Journal of Aquaculture Development
Year:2017 | Volume:10 | Issue:4|Papers Count:12

Technological and industrial development in recent decades led to large inputs of pollutants to the environment. Due to the harmful effect of pollutants on the environment and living organisms, investigate and prove the damage caused by them is necessary. The aim of this research was to study the pobable toxicity of Cuo nanoparticles (NPs) in the juvenile Cyprinus carpio by evaluating of hematological parameters and histopathological effects. Juvenile carps were treated in 12 aquariums containing the sublethal concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg.L-1 of CuO NPs and a control group (without CuO NPs) in three replicates. Fish were exposed to CuO NPs for 14 days. Blood samples were collected after 7 and 14 days and hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and neutrophils were measured. Also, MCV, MCH and MCHC were calculated. Tissue sections were prepared from fish gills. Tissue damage was evaluated. The analysis of hematological indices showed that CuO NPs significantly reduced the RBC, Hb, Hct (in 100 and 200 ppm), MCH (in 100 ppm) and MCV (in 50 and 200 ppm) after 14 days (P<0.05). CuO NPs significantly affected the counts of lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils (P<0.05). The results of gill histopathology showed alterations such as hyperemia, hemorrhage, hyperplasia and adhesion with high intensity and destroyed primary filaments, cell necrosis and telangiectasia with less intensity. Thus it can be concluded that copper oxide nanoparticles at concentrations examined in this study had negative effects on Juvenile carp.

Effect of different levels of salinity (15, 35, 50 gr/lit and fresh water) on blood parameters and intestinal tissue of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) were evaluated during 30 days. This experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with 4 different treatments (15, 35, 50 gr/lit salinity and fresh water as control) and each treatment with 3 replicates and in each replicate 15 piece fish with 32 gr initial weight. In this research some of blood biochemical parameters (sodium, potassium, chlorine and osmolarity) were measured in the end of experiment period. The results of blood biochemical parameters suggest lack of significant difference among various treatments (P>0.05). The results of intestinal tissue of Asian sea bass showed that villi structures and intestinal tissue enterocytes were completely normal. There was little difference in location of nucleus of digestive cells in different images. There was no histological lesion in images from different treatments. Structure of mucosal and muscle layers, serous membrane and also intestinal mucosal cells were normal and without changes. The lack of significant differences in results showed that this fish was resistant to salinity and tolerated hyperhaline environments.

This study was done to investigate some hematological and immunological effects of Rhabdovirus carpio, the causative agent of Spring Viremia of Carp, in Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum). The challenge study was designed in 3 treatments of control, intra peritoneal injection and bath treatments in triplicates and was monitored for four weeks. For this purpose, 135 pieces of Caspian Kutum fry have been challenge to SVC virus. Hematological parameters including total leukocytes (WBC) and erythrocytes counts (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) content, hematocrits (HCT), leukocytes differential count and blood indices such as MCV, MCH and MCHC were examined. Also immune parameters including cortisol, lysozyme, complement and immunoglobulin was measured. The results of this study showed that the first clinical signs and mortality occurred in 13th and 16th days after challenge in intra peritoneal injection and bath treatments, respectively. Hematological parameters in the bath and intra peritoneal injection treatments compared with the control group significantly increased. The bath treatment showed the highest incensement of hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) except the mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) compared with the intra peritoneal injection treatment (P<0.05). Leukocytes differential count, including percentage of neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils increased in the bath and intra peritoneal injection treatments than the control group. But the bath treatment showed the highest rate of incensement of neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils compared with the intra peritoneal injection in (P<0.05). Percentage of lymphocytes in the bath and intra peritoneal injection treatments was lower than the control. The lowest rate was observed in the bath treatment compared to intra peritoneal injection. The immune parameters included Cortisol, lysozyme, Immunoglobulins and Complement system showed significant increase in bath and intra peritoneal injection treatments than control group. The highest increase of immune parameters was observed in intra peritoneal injection treatment than bath treatment except the complement system (P<0.05). Regarding to results it could be concluded SVC virus able to make changes hematological and immunological parameters Followed by Clinical symptoms and mortality in Caspian Kutum fry.

Aim of this study was to evaluation of effects of commercial probiotic lactobacillus on survival, growth parameters and nutritional indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). A total of 243 fishes, with an average weight of 53.39±5.78 g were transported to 9 tanks fiberglass 300-liter for 8 weeks with using of three treatments with probiotic concentrations of zero (control, C), 103CFUg-1 (Treatment A) and 106CFUg-1 (Treatment B). This project was carried out with three treatments and in triplicate. Feeding the fishes were carried out in 2 times a day and with 2% of body weight. After the research period, survival and growth parameters and nutritional indexes of fishes were studied. The* study results showed that the specific growth rate, final weight, protein efficiency ratio and efficiency ratio of fat in probiotic treatment CFUg-1 106 were higher than others treatments. probiotic treatment CFUg-1 103 found the highest survival rate and feed conversion efficiency and the lowest feed conversion ratio. Viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes and condition factor in the the control and experimental treatments showed no significant difference.

To evaluate the effects of using Artemia fransiscana enriched with cod liver oil and vitamin E on growth, survival and salinity and thermal stress resistance of Sepia pharaonis larvae this study was conducted.25 days after hatching the larvae of Sepia pharaonis larvae with average length of 15.97±0.15 mm, 3.53±0.03 g body weight transferred into culture tanks in five treatments (each with 3 replicates). Experimental treatments include: Artemia fransiscana enriched with cod liver oil at different levels of E1=5%, E2=10% and E3=15 % vitamin E, non-vitamin cod liver oil, and control (non-enriched Artemia) group. In each replicate, the 20 larvae were introduced into tanks of 20 liters and 10 Artemia/liter/day to feed larvae were used. At the end of experiment, To investigate stress resistance, at the end of experiment three groups of larvae were encountered at one hour stress with 5, 15, 25 ppt salinity, and 10, 25, 32 C temperature levels. The results showed that feeding with vitamin E elevate survival and growth factors of Sepia pharaonis larvae, But did not show a significant difference with control (P>0.05), In the event that HUFA treatment showed a significant difference with other groups Statistically (P<0.05). The results of this research showed that unsaturated fatty acids can improve growth and survival in cuttlefish larvae, but vitamin E did not exhibit any effect on survival rate, growth and stress resistance (P>0.05).

The population genetic structure of the Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) in South Caspian Sea (Astara and Torkeman) and Aras Lake was investigated with cytochromb gene based on DNA sequencing method. Samples collection, extraction of DNA, PCR and DNA sequencing were carried out. Diversity index, the gamma distribution shape parameter for the rate heterogeneity among sites and nucleotide sequence, Fst index, exact test, the historical demographic pattern using neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analysis (D test of Tajima and Fs test of Fu) were analyzed Totally, 18 haplotypes were obtained, the gamma distribution shape parameter were 0.19 indicating moderate mutation rate heterogeneity in this species, Fst value between three population was 0.12 and significant (P£0.05) between Aras Lake and two other areas and was confirmed by exact test of population differentiation. Mismatch distribution for Rutilus rutilus caspicus appeared to be unimodal, which closely matched the expected distributions under the sudden expansion model and supported by the low Harpending’s Raggedness index (0.061). Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs statistics were -2.36 and -4.046 respectively and statistically significant. The results of this study showed that the population of Rutilus rutilus caspicus in Aras Lake are genetically differentiated from South Caspian Sea and two other areas represent a single panmictic population. Therefore fisheries managements of this valuable species for conservation of gene pools is strongly recommended.

A study in order to evulated the effects of different levels of organic carbon supplement on biofloc formation, inorganic nitrogen and phosphat situation, feed efficiency and growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in biofloc system for 42 days. After of acclimatization period, 180 common carp fingerlings with (weight average ± SD, 5.78±0.10 g) were stocked in roundel tank with water capacity of 40 l. Determain of C/N different ratios in treatment A (C/N-15) and B (C/N-20) were determined by the content of C/N in commercial feed and the amount of carbon in wheat meal that it was daily used to experimental treatments. Wheat meal don’t added to control treatment (C/N-10).Increasing of carbon to nitrogen ratio was increased water quality parameters such as turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolve solid (TDS), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), alkalinity and nitrat concentration, but it was decreased total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and phosphat during the experimental period. Water exchange was reduced 50% in biofloc treatments than control. Growth performance of common carp fingerlings in different treatments indicated that the fingerlings of A treatment had the highest of body wieght, specific growth rate, protein efficiency rate (PER) and the lowest of feed conversion rate then both of B and control treatments. The results of this study suggest that carbon to nitrogen ratio, 15 to 1 has a positive impact on water quality parameters, improve food consumption and growth performance of common carp in biofloc system and reduces the amount of water Consumption in the system.

The present study was formulated to determine planktonic flora of warm water farms following introduction of fertilizers as well as specify silver carp growth in terms of phytoplankton composition and some physicochemical factors in water in such farms. For this, 4 warm water farms each 12 ha were selected and 2400 silver carp fingerlings (120 gr) were introduced after preparation and water filling.7 tons/ha bovine fertilizer was used in the ponds. Urea (46% N active material), ammonium nitrate (35% N active material), and superphosphate triple (46% P2O5 active material) chemical fertilizers were adopted in order to provide nitrogen and phosphorus for phytoplankton. Fertilizer consumption was determined based upon Secchi depth and nitrogen and phosphorus in water. In order to determine planktonic composition of ponds, 5 water samples were drawn from 5 points of each pond; then, the samples were mixed and planktons were recognized in each sample via optical microscopy and planktonic predominance were recorded. Water sampling was performed once from mid-June to mid-September. Fish samples were drawn from each pond monthly and length and weight of the samples were recorded. According to the results obtained from the present study, 9 classes and 53 genera of phytoplankton were recognized. The classes Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae had the most variable genera with 18 and 10 genera, respectively. The fish with predominant Cryptomonas had a rather high correlation (0.71). Furthermore, predominance of this phytoplankton increased with higher consumption of phosphate fertilizer. There was a high correlation between predominance of Cryptomonas and higher consumption of phosphate fertilizers (0.61). According to the results between different groups of phytoplankton, Cryptomonas can be considered as the best plankton for silver carp growth; silver carp growth in the ponds with predominance of Cryptomonas was significantly higher than others.

Dietary antioxidant compounds play an important role in protection from oxidative damage and can help to the health of fish and meat quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of β-carotene on lipid and protein oxidation in carp meat during different storage times. Seventy fish (60±10g) were randomly divided into two groups of 35 each. Group 1 as control group was fed with basic diet. Group 2 received 100 mgkg-1 diet b-carotene. After the end of study (6 weeks), 10 fish from each group were randomly caught and tissue sampling was done. Based on the present study results, b-carotene supplementation significantly (p<0.05) decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) values in liver and muscle tissues as compared to the control group, but had no significant effect on MDA values of gill and kidney. In addition, b-carotene significantly reduced the amount of protein carbonyl groups in the liver, muscle and gill. Values of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) showed non-significant increase in all examined tissues. The results of the present study indicated that b-carotene as a natural antioxidant is largely effective to improve the oxidative status of carp meat by reducing lipid and protein oxidation.

Salinity adaptation and sea water tolerance are vital and energy demanding process in the life history of anadromous species such as Kuttum fish. As a results of this phenomenon the blood electrolytes fluctuation would be prevented. Evaluation on feed deprivation in ion changes of Kuttum fish is the aim of this study. Kuttum juveniles with average weight of 0.5 gram were divided into the couple groups. One group considered as a control and were fed ad libitum during over the experiment and fishes from another group were left fasted. Both groups were exposed to the salinity challenge for 7 days and sampling was done in second, third, fourth and seventh days after challenge initiation. Consequently glucose and protein body content, Na+K+ATPase activity, monovalent (sodium, potassium and chloride) and divalent (calcium) ions were evaluated. Results showed significant decrease in body glucose and protein and NaKATPase activity as a result of fasting. Some ions (Ca and K) were also decreased significantly. On the other hand, Sodium and chloride were increased in the feed deprived Kuttum fish. Based on obtained results we can conclude that feed deprivation may have a disruptive effect on success in seawater adaptation.

Considering bad effects of applying antibiotics and disinfectants which leads to drug resistances in body of aquatic organisms, it is necessary to be replaced with herbal medicine plants that have natural origin. The study aims to examine the effect of the hydro alcoholic extracts Zataria multiflora and garlic (Allium sativum) on Aeromonas hydrophila. In this study after extraction of Allium sativum and Zataria multiflora extracts by percolation method the antimicrobial effects of this extracts were studied on Aeromonas hydrophila by in vitro method. In this study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of bacteria by the dilution method on Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) in culture tubes and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila by garlic (Allium sativum) and Zataria multiflora hydroalchoholic extracts on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plates were determined. Based on the results MIC of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila of ethanol extracts ofZatariam ultiflora and garlic, respectively, 0.25 and 1 mg/ml and MBC of ethanol extracts of Zataria multiflora and garlic respectively 0.5 and 2 mg/ml was determined and found Zataria multiflora extract has strong antibacterial effects of garlic extract.

In This study that was accomplished to investigate the relationship between levels of white blood cells (WBC) and gill tissue lesions in Flower horn, at first the number of 216 Flower horn fishes with average weight of (0.95±0.2) g and average length of (3.7±0.2) mm in 6 treatments, each treatment with three replication for 100 days with diets containing different levels of cow skin hydrolyze were fed. Treatment (T1) containing 20%, (T2) containing 40%, (T3) containing 60%, (T4) containing 80%, (T5) containing 100% replacement of cow skin hydrolyze instead of fish meal and control diet (T6) had no cow skin hydrolyze. After 100 days the gill samples of each treatments, was excised randomly (each treatment 9 gill specimens) and obtained samples were bleeded. Then from gill of that bleeder fishes, tissue samples were prepared. The results of comparison between the levels of WBC of these fishes and assessment of gill tissue samples showed that in the treatments (T4) and (T5) that had more hydrolyzed powder in its diets, in comparison to other treatments, along with an overall reduction in the level of WBC and percent of lymphocytes, had more lesions in its gills.