Year:2004 | Volume:- | Issue:21|Papers Count:16

The aim of the present study is to analyse and compare body composition, 0 muscular strength, VO2 max and anaerobic purpose, 15 elite weightlifters and nonathletes. For this pupose, 15 elite weightlifters (average age of 24.6±3.24) and 15 nonathletes (average age of 22.46±2.64) were selected voluntarily. Eight factors such as hight, weight, BF%, muscular strength of lower extremities, lower 0 back and shoulder girdle, anaerobic power and VO2 max were measured. For the purpose of statistical analysis. T test was used. Correlation among factors was calculated. Using pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Results shwed that strength of lower extremities, lower back muscles, shoulder girdle and anaerobic power has significant difference between elite weight lifters and 0 non-athletes. In BF% and VO2 max, there is no significatn difference. There was 0 also a significant correlation between BF% and VO2 max (r = - 0.67), and BF% and anaerobic power (r=-0.93). We can also say that weightlifting training is effective to increase strength and anaerobic power and is invalid to 0 change BF% and VO2 max.

Se1f-esteem and self-concept are psychic and personality characteristics that have important roles in the improvement of mental health. Also, it is showed that physical activities have positive relationship with the progress of psychic characteristics. The purpose of this study was to compare self - esteem and self-concept between high school male student athletes and non-athletes and investigate their relationships with students' academic achievement, in educational districts in Ahwaz, Iran. The method was descriptive and in form of field study using Shirazi self-esteem questionnaire (1996) and Rojers self-concept questionnaire (1961). The reliability and validity of these questionnaires are reported as successful. 140 athlete students from team sports (football and volleyhall) and individual sports (ping - pong and track and field) and 140 non (Athlete students of Ahwaz high school chosen randomly consisted the sample. Results showed that there was a significant difference in self-esteem between athletes and non-athletes. No significant difference was found in self-concept between athletes and non-athletes. No significant difference was found in academic achievement between athletes and mm-athletes. There was a multiple regression among self-esteem, self-concept and academic achievement in both athlete and non-athlete students. The result showed that the athletes had higher self-esteem than non-athletes. So, the self-esteem can be used to improve athletes' academic achievement.

Scoiosis, abnormal side curvature of the spine, in one of the most important deformities being studied by the investigators. However, the improvement of scoliosis through kinesiotherapy and corrective therapy programs is still a controversial issue. The purpose of the present study is to find the incidence of scoliosis in the study population and investigate the degree of scoliosis change in a group of male students receiving corrective exercises. At first, New-York test randomly screend 445 male junior students. Seventy-nine subjects had scoliosis. Then, by supervision of an orthopedist and using radiographic technique, twenty subjects with the mean age of 13.75±1 years and mean scoliosis severity of 7.12±1.31 degrees were selected as the experimental group. Sixteen subjects with the mean age of 14.2±1.25 years and mean scoliosis severity of 7.37±2 degrees were also selected as control group. The subjects participated in an 8 week program of corrective exercises, 3 sessions per week. Anti-scoliosis exercise protocol included flexibility and strength training. At the end of the program, post-test was performed and the results were analyzed by T-student and Chi-square (P≤0.05). The most important results show that corrective exercise program has significant effect on scoliosis (P≤0.05). There is a significant difference between the prevalence of scoliosis and the age of subjects (P≤0.05). The findings emphasized the reliable, accurate, feasible and easy methods for screening spinal abnormalities. Furthermore, it showed that the corrective exercise program can improve scoliosis.

The purpose of research was to consider the bilateral transfer in badminton short serVice skill. In recent years, researchers found out that the transfer principle has been inevitable in learning and learning has been facilitated through transfer. The principle of bilateral transfer is one of the significant issues and the most reasonable method to precipitate the procedure of an individual"s success. The population consists of 200 female students of Tehran University, 36 of whom were chosen at random. Independent variable was "exercise" for the purpose of learning skill and dependent one was "the degree of learning of hand" which did not exist in the exercise. The tools are a questionnaire and necessary tools in French badminton test (meter, Scotch tape, rope, a two - legged with a height of 2110 meters). To examine the results, descriptive and deductive statistical methods (dependent and independent T) have been used. Results showed that with (a =0.05), bilateral transfer of the two parts (members) with one another would be possible.

The main objective here is to develop a model representing three managerial skills in top, middle and operational managers in our Physical Education Organization (P.E.O.). For this purpose, sixty people were evaluated including P.E. teachers / lecturers, researchers, and managers whose major were management and planning. A questionnaire covering conceptual, human and technical skills was prepared and validated through a pilot study in the period of 15 days. The data was analyzed statistically using several methods namely binomial test, .spearman correlation test, Freedman variance analysis, and Krosscal - Wallis test of variance analysis. The results reveal a meaningful relation among three skills in managers at different levels. The comparison implied a difference among the skills in these managers, hence Ho failed (test deviation 0.05). According to the results and in top managers, the figures obtained were: 43% for conceptual skills, 35% human skills and 22% technical ones. In middle management, 39% conceptual skills, 30% human skills, and 31% technical. Among operational managers, conceptual 18%, human 39% and technical 43% form the distribution of the mentioned skills. The results confirm the model presented by R.L.Katz and most of the persent theories of management science. Also, the extent ofthe need for the skills in PAO management levels was investigated and confirmed through this research.

Mental disorders such as depression and anxiety affect millions of people worldwide and are associated with increased morbidity and healthcare costs (1). Although several therapeutic l110dalities such as pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy appear effective in treating the disorders, evidence suggests that they are under used (2). Physical activity (PA) has a positive impact on mental health and psychological well - being. Some researchers believe that PA is useful to prevente depression symptoms (3). Due to the fact that depression symptoms among Iranians, especially young women, are increasing, and antidepressant medication is strongly used to eliminate this disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 6-week physical activity on the level of depression in female students of Shahid Chamran University in Ahvaz. 792 subjects enrolling in P.E. courses were asked to complete Beck Depression Iventory (BDI). 75 of subjects showing high depression level according to BDI, were randomly divided into aerobic, swimming and control groups. Aerobic and swimming groups took part in a training protocol consisting of 6 weeks, 3 days a week, 60 minutes a day. T. test, one -way ANOVA and Duncon follow-up test at α=0.05 level were used to analyze the data. The results of ANOVA showed that there is a significant difference in depression level among three groups in post test (α=0.02). The results of Tukey follow-up test showed that, there is only a significant difference between aerobic and control groups (α=0.05). when the effect of P.A. on the level of depression was concerned, the results of t-paired test showed that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in all the subjects who took part in a 6-weeks P.A. (α =0.(01). The results of the present study indicate that different kinds of physical activities have a positive effect on depression symptoms. P.A. as well as medication and psychotherapy can be used to reduce the level of depression. So, because our findings are in agreement with other data (4,5), it can be concluded that PA may play an important role to reduce the depression symptoms of Iranian young female students.

The aim of this study was to cinematographically evaluate two methods of first performance in karate. The first method is simultaneous rotation of waist and the beginning of hand movement. The second method is the beginning of waist rotation just before hand movement.These two methods are parallel to Ballistic method (Ballistic Motor Pattern). The differences between these two are in time of performance, i.e. in performance of fist. Time of waist rotation and starting of hand movement are different. Two groups consisting of 12 elementary members were chosen from physical education classes. The groups were taught for one term (17 sessions each 90 minutes). At the" end of term, what had he en taught was video-taped. Valuable mechanical parameters were obtained via di-dimensional cinematography and biomechanical analysis. Time, average velocity and acceleration were obtained directly and force, kinetic energy and power were obtained indirectly from the video pictures. To analyze data, T-test with certain coefficient of 95% was used. Alpha error of less than 0.05 showed that there wasn't a meaningful difference among obtained parameters.

The present study aimed at determining degrees of improvement in creativity factors of male and female school children aged with an emphasis on motor activities based on paul Torrance Scale. The investigation was one of a quasi-experimental nature carried out as a field method. The participants included a random sample of 360 students: 180 students of whom (90 males and 90 females) were assigned as the experimental group and the remaining 180 were assigned as the control group with to treatment. Torrance test of Thinking, Creativity in Action and Movement (TCAM) as a reliable and valid measure of creativity was applied as the data collection tool to elicit information on creativity factors in the participants. The results manifested a significant difference between the students in the experimental and control groups in terms of the three main factor of creativity, i.e. imagination, originality and fluency. Further analysis of the data implied that except for the fluency factor, there was a significant difference between the participants in the experimental and control groups in term of their originality and imagination based on Standard Torrance Scale.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of level model skill on the acquisition, retention and transfer of learning valley badminton service in female students in University of Tehran. 130 female students were randomly selected and randomly assigned to 3 groups. The first group practiced in a learning model condition, the second group perfom1ed the task in a skill model condition, and the third group served as the control group. The experimental groups participated in 6 consecutive days of acquisition and 72 hours later, performed the retention and transfer tasks.Statistical analysis was performed using dependent t - test, one - way analysis of variance by SPSS: PC to test the performance of the groups in acquisition, retention, and transfer tasks. The results of analysis showed that the level of model skill had a significant effect on the groups during the retention (P<0.05) but not during the acquisition and transfer of badminton valley service.

It has been shown that physiological profile of soccer players - playing in different positions - vanes. The purpose of this study is the adaptation among the physiological demands of players' positions. 56 players of Iran Premier League Soccer Team were divided in to four groups based on their positions in the game. The groups were as follows: center defender (14), out field defender (14), center mid fielder (14) and out field mid fielder (14) whose movements (stand up, walking, jogging, running and maximum running) were measured. A chronometer was used to measure the movements: stand up time in center midfielders and out field mid fielders. Jogging time in center midfielders is significantly longer than that in out field mid fielders, center defender and out field defenders. Running time in out field midfielders, out field defenders and center mid fielders, are significantly longer than that in center defenders. Maximum running time in out field mid fielder defenders and out field midfielders have high level of anaerobic power, center midfielders have along time of jogging in games and center defenders have high level of anaerobic power and experiment. It was suggested that planning for body condition in players requires to respect the well - known rules as the specific training by devoting part of the program to anaerobic to their positions in the game.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the self-esteem between athlete and non-athlete female students in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. For this reason, the statistical analysis was chosen by hierarchical sampling to get the best possible selection and then the personal data of each individual self-esteem athletes which defined by Cooper Smith and the other one the individual personal data of each student was given. The sample consisted of 90 athletes and 70 non-athletes. Each person was given enough time to fill out the questionnaire and preliminary questions. After gathering all relevant information, descriptive statistics for classification of data as well as the necessary parameters were done. Inferential statistics were used for test hypothesis and also for the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results are as follows: The self-esteem between athlete and non - athlete female students in Gorgan University was significant by 95% (p<0.005). Between the self-esteem of female students in individual sport activities compared to team - work in Gorgan University, there was not any significant effect at that level (p>0.05). Between the self-esteem of basketball female players compared to volleyball players in Gorgan University, there was not any significant effect at that level (p>0.05). Therefore, tendency toward best sport activities in this research proved that the ability to upgrade levels of self-esteem will be definitely very significant.