JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2005 | Volume:- | Issue:172|Papers Count:10

The conquest poems are very significant in the earliest period of Islam. In order to study them, one may need to have many long articles, essays, and books concerning these poems. Most of these poems have been written during the "Qadisiyah", "Yannuk," Nahavand", etc. Battles. They have various characteristics and one of these features is to make such hard fought battles bearable in order to establish God"s Unity and His Straight Path. These poems also put forward the religious passion and right prejudice of the Muslims in these battles, the impact and influence of the holy Islamic teachings, and so forth. On the other hand, one may notice grievous elegies, in these poems, which are quite different from the other Arabic literary elegies during the previous periods from the viewpoint of pure religious faith, belief to God, to God"s Book, and to the Holy Prophet. Their style is more folkloristic along with much boasting. They lack the fluency of the previous poems which had been written during peaceful periods.

One may say that translation is the simplest and best way for communication and dialogue among various cultures. If various peoples with their different languages were able to understand one another perfectly, the world peace process would be easier and more civilized. In national cultures, one may find thousands of works, experiences, scientific and technical facts, etc. If these were all translated into a target language, then a a global humanities could be developed. Since it is quite possible that the native speakers of that target language may not know foreign languages, they are always unable to read foriegn texts. Nowadays, even though just one or two European languages have become international languages, translation has still maintained its significance. Those who work on translation or are translators should have a firm knowledge of the scientific principles and approaches of translation. Thus a consideration and survey of these technical rules is absolutely essential and significant so as to achieve the above mentioned objectives. Articles, essays, and books written on translation have considered the translation process from two different perspectives: " L Theoretical Foundations IL Practical Instructions In this article, the researcher has tried to put forward these two perspectives along with various examples: This research will also be continued in the future

The rhetorical aspect of the Glorious Qur"an is one of its various miracles and is also the major bases for the Quranic challenge: as of yet no one has been able to write a single verse comparable to those found in the Qur"an. There have been many books, essays, and articles written or compiled on this outstanding rhetoricity. Less attention, however, has been paid to rhetorical analysis of Qur" anic verses. This sort of analysis is important as it can help with the reader"s own intellectual understanding of the Qu"ran as well as with the development of Quranic rhetorical literary criticism. This research, therefore, has attempted to present all of the Qur"an"s rhetorical aspects and, through appropriate reasoning, to explore their causes. As a result it is also a suitable sample for applied rhetorics.

the function and influence of the Glorious Qur"an on the poetry of the "Umawi and Abbasi" periods is both conceptual and indirect. The apparent adaptations in the poetry of the Umawi period, being a symbol of Arab prejudice, have been rarely used for political policies and thought. The prose of this period, however, is quite opposite to its poetry, for in these writings one is able to notice the direct impact of religious thought. In the poetical works of the major poets of the Abbasi period, such as Sharif Radi or Mutinabbi, no Qur" anic adaptations may be seen. And yet in the poetry of the "Period of Decline" Qur" anic verses along with their influences are seen frequently. Ibn Matuq is one of the Shiite poets of the eleventh cent. (A.H.) He has used various Qur" anic verses directly and indirectly so as to greatly praise the Holy Imams of the Shiism quite a lot.

The epithet is used to explain and designate the praised one. Yet it may also sometimes be used in various other ways, i.e. for eulogy, blame, mercy, generalization, ambiguity, statement of details, exhortation of truth, discussion of nature, discovery, and emphasis. This research has attempted to survey the virtual and rhetorical purposes of epithet on the basis of valid syntactic and rhetorical sources.

Abulfaraj Babagha was a poet and author in the court of Seif AI-Dulah Hamdani. He used both the traditional style of Arabic poetry as well as innovations in his literary works. In comparison with his verse he is quite famous for the specificity of his prose. He called his own literary style "tarassul" and preferred using redundclncy to being terse. He repeatedly took advantage of rich Arabic lexicon, especially synonyms and the words he used are frequently simple and eloquent. The intermingling of clear fluent prose with perfectly meaningful expressions makes his prose more attractive, effective, and charming. His writing is an outstanding example of fourth century (A.H) prose. This research, therefore, is an introduction to and survey of his literary life and works.

Aleh Booyeh was one of the strongest Iranian dynasties. They ruled over an extremely vast area of the Islamic civilization - including Iran and Iraq for over a century. The three sons of Booyeh, i.e. Al,Hasan, and Ahmad, were Shiite and they therefore influenced Shiism significantly. For instance, they contributed to Imam Hossein "s Mourning Ceremony, to the Al-Ghadir Celebration, to the Karbala pilgririmage, etc. They also helped Shiite scholars spread and develop their ideas. Aleh Booyeh rulers were also quite interested in Arabic language, literature, and culture and many of them were poets as well (such as Adad Al-Dulah). Arabic literature, therefore, reached its peak under their rule during the fourth century A.H. Aleh Booyeh rulers appointed great authors to administrative positions. These ministers, such as Abolfadl Ibn Ahmid, were often leaders of literary movements and helped to revive the, literature of their period. They also supported and helped many men of letters and founded some of the largest libraries of their age. In genera~ the Aleh Booyeh dynasty caused an outstanding development in the prose and verse of that century.

The structure and style of the Arabic ode was first standardized around traditional patterns. Through the ages, however, some of its features were challenged and then shifted. Due to the emergence of other types of poetic frameworks based on folkloric patterns which were quite diverse, harmoniously charming, and had. the wonderful capacity to express passionately lovelorn emotions and to describe natural beauties, the ancient ode style was severely challenged. During the contemporary period, however, the third side of this triangle of shift is being completed. . It is a shift that tries to make the internal and external characteristics of the oldest and greatest pattern of Arabic verse different and innovative

Music is one of the major factors that makes poetry pleasant to the reader. This phenomenon can be explored in world poetry. After all the rate of the stability of a poem, as a local and global cultural entity) depends on its usage of music) and the music of poetry has an extremely vast range. Its origin and rhythm are different among various nations. In Arabic poetry one may hear the melody of camels running in the desert. When one reads the poems of Samih AL-Qasim) for example) these internal and external melodies are quite apparent. Hawarit Al-ar"s outstanding odes use such internal music. His Tafilih is also very rhythmic and uses the famous prosodic rhythms(such as ramaL,and various rhymes and styles) such as "muzdawaj" and free interval rhymes.