JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2003 | Volume:2 | Issue:5|Papers Count:18

Arabic poets followed the pagan poets style at the beginning of Islam period. After the prophetic mission (p.b.u.h.) two groups of poets appeared. The trible of Qoraish tried to limit prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h.) and caused his imigration from Macca to Median and started to array. Troops against each other. The poets such as Zerare -ibn- Khattab Fehri and Hobeirat -ibn- Abi Vahab Makhzomi stand at one side and poets such as Hesan -ibn- Thabet Ansari, Abbas -ibn- Merdas and Qus -ibn- Bajir Taee. at the contrary side to defend prophet (p.b.u.h.) and Islam and Muslems.

Sharafoddin Rami Tabrizi was one of the literary man of 8th century and died in the second part of that century. He had written three or four works about the science of eloquence in Persian and showed his creative abilities. He classified the similre of human being organs that was a new method in his book "Anis of Aloshshaq" and it is unique in Arabic and Persian.

Although all of chapers of Quran are precious and valuable but chapter of Hamd (thank God) according to the traditions, has a especial and high position. Prayer establishes with it and it is not changable. It includes the name of Holy God. It is the key of paradise. It is the abstract of Holy Quran. It also includes twenty names of God.

Prosody is a technique that the correctness and incorrectness of poetry can be revealed by it. The subject of this technique is prosodic Tafaiil which it is a scale for rhythm of poetry. The beginner of science of prosody was Khalil Ibn Ahmad Farahidy who found fifteen meters for Arabic poetry and Akhfash added another one to it.

The Lord of the worlds revealed the book - Quran -for the guidance of mankind. In the book, general Islamic basic principles are available but much more details have not been mentioned directly. But, the lord explained that details to prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and then he wanted Ali (PBUH) to write them completely. In this artilce, It is proved that Holy Quran, without that details cannot be used perfectly for all. Quran is comprehensible exactly when we use that details and remarks - that"s called hadith correctly.

The Holy Quran is the prophethood document as well as the everlasting miracle of the last prophte, Mohmmad (p.b.u.h), and the muslims have been obliged to read it in Arabic. Since the time the non - Arab people accepted Islam, the question of Quran translation and the extent to which it can be translated has been, and still is, an ostensible subject. The writer tries to illustrate the extent of Quran translatability with reference to the importance of the subject its comlexities, while considering its historical background.

This valuable and famous khutba has been recorded in the old and Authentic Islamic books such as; Amali by sheikh sadoogh, Uyoon- al- Akhbar by Ibn Qutaiba, Tohaf- al- ughool by Ibn shoaban Harrani, Tazkerat - al- khavass by sebt - ibn- Jowyi, Mataleb - al- suool by Ibn talha Shaafei, Morooj - al- zahab by Masoodi, Tabaghat - al- kobra by Ibn saad, Usoll - e- kaafi by koleiny, Eghd - al- Farid by Ibn Abd - e- Rabbeh, and Amali by Sheikh Toosi. Considering the importance and the influence of this khutaba on the moral refinement and purification of the soul in the defferent layers of the society and specially the youth, the author decided to make an investigation on the word taghva (Piety) by referring to some auttentic dictionaries and the translation and description of some of the phrases in the honorable book of Nahj - Ul- Balagha and present it as ""An introdution to the research and investigation on khutba 186, on description of the virtues" So the reader before knowing about the pious, may understand the meaning of the word taghva (Piety)

Mahmoud Sami Al -Baroudi is one of the pioneers of modem Arabic poetry. He is one of those poets who endowed a new life to classical poetry and gave it a new strength and life. He perfectly understood the duty of poetry towards the time and the society. As a result, he introduced the social topics such as justice, equality and consulation in poetry. This innovation paved the way for young poets such as Hafiz Ebrahim and Ahmad Shoughi and others. Al - Baroudi"s life and poetry is and indication of his strong Faith and absolute surrender to God. In his thought real reform in different dimensions, especially in poetry, is only possible with regard to religion. Thus in his Divan we can see few Qasidas in which there is not different allusions to religion and religeous concepts. He was a teacher of the Holy Quran an he has expressed and reflected his Quranic learning in his poetry, especially on occassions that he is praising God and enumerate his attributions.

Abd- Al - Rahman Munif Jordanian novelist great. In writing Arabic novels which deal with the status of contemporary Arab man and analyze political social, and psychological issues that surrounded an Arab man /As hearty to pinpoint where the problem lie so that they could be address apld an Arab man could be lited up. His novels "middle -east" and meny other gain popularity, they where translated into English, French, and Russian. This article intended to analyze "middle - east" which is one of his famous political in Arab world. Then the main subjecduel in this novel is man and what he is facing and suffering from political imprisonment, tutor. In the particular geoyerhical erree the writer described as "middle -east" we tried in this article to analyze "Middle - east" through its artistic set, so that we can discover its arrlislic level. We presented the summary of novel its basical points in analysis. Hope, we have achieved and conducted the right presentation to the "Middle - east" novel asit deserve.

In this discussion we first explain the life of Tofiq -AL -Hakim and then we will have a glance to his interest in the plays and play writing and in this connection we point out to different plays of his fellow in Egypt. Then we research about his mental changes and innovations in the Arabic Plays especially Egyptian ones and following it we divede the evolution of his play writing into several stages and count his works.

Between 524 and 667 lunar Hijri, during the existance of Islamic government in Andolos, which was relatively long, a dynasty named, "Movahhedin" could bring about their wide empire there. They established their empire by a Religous revolt. Under the dynasty" sruling, mental, cultural, social and political status of society experienced some fundamental changes. From the Arabic literature point of view, under the Movaheddin dynasty, the appearance of a kind of poem, named "Na"liat" by the author, is a prominent phenomena and a topic which necessitates study and investigation. In this regard it is hoped that we can introduce the poetical phenomena, "Na"liat" by mentioning different examples, the analysis of conceptual characteristics of these songs and description of their poetical motivation. In this regard, the framework of discussion is guided to a certain direction. and then it is dealt with the shape of "Na"l". Although the descriptive nature of the subject and investigation in special songs does not necessitate to mention the references repeatedly, from the other point of view this matter shows that, after "Moghari Talmasani", "Na"liat" has not been discussed except by Dr.Mohammad Tavit.

There were five main parties who were active in Umayyed period, including shiit, khavaredj, zobeirian, morjaee and Umayyed party. Some of these parties kept on their activities in Abbasid period. But there are some parties which came to being in Abbasid period. These groups did not exist in Umayyed period or were not so much active. They include: Abbasid party, Shoubi free - thought (zandaghie) and Mu"tazilites. Since the founders runners of Abbasid period were in challenge and had literary disputes, the poets of each group also had a major role in these hot literary argumentation. Amoung these groups "shiits" have the highest number of poets and composers. Comparing with other religious groups, the "Morjaeh" has the least poetical strength. In the first century A.H "Khavaredj" had the greatest poets, but in second century A.H this group was not so much active and their poets did not have high grade activities.

Molla Alikhan was born in Dezful between the year 1160 to 1180 Hijri in the family of science and virtue. He was a recitator and mystic who led a simple and virtuous life and is remembered by all up to now. He never talked of himself and never liked others to talk about his good ness and scientific personality. He had written several book but unfortunality the situation of many of his works in not known. Only two of his books have been identified. One of them is a Qoran written by him. The second is a book about the different recitations and quality of spelling of some Qoranic words.

As I was searchingin rhetorical books for the exact meaning of the (Mokabalah), I found several descriptions by many authors, some of them are almost close to each other whereas others are not. While I was making inquiries I came across the view of Ibn - abil - Hadeed within (Sharh Nahj al - Balaghah). I made a careful scrutiny and discovered that he explained every thing in greater detail as he mentioned precisely many aspects related to rhetoric and elaboration that nobody preceded him so he hit the mark. I combined the quotations and researches and put them in these directions: 1. The definition of Mokabalah 2. Its usage and conditions 3. The opinion of Ibn - abil - Hadeed and his criticism of Ibn -Alathir 4. The division of Mokabalah in regard with the numbers of the contraries.