources shortage to supply water in the provinces which cannot be provided an enough incentive for immigration, the variability of surface water resources has not a significant impact on immigration.

The study aims analyze factors of economic corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the perspective of political economy. The main question is raised that what are the reasons or factors of the Iranian economic corruption? What are the most important political and economic components? Which institutions can affect the corruption? In this regard, after addressing the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings as well as theories of corruption, this question was answered through a survey of experts including academics, institutional experts and managers. Kendall’ s W. concordance coefficient as well as data analysis have been used in this article in a bid to examine elites’ consensus on the reasons of (economic) corruption. Findings of the study indicate that the structure and pattern of governing political economy on national economy as well as the Iranian society have been effective roles in creating and maintaining the corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The sub-branch of food industry is considered as one of the most profitable communicative ways between industry and agriculture sectors also prerequisite for an industrialization strategy as well as providing food security in our country. The study tries to examine effect of exchange rate volatility on Iranian food Industries exports and value added within the SVAR framework during 1972-2015. The examined variables include of food Industries exports, exchange rate volatility, value added, inflation rate, and Iranian trade-offs. The results showed that short-run effects of trade-offs and inflation rate variables are negatively correlated but value-added and exchange rate volatility variables are correlated to food exports positively. Moreover according to the results, all long-run variables have positive relationships with food Industries exports. Also, it is suggested that significant issues such as inflation control and the improvement of short-run exchange trade-offs should be put into the agenda by the government. Also, results indicate that exchange rate volatility increase export volume only in short-run (at the beginning of the period) but in the following periods show less exporters’ activities than importers as well as volume of food industry exports will be reduced. Therefore, due to direct and positive long-run exchange rate volatility effects on food exports as well as these industries’ roles in the development of value added, the development of food exports products which focused on the expansion of these industries as well as using of agricultural complementary industries in order to increase shelf life of food products are proposed. Also, since exchange rate volatility increases food exports in a short-run only in the first period, it is suggested to investigate risks of food-related activities as well as food price instability and regulated market for the future studies.

Given the role of knowledge-based companies in the economy of developing countries, the study aims to plan as well as implement a strategic agility model for knowledge-based companies to help them adapting to the increasingly changing environment and their successful performance. This model was carried out through using a qualitative approach and based on the Grounded Theory Method. Purposeful sampling as well as snowball technique were used to select the research samples. After conducting the interview with 14 experts through using the Grounded Theory method, a paradigm model of strategic agility was planned. In the context of causal concepts, significant factors such as rising competition, increasing the complexity and dynamics of the environment, identifying the market and organizational survival were recognized. In terms of intervener concepts: individual competencies of employees, the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, the existence of financial and human resource constraints, the impact of corporate management, the role of the company’ s nature are addressed. But in the context of the underlying conditions of contextual concepts, there are two categories of limiting factors such as not conducive to the business environment and encouraging factors such as government supportive policies. The axial phenomenon is a strategic agility process in which the organization identifies environmental changes and their comprehension through a conscious understanding as well as considering strategic development. Also, it is seeking to overcome inherent constraints through leveraging strengths and applying creative methods of solving problem. Moreover, the time of decision making on strategic issues can be reduced through convincing and motivating human resources as well as redirecting organizational resources can lead to operational changes of the strategic plan. Strategic agility mechanisms include two categories of inter-organizational and intra-organizational measures which leads to the creation of economic value and the promotion of welfare of the society as outsourced actions at the macro-organizational level as well as results in rising companies’ competition and long-term survival at the micro-organizational levels.

Human rights challenges have always been a source of pressure on Iran over the past four decades. This article explores the reasons of these challenges in four analysis of Litany, Empirical, Discourse and Mythological levels through using a causal layered analysis (CLA) in a combinative way. Also appropriate strategies have been developed to deal with them (challenges) in each layer. According to the findings of the research, in the first layer of the reasons, Litany, we face a media controversy as well as an advertising exaggeration which the most identified factors in the first layer include major issues such as executions, women’ s rights and (wearing) their veil or Hijab, rights of religious Minorities, journalists, and political activists. In the second layer, various political, legal, technological and cultural reasons were identified based on surveying academic works and researches. Roles of the West-based discourse in the global system as well as the Western-backed discourse which was raised in the surrounding countries have been discussed in the third layer. In the fourth layer, significant factors such as the humanism, liberalism, and pluralism myths were explained. Finally, short-term, mid-term and long-term strategies were suggested in order to identify the reasons in each layer.

Foreign policy of Yeltsin Presidency in Russia was contradicted with the Russian nationalists who wanted to revive its great power in the world. Hegemonic Neo-Eurasianism idea as well as restoring lost power of the former Soviet (Union)-dominated geopolitical zones led to destroy its integrative relations with the US. The priority of restoring power in the Soviet-dominated geopolitical zones led to form regional and military coalitions in a bid to achieve balance of power as well as to form a multipolarity system. In fact, Russian Neo-Eurasians policies could aggregate the transition to uni-multipolarity system at the turn of the century (21 century) through balance of military power as well as strategic alliances. The occurrence of regional crises in the Russian-US relations in the Eastern Europe as well as the Black Sea which extended to the geopolitics of the Eastern Mediterranean and Southern borders of the NATO’ s member reinforced the tendency to reach regional order. According to the findings of research, Russia’ s balanced approach to American hegemony in the Mediterranean was formed through the Syria’ s terrorist attacks which gradually led to the strategic (deep) gap between the United States and Turkey. Also, Strategic arms deployment in the Eastern Mediterranean led to form a chain of strategic military coalitions with coastal/regional countries that fall within the framework of neo-regionalism. The importance of Russia’ s aggressive realism approach to reach balance of power during the new Cold War has brought about the strategic confrontation with NATO-Southern Mediterranean regions. Russia’ s all-out attacks against terrorism is win-win approach to form new regional order and military unilateralism against the US hegemony as well as extending its geopolitical influence into the Southern Mediterranean. This paper seeks to examine impacts of the Neo-Eurasianism approach on the formation of US unilateralism which will be promisingly lead to establish a multi-polar system through organizing regional and military alliances against the US hegemony.

Knowledge-based economy considers the knowledge production and its application as the main root of wealth production. Definition of the mechanism as well as identification of the effective factors on the production and knowledge application have inevitable roles in this economic system efficacy so that their relationships can prepare a way for improving the performance of other sectors. Undoubtedly, understanding the situational conditions of new economy and its requirements should be considered necessarily to achieve the goals such as higher economic ranking, economic competitiveness, sustainable growth and development which are mentioned in the macro policies. Thus, the Islamic-Iranian model of development has been seriously taken into consideration as major strategic document due to the existing deficiencies of current development models as well as incompatible upstream documents such as path dependency, ex-post studies and bounded rationality that represent in evolutionary economy. As a result, this research investigates the policy implications and its prominent factors as well as identifies the transition to knowledge-based economy through taking account the Islamic-Iranian development model. This inductive and qualitative research is based on grounded theory strategy which introduces the main dimensions and policy implications. Results showed that the approach should be addressed more seriously.

In recent years, due to the diverse potential of the Iranian Constitution, urban government has become a fundamental issue in urban policymaking but it has a small share of good urban governance. In the study, from the point of public policy view as well as with emphasis on the authorities, the adaptation of the Fifth and Sixth Development Plans with good urban governance is addressed. The main question which is raised refers to how will the urban policy be made accordance with the Fifth and Sixth Development Plans? The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theory of good urban governance of the habitants. Qualitative content analysis as well as documentary method of data collection are used in this research. Findings of the research show that the authority of urban policies cannot provide a clear definition of the position of Iranian urban governance so officials’ demands and expectations from urban governance haven’ t been identified as well as there is still a centralized and top-down view. Consequently, the ambiguity of urban governance authority which led to the process of adoption, implementation and evaluation policies to fulfill the objectives of urban governance development.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are considered as a part of 2030 agenda for sustainable development which UN member states adopted at the UN sustainable development summit in September 2015. The SDGs as a development framework include 17 major objectives in social, economic and environmental areas of sustainable development which are considered as an important idea and can finally help the world to achieve a sustainable development. While the relative issues of 2030 agenda for sustainable development have been addressed so much, the paper has been limited to only a few prominent initiatives focus on (major issues of ) surveying the relationship between SDGs and their priorities. In this paper, soft OR method, Interpretive Structural Modeling and Importance Performance Analysis (ISA-IPA) have been used to provide a model for making policy on SDGs in Iran. In order to identify the relationship as well as the importance of SDGs, 10 interviews were conducted with experts of sustainable development. Then, a new framework for the classification as well as prioritization of SDGs were provided based on Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) which has been reported about Iran reported for achieving SDGs. Results indicate that Iranian prioritized goals differ greatly from what has been originally perceived and addressed under the SDGs. The following goals including, “ clean water and sanitation” , “ industry, innovation and infrastructure” , “ peace, justice and strong institutions” and “ partnership for the implementation of goals” have been identified as the highest priorities which should be more taken into consideration by policy makers to adopt major policies (of our country). Furthermore it should be stated that ISM-IPA approach as an innovative method of policy making has been used in this paper to illustrate capabilities of modelling as well as prioritization of the SDGs.

Piracy has a long history as same as the (history) of domination of mankind on the seas. In recent years, it is a serious threat to the international trade exchanges due to some reasons such as change of the pattern of pirates’ treatment which has been usually spread as hostage and blackmail. But “ piracy” which has been considered as one of the first universal jurisdiction crimes, has not been criminalized especially as an independent criminal law or description called “ piracy” yet. The current descriptive and analytical research shows that according to the Iranian Penal Code, measures which have been taken by pirates usually is like the war (“ Muharebah” ) as well as their behaviors which often threat the security of the seas was taken into consideration as an example of Muharebah. Therefore when Iranian forces capture pirates in the high seas, Iranian courts can trial and punish them legally as perpetrators of “ Muharebah” .

With respect to the Kurds’ living on the border of the four countries including Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran, any changes can disrupt balance of powers as well as create regional and trans-regional sensitivities and tensions. Also, in the Middle East, the fall of Saddam Hussein and the rise of ISIL have undermined the central government of Iraq but strengthened the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan. Iraqi leaders declared Kurdistan’ s independence in light of the intense conflicts between the regional countries as well as hoping to use the Zionist golden leaf to encourage the United States to support the Kurdistan region. The declaration of Iraqi Kurdistan’ s independence regardless of Iraqi people’ s votes, disrupted the regional balance of power and thereby let to pose threats to national security of other countries. The declaration of independence turned Iraqi Kurdistan into the competitive arena as well as make conflicts between regional and trans-regional powers. This paper aims to investigate the process of Iraqi Kurdistan independence by Barezani government as well as seeks to address the obstacles and challenges facing Iraqi Kurdistan independence in the Middle East. The current study seeks to response the question of what are the challenges facing Kurdistan’ s independence in the Middle East? The research develops this hypothesis which follows this hypothesis that Iraqi Kurdistan’ s independence has faced numerous challenges in three national, regional and trans-regional levels through using descriptive-analytical method based on the realism theory. The findings show that due to the domestic conditions (the conflicts between the government and Iraqi groups and parties as well as Kurdish clashes, regional conditions (opposition of Iran, Turkey, Syria and Arabs) and trans-regional conditions (lack of serious support by United States, Europe and even Russia), the realization of Iraqi Kurdistan’ s independence as well as the establishment of independent Kurdish government is impossible.

The validity of judicial procedures differs in Common and Statutory laws. Contrary to the common law system, the privileged position of the statutory law in the Roman-German legal system has always marginalized other sources of law, in particular the judicial process. Unfortunately, such thinking has been dominated by Romani-Germanic families that on one hand, only laws can be influenced in the legal system for a long time as well as rule of laws can be only established by them. Also, they stressed on the monopoly role of the law as an inevitable perquisite for the establishment of democracy as well as the preservation of individual rights and freedoms. On the other hand, only representatives have rights to adopt laws and regulations that only the judiciary system could be thereby enforced them. While a group of lawyers do not deny the spiritual impact of laws as well as their effective role of judicial procedures in the development of rights, they aren’ t be taken into consideration as the source of law (in the legal system) for various reasons by other group. Examining different point of views mentioned above, a chosen idea addresses that in a general sense, the judicial process creates a certain kind of law which is observed non-mandatory rules by the courts as well as it should be considered as part of law sources.

The research aims to explanation a model for the development of entrepreneurial university. This study, in terms of purpose, is an applied research, and in terms of data collection, is a descriptive-survey study. The statistical population of this research includes experts and experienced professors in the field of entrepreneurial university in Mazandaran University which selected in a target way. In this research, the DEMATEL-Based Interpretive-Structural Modeling (DISM) approach in the Fuzzy environment is utilized in order to plan a structural model as well as establish cause and effect relationships. Results showed that, four variables have had causation role but seven variables have had effectuation roles. The findings of Fuzzy Weighting approach showed that, the index of power and influence over universities has the greatest importance among other indices. Also, FDISM approach showed that the variables are divided into four levels that the vision and mission variables considered as an infrastructural factor which has the highest importance.