DANESHVAR MEDICINE
Year:2003 | Volume:10 | Issue:46|Papers Count:14

Hydatidosis is a world-wide zoonotic disease with cosiderable public health and economic important that results from intimate contact with carnivores. Due to varied prevalence and lack of information on the spread infection of the Echinococcus granulosus in the region, the present study was conducted in Kashan from 1999 through 2000. A descriptive study was performed on 80 females and 62 males carnivores for detection prevalence of cestode. A total 142 carnivores including 70 stray dogs, 40 jackals, 22 foxes and 10 wolves with cooperation of Dog-Killing Team of municipality were killed in different age groups and their small intestines examined. The overall prevalence infection was 43. 7%. 38.7% females and 45. 7% males were infected. There was no significant difference between infection animals regarding sex. Infection in stray dogs were 55.7% and in wolves, jackals and foxes were 40%, 40%, 13.6% respectively. It was found that 55% out of 3-5 age groups and 25.8% below two years old were infected. The present study indicates that Echinococcus granulosus Infection rate specially in stray dogs is rather high in the region. Preventive measures and control and basic hygienic education programs are needed in order to reduce the rate of infection.

This quasi-experimental study was performed by means the effect of problem solving method on perceived threat of adolescent girls in prevention of I.D.A. in secondary schools of Tehran, district 2 in 2002. 120 samples were selected randomly and divided in two groups. Tools were include questionnaires, self report checklist and laboratory data. After pretest and data gathering were done, a program included 5 groups setting and 1 individual setting with samples about prevention of I.D.A performed, and an educational cart was given to the samples. After 2.5 months that samples continue guidelines without any intervention, post test.The rate of knowledge, attitude, perceived threat, severity and sensivity, preventional behaviors were significantly increased in case group than control group (t. test p<0.0001).These variabels and serum ferritin before and after the intervention were significantly increased in case group (Paired. t. test p<0.0001).Correlation between perceived threat and preventional behaviors were significant in case group (p<0.0001).

PMS is one of the most prevalent disorders in women's menstruation period. This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of the signs, symptoms and control methods of PMS.309 girls who were students of Teacher Training Center of Tehran participated in this cross - sectional study. 121 of them who were diagnosed as cases of PMS (by DSM-IV) were selected finally. Both the frequency of physical and mental sings and symptoms and their using methods to control the symptoms were measured, using previously developed questionnaire.Mean age of the studied population was 21.1±1.4 years old. The most frequent criterion of the DSM-IV criteria was physical signs (91.7%). Of the signs, the most frequent was decreased interest in usual activities (73.6%) and the least one was feeling hard to concentrate (14.9%). Also 45.5%, 28.1% show depressed mood and anxiety, respectively. The most frequent control methods almost were in order to relief physical symptoms and socially adopted information.It seems that results of this study regarding signs and symptoms are similar to those of other studies, but using control ways are different from other studies (Suggesting a correct lifestyle). It is recommended in future studies to evaluate this syndrome and its signs, symptoms and controlling methods considering the educational effects in a promoting health care in a population of women who are the representative of Iranian women.

We studied 120 patients less than 1 year age who randomly to receive atropine 20 µg/kg IM, 30 minutes before operation (group A) or no premeditation (group B). All patients underwent a standardized anesthetic including inhalation with halothane followed by atracurium 0.5mg/kg, tracheal intubation and positive pressure ventilation. Monitoring during anesthesia included heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, temperature and airway conditions at induction and emergence. The incidence of a decrease in arterial oxygen saturation to 94% or less at induction and recovery was similar in both groups (30.5% at induction, 39% at extubation in group A, 31% at induction, 41% at extubation in group B). There were significantly more airway complications in group B both at induction and emergence (25% and 49% respectively compared with 9% and 25% in group A P<0.015) mean heart rate at induction and in the preoperative period was significantly higher in the group receiving atropine (P≤0.001). There was an increased incidence of bradycardia (decrease in heart rate of ≥20%) at induction in the non-premeditation group (23% in group B compared with 10% in group A) but this was not statistically significant. We conclude that the incidence of airway complication at induction and emergence was reduced by intramuscular administered atropine premeditation.

It was shown that A1 adenosine receptors on S.A. node and myocardial tissue, respectively are responsible for heart rate decrement and negative dromotropic effects. Also, A2 adenosine receptors activation on coronary endothelium are responsible for coronary vasodilatation. Adenosine receptors activation could produce intermediate molecules such as NO and PGs. This products could have vasodilatory and negative dromoptropic effect. We examined whether the action of adenosine on these mentioned heart parameters do through NO or PGs synthesis.Our experiment showed that a significant decrement (11.12±3.5) occurred in coronary flow following NO synthesis inhibition due to NLA application, even though no significant changes were shown in heart rate and contractility. Comparative study on the effect of adenosine and adenosine + NLA indicated that probably, a part of adenosine effect on heart rate and contractility parameters are mediated by NO synthesis.Inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis following indometacine application had no effect on heart parameters. Comparing the effect of adenosine and adenosine +Indo indicated no significant difference. So, it concluded that adenosine could affected the heart parameters in other ways than PGs synthesis. In addition, our experiments show that a part of coronary vessle dilation and negative dromotropic effect of adenosine are mediated via NO synthesis.

Nosocomial infections are one of the most serious problemy in hospitals. In Emam Reza hospital, some activities were performed concerning infectious control. These activities should be evaluated to improve performance. This surveillance was conducted through 1378 to 1380 to determine the efficacy of infection control activities. Results will suggest the better strategies and recommend new policies. In this surveillance during the years 1378 to 1380 samples were taken from different parts of hospital and results were classified in 4 groups: (People, therapeutic instruments, non-therapeutic things and spaces).During this period 1952 samples were taken from 24 different parts. Gynecology Operation Theater was the most frequently sampled ward (250 samples) and therapeutic instruments were the most frequently sampled group (1347 samples). In this study 18.91% of samples were contamination with pathogenic bacteria, through those Staphylococcus Coagulase Negative, Staphylococcus Aereus, Entrobacter spp., Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Klebsiella Pneumonia, E coli, Entrococcus spp and were the most frequent bacteria respectively. Gynecology ward was the most contaminated part of hospital and heart unit was the least contaminated part.Concerning the results of this study, the most important and contaminated source of nosocomial infection in hospital were people (patients & healthcare workers), so more attentions should be paid to people. There was a correlation between the absence of normal flora and presence of pathogenic bacteria, so great attention should be paid to disinfecting because unnecessary and over use of antimicrobial agents could be harmful.

Background and purpose growth of population have ever had various effect on society in economical, social health and even political fields and its curement is controlling the population growth. Therefore, population growth has been one of the main anxieties of different countries planners, so far. Growth of population often occurs in the group of countries which have lack of enough structural resources to adapte themselves to population growth. The pattern of wanting child in families expresses the family planning policies. The purpose of this appeal is recognition of the pattern of wanting an extra child in the families, which resides in Tehran and be efficient factors on it, so that we can do necessary planning upon decreasing the amount of population growth. For this appeal, 1527 married women, which had at least one child, were randomly chosen in Tehran in 1377.The factors which related to wanting an extra child are studied in this study, include woman's age, husband's age, copule's education leve4 couple's occupation, the number of children, the age of marriage, first pregnancy age, last pregnancy age, period of last born, Logistic regression model is used to modeling to efficient factors on wanting an extra child.According to the findings model, husband's age and number of children decrease the chance of wanting an extra child, therefore, with increasing health status and decrease infant mortality and morbidity can decreaye wanting extra child.The statistical model shows that factors such as gaeof first marriage, first pregnancy age, having still-birth and the effecting of infants sex in family planning, has a positive effect on wanting an extra child and factors such as woman's age husband's age, woman's education level, woman's occupation, number of children, last pregnancy age, and breayt feeding period to last born more than 6 months show a negative effect on wanting an extra child. Results of logistic regression model show that in return for increasing husband age for one year, the chance of wanting an extra child and having still-birth in family increases the chance of an extra child.

The development of fine motor control is in part dependent on acquiring the ability to independently activate some motoneurone pools whilst inhibiting activity in others. The present study tested the hypothesis that during the development the increasing control of motor activity is brought about by an increasing density of inhibitory synapses to motoneurones. Hence, this study investigated the possible changes in inhibitory inputs to motoneurones during maturation of locomotion and onset of forepaw use in rats. Flexor digitorum profundus motoneurones were identified by retrograde labelling with Cholera Toxin B Sub unit (CT-B). At postnatal ages P7, P14 and P30. Sections of cervicalspinal cord were immunofluorescently double stained for CT-B and for the protein gephyrin, a component of synaptic receptor for the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine. Using daul Channel laser confocal microscopy, the numbers of clusters of gephyrin immunoreactivity per 100 µm of cell membrane were calculated for lengths of somatic, proximal and distaldendritic motoneurone membrane. All compartments showed a slight but not statistically significant increase in density with age. However, it was observed that at the youngest age smaller motoneurons had significantly fewer gephyrin clusters on their cell bodies, but not proximal dendrites, than larger motoneurons. This correlation disappeared with age. We also observed that the more distal dendrites had densities of gephyrin synapses comparable with proximal dendrites. These observations were confirmed qualitatively by immunoelectron microscopy. It seems the distribution of inhibitory synapses is largely determined in early development, before the refinement of motor control and the small motoneurones expressing few inhibitory synapses might be relatively immature or belong to a special group of motoneurones.

Kidneys are enable to retrieve their function against acute but they lost insults their vital functions against prolonged complication.Which cause progressive Irreversible nephronal damage and Nephronal mass reduction that leads to uremia. Uremia as an irreversible end stage occurs when all or major undesired clinical and biochemical manifestations of CRF have been manifested.Uremic patients are inevitable to be put on dialysis Although dimension of disease and dialysis complications have not been considered statistically in these patients. Determination the appropriate statistical model will be useful in patients "and physicians" decision.For this purpose a study was done on 133 patients who have been undergoing dialysis in Karaj Imam Khomeini Hospital form the year 1995 through 2000 in order to estimate the survival function of these patients. Statistical method was life prolongation table and Kaplan Mayer. Log Rank complementary test also way used. Age, Sex; education and blood roup variables have been considered. Results indicate that average age 52.2 and sexual distribution is w below: female 4Z4% and male 52.6%.Kaplan Mayer model estimates survival function as below: 1-year survival 0.8, 2 -year survival 0.75, 3 -year survival 0.69, 4 -year survival 0.65 and 5 –year survival 0.59. There is no significant difference between sex, education and blood group. Although there is significant difference in age (P=0.0223) which indicates more life expectancy in patients below 60 years old.

Opioids have the ability to induce the reinforcing effects mainly by activation of dopaminergic system, but can also play a role in learning processes. In this research, effects of Nitric Oxide (NO) agents on morphine-induced place conditioning were studied by using an Unbiased procedure. Male Wistar rats (220- 250 g) were implanted with two cannulae and morphine administered according to a three-day schedule of conditioning. To survey the effects of intra-hippocampal injections of L-arginine, a NO precursor or L-NAME, a NO synthase inhibitor, on the aquisition and expression of morphine place conditioning, L-arginine or L-NAME repeatedly (once per day, for three days) or once/testing day, bilaterally injected at 0.3-3 µg/ rat into the CA1 area of the hippocampus of rats. Data showed that both repeated and once injections of L- arginine at above-mentioned doses, led to significant enhancement of morphine-induced conditioning. L-NAME, on the other hand had no interaction to morphine.Mediation of NO system in hippocampus associated phenomena such as learning and memory have been shown. Evidence also suggests that dopaminergic system is involved in modulating the memory processes and that NO is a neuronal messenger mediating the release of dopamine. Thus, NO may be a neuronal messenger causing the release of dopamine in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus by which the enhanced morphine-induced place conditioning in this experiment could be explained. Considering the results of this research, L-NAME failed to interact to morphine. Perhaps this result can be explained to consider the different efficacy of NOS inhibitors in affecting the morphine response. Regarding the present results, we may conclude that NO system in the rat hippocampus plays a role in morphine- induced place conditioning.

Several studies have shown that hospitalization is a source of distress for most hospitalized patients. There are a number of stressful social changes that most paitents experience during their treatments. In this descriptive cross-sectional study the Psychological reaction of 300 hospitalized patients at Imam Khomeini and Sina hospitals were assessed by using Volicier and Isenberg hospital check list and Likert _type rating scale. Usingfactor anlysis Isenberg and Volicier have identified 7 factors as the stressful events. Those are: 1) separation from loved ones, or family and friends 2) economic problems 3) attitude toward treatments 4) given up independence 5) lack of information and behavior of hospital staff 6) medication problems 7) unknown environment. The finding of this study showed the patients ranked their major sources of stresses as follows: the unknown environment (98.95%), separation from family and friends (96.94%), given up independence (94.93%), lake of information and behavior of hospital staff (81.61%). The medication problems (22.83%), economic problems (38.4%) and attitude toward treatment (54.35%), were less of concern for patients.