JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (KERMAN)
Year:2010 | Volume:NEW | Issue:27 (24)|Papers Count:21

For long, eulogy and praise have constituted an important genre of Persian literature both in prose and poetry. In its evolutionary trend, the genre has sometimes taken clear and true language while in other times it has utilized a complex tone with special criteria.Khaghani, the greatest composer of odes in 6th century A.H., in more than sixty odes, has eulogized officeholders and sages of his era either to compliment their actual praiseworthy traits or to persuade them to keep away from iniquity.The author aims to interpret and clarify Khaghani’s eulogistic odes through which one can note the breadth of Khaghani’s knowledge in Quran, hadith, philosophy, mysticism, Christianity, medicine, astronomy etc. Khaghani uses a difficult language. He creates a semantic and aesthetic network among all poetic elements. He praises the men who are worthy of eulogy. His odes reflect the whole culture of Shervan of his time.

Allegory, as one of the first and the most important literary devices is a deductive way which is to convey the meaning and concept to the addressee and to focus on it. This literary beauty is derived from simile.The position of point of similarity differentiates it from simile and it is because of this, that authorities’ opinion about allegory is formed. The most important opinion is of Jorjani, Sakaki and Khatib Ghazvini, who have their own followers. According to The above authorities, There are three general opinions about allegory out of which Jorgani’s and Sakaki’s-with a little difference, are the most appropriate ones of all. Allegory is connected with simple and compound simile, metaphor and adage. Although they have many similarities and relations, they have basic and important differences. The aim of this essay is to analyze allegory according to authorities’ opinions and depict its eloquent place in relation with the above devices.

The present study examines different forms and functions of directives used in the classroom setting in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Directives are known to be an important feature of the classroom discourse. In this study, out of 456 directives used in the classes, ten directive forms and eight directive functions are identified. The finding reveals that although different directive forms are utilized in classes, imperatives and interrogatives are, by far, the most frequent ones. Furthermore, the most common functions used in this context appear to be elicitation and instruction. Some implications of the study are provided after presenting the concluding remarks.

It is certain that disquisition about a writer's or author's all sources and where s/he derives her/his thoughts is not an easy task, it can somehow show us his or her basis of thought and beliefs.This research shows us the quantity and quality of Ghazali's impressibility about the style of Ebadat from predecessors works, including:CHOOT-AL-GHOLOUB, AL-LOM’A-FI-TASAVOF, HAGHAYEGH-AL-TAFSIR, RESALE-YE-GHOSHERIYA or GHOSHERIYA treatise and KASHF-AL-MAHJOUB.

In this article two accounts of the variable use of negation in English as a foreign language are examined. The Full access/Full transfer proposes that second language learners potentially have full access from their first exposure to a second language to all lexical and functional categories of first language. The Minimal Trees hypothesis claims that there will be an initial transfer from the first language into the second Language and lexical categories will be initially transferred into second language. On the contrary, there is no first language influence on functional categories. Functional categories develop in second language mental grammar on the basis of learners encountering positive input. Data from flash card task, grammatical judgment task, and oral interview task of three levels of proficiency are examined. All the tasks significantly rejected the Minimal Trees in favor of the Full Access/Full Transfer Hypothesis, as far as negation was concerned.

Study and inspection of existing mourning rites in Shahnama and comparison with mourning rites held in some parts of Iran from ancient times till now shows that there are similarities between stories of Shahnama and the historical realities of mourning rites. In this article, the authors talk about some things that happen in death conditions in these two atmospheres and show eight historical reasons to prove their existence in ancient Persia and then find their contrast with serious religious rules and to find the answers for these contrasts. Three probable replies are presented: The stories that contain the mentioned mourning rites spread from the north to the east of Iran. The effect of royal Khodaynamas on mourning events of Shahnama and to remind the role of Zoroastra in weakening most of the rites including extreme mourning in ancient Persia.

The purpose of this study is to find out if there is any relationship between EFL learners'' proficiency, intelligence, and creativity. To achieve this goal, 80 Isfahan University undergraduates were selected as subjects. Several tests were administered to measure the subjects'' proficiency, intelligence, and creativity. Then these factors were correlated. The results showed that language proficiency correlated with intelligence, but creativity did not correlate either with proficiency or with intelligence. The findings of this research have some bearings for future research.

The article, casting a general glance at the particular aspects of the narrative, tries to depict the interrelations of the characters of "One Thousand and One Night" based on Teodorov's theory. Different types of narrative aspects are studies and the network nature of the interrelations between the characters and the very foundation upon which the framework of the narrative lies are also depicted. Studying narrative moods of tales establish different configuration of categories in six groups.

Bijan Najdi is the writer who is capable of creating images through which the anxieties of his modern alienated characters are revealed. Through these characters and their mentalities Najdi provides the opportunity to achieve his own other self.This paper analyses the stream of consciousness in Najdi’s short stories and tries to deal with character revelation. The bases for such an analysis are the narrators and their paranoia, the function of time in the mental processes and the psycho-literary symbols. The close study of the texts is the methodology of this paper.

Many Farsi works that emerged in Indian subcontinent without which Farsi history would not be perfect, are indicators of a long-time cultural correlation between Iran and India. One of the Indian prominent but less known personalities, who played a remarkable role in development and education of Farsi language in India through producing a variety of eloquent literary works, is Shams-Addeen Faghier-e-Dehlavi. In this essay, the author not only attempts to investigate briefly the political, social, and cultural status of this era, but also tries to pay attention to Dehlavi’s adventures, thoughts, and works, especially introduction and analysis of his poetic works regarding lyric and couplet (Mathnavi) composition.

The main purpose of the present paper is to investigate the keys which exist in the poetry of the contemporary philosopher- poet‚ Sohrab Sepehri for the salvation of the soul from the worldly attachments.The method used was to analysis his poems within the framework of literary conventions and contrasted our analysis with the views literary scholars. Although same of the mystic critics have called Sepehri’s mysticism untimely and some others doubted the existence of humanistic views and social liability in his poetry‚ most of his audience regards his poetry on a par with views of philosophers and mystics. The present work implies that there is no doubt that there is human responsibility and social liability in his poetry and his philosophy and mysticism is invaluable and that Sepehri was aware of the social problems of his time and showed people ways of salvation from useless worldly attachments.

Qashiriyeh dissertation is one of the most significant educational texts by Sufi’s which was authored by Abul-Qaasem Qashiri, a prominent Sufi and lecturer of the fifth century A.H. ( After Hijira). His motive for creating this work was to introduce Sufism and its principles, in an era in which corruption and deviation in beliefs, tradition and customs had become widespread by those pretending to be Sufi. For this very reason, his dissertation quickly gained popularity among the Sufis of his time. Some time towards the end of his life or shortly after his death, it was translated to Farsi by one of his students by the name of Abu-Ali Osmani. This dissertation was again translated during the middle or the end of the Sixth century. With the exception of some parts, this second translation is considered as a correction to the first one. The second translation was edited by professor Badi-u-zaman-e Foroozanfar for the first time in 1345 (1966) and was published several times along with its lengthy preface. In this essay, an attempt has been made to compare the first and the second translations with the original Arabic version and to focus on some of the existing ambiguities in translations and the corrected versions. This would call for a need to edit the translation by Abu-Ali Osmani.

This article is a research concerning nostalgia in the contemporary poetry of Nader Naderpur. After searching for etymology and definition of this term according to cultural and psychological ideas I concentrated on the relationship between nostalgia and literature. I then, evaluated the relationship between nostalgia and memory.In personal memories of people, nostalgia is used as homesickness and in social nostalgia, the poet feels sad when he refers to the Iranian mythology.I have presented some poems from different poets to support the survey.

Caricalamature’ is one of the new literary forms that have gotten many followers in Iran in recent decades. By ‘Caricalamature’ we mean short and satirical sentences that have an opposite and different perspective on inside and outside word.In respect to its format ‘Caricalamature’ has a close resemblance to proverbs and aphorism (brief writings) and the likes that are considered as the oldest human literary types.In this respect ‘Caricalamature’ can be considered as the continuation and sophistication of proverbs and aphorisms. The difference is that .Caricalamature’ necessarily uses satire in its structure while in proverbs and aphorisms satire is not necessary. The authors point to proverbs and aphorisms in ‘Caricalamatures’ creation and study the relationship of aphorisms and proverbs and ‘Caricalamatures’. Seeing likenesses and differences, the reader finds out that the new literary types such as ‘Caricalamatures’ are not the production of western culture and we can find the base in Persian literary texts specially in classic literary texts.

In Halliday’s theory-a useful way for analyzing literary texts- semantic, verbal, syntactic or logical connection between sentences of a text has been named cohesion. Cohesion in standard language stems from reference, displacement & elision, lexical cohesion and conjunction. Another factor added by the writers of this article to facilitate studying cohesion in literary language is syntactic harmony plus lexical cohesion. Lexical cohesion means the coordination between the words of two sentences and is divided into lexical collocation and alliteration. In Persian language the lexical collocation has been named taxis, and includes different kinds of lexical connections of words with each other, like hyponymy, word segment, word organ, synonymy, semantic contrast, etc. The alliteration, also according to the division of extrinsic, side and intrinsic music presented by Shafie is divided into extrinsic repetition (prosody meter), side repetition (identical rhyme, rhyme and internal rhyme) and intrinsic repetition (homophony, phono-actic and so on…).

Abolhossein Ahmad Ibn–Mohammad called Noori was one of the most famous mystics in Baghdad in the third century A.H. He was also a very effective figure in the Islamic mysticism. He was the founder of the ‘devotion’ school and the creator of the symbolic language in mysticism. After his death one of the most significant mystics, i.e., Jonayd Baghdadi said: “Now half of mysticism is dead.”

The study of various forms of the same anecdote in different mystical texts is a subject that can help us to know the story-narrating manners of Sufis.When numbers of writers intend to narrate a same incident, their use of story elements and their acquaintance and erudition to use these elements will become apparent and gradually these appearances will enlighten dark and unstudied points of Sufi narrations.In this article the quality of anecdote formation in the story of ‘Abu-Hamza Khorasani’ in five mystical prose texts until the beginning of 7th century A.H. has been comparatively studied and the best formed anecdote has been introduced with numerous reasons.

In this research, the authors investigate and compare textual cohesion factors in the ghazals of Sa'di and Bidel, the famous poets of Iraqi and Hindi styles respectively. This study is according to Halliday’s and Hasans’ model about textual cohesion (1976). In investigated ghazals the arrangement of the factors in the order of the number are: lexical factors, reference, conjunctives, ellipsis and substitution. Existence of these factors distinguishes cohesive texts from separate writings. The shorter length of sentences in Sa'di’s ghazals showed that they are more understandable than Bidel’s which came to be longer.