TEB VA TAZKIEH
Year:2008 | Volume:16 | Issue:3-4 (66-67)|Papers Count:10

A metaparadigm is the global perspective of a discipline that identifies the primary phenomena that are of interest to that discipline and explains how the discipline deals with those phenomena in a unique manner. A number of nursing scholars identified nursling>s metaparadigms included man (person), health, environment, and nursing. The concept of caring has occupied a prominent position in nursing literature and has been touted as the essence of nursing. Caring from Islamic perspectives is not well versed in nursing literature. There is widespread misunderstanding of concept and practice of Islam within the context of health care and nursing practice.The purpose of this paper is to provide an awareness of Islamic perspectives of caring, spirituality and nursling>s metaparadigms.

Integration as a meaning might be vague for its applicants. Analysis the meaning of integration clarifies its dimensions, properties, applications, effective ingredients and consequences. In the other hand, make it practical. Therefore, with analysis the concept integration and presenting a clear definition, first it will make a common language. Second with clarification of its dimensions, integration realization rate could be estimated and finally, with estimation of the point we stand now, programs for promotion forward and access to more integration could be designed and applied. This study includes analysis the meaning of integration by using modified method of Walker & Avant. The study demonstrates that integration has four descriptive characters; process, combination, interaction and unification. In a simple meaning, integration means processing combination of elements which in interaction with each other create a unified entirety. More than descriptive characters, effective ingredients, its outcomes, replaced terminations or related definitions also are characterized.

Pathology is one of the most important branches of medicine. It is a vast specialty that makes it impossible for a pathologist to be expert in all contexts which causes the need for consultation in about 10-20% of cases in routine works. However, unavailability of experts in all centers and many other problems in the conventional consultation, make it to be not efficient in many instances. Telepathology is one of the branches of e-medicine which has draw attention, in recent years. It opens a new horizon in this area. Telepathology is a process of histopathologic diagnosis through the digital images which usually use electronic transmission of the images to a remote centre. It has three basic forms: static, dynamic, and virtual. It can be used for consultation, primary diagnosis, education, and quality control. Telepathology has not a long history in Iran and its routine use in an official Institutes is confined to one referral centers in Tehran. We have many problems in education, quality control and specially in consultation in the filed of pathology in Iran because of uneven distribution of facilities and special ecological situations. Proper use of telepathology in these conditions can be useful. Therefore the idea of establishing of a national telepathology site was proposed and with collaboration of Basel University, Iranian Telepathology Center, (http://www.telepathology.ir) in Cancer Research Center of Tehran Medical University was opened on May 2007. In this report we present a brief review of telepathology, its advantage and disadvantages, and its position in Iran and subsequently introduce the Iranian telepathology center and its facilities.

Trauma team means care of trauma patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient. In this study, we would like to evaluate scientifically and evidence based who would be the leader of trauma team? Studies in different countries showed that specialized trauma team formation especially for severe injured patients is the most effective way to promote their outcome. Expert views in the articles and in our country revealed that establishment of trauma system, level 1, 2, 3 and 4 trauma centers, trauma team and fellowship of trauma surgery is a necessity. Trauma surgeon has a responsibility of leadership in trauma team in level 1 and 2 trauma centers. In level 3 trauma centers, knowledgeable general surgeon has to be a leader of team. Thus, special attention is necessary to educate trauma carefully in residency of general surgery to solve essential needs of trauma in Iran.

Background: Psychological part of Health, as well programs for screening of students at risk of psychiatrics disorders have been especially attained by decision makers during recent decays. In this way, a large numbers of favorable activities have been planned for the prevention of psycho-socia labnormalities as well as escalation of psychological level of health in this group.Method: The present Descriptive cross sectional study aimed to evaluate of trend & comparing the psychological status of new entering students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences during 5 years (from 2003 to 2007). 1797 subjects were studied by census method. The tools of enquiry were interview and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) including 28 questions for evaluation of organic health, anxiety, sleeping, depression disorders, and social dysfunction. The association of demographic factors such as age, sex, marital status and educational characteristics like course and level with GHQ score was studied. Findings: Out of 1797, 1328 (%74) and 469 (%26) were males and females respectively. Median age of subjects was 19 years and %16 of those were married. Overall, %35.4 of students showed GHQ³23, of those %31/3 were boys and %36/3 girls (p=.03). The highest relative frequency of GHQ³23 was related to students of year 2005 (%45) and the least one was for 2002 (%30) (p=.002). There was seen a significant association between GHQ levels and educational course where the highest percentage of GHQ level of ³23 was belonged to students of Nursing & Midwifery (%42.2) and the lowest one was related to Public health course (% 33.4) (p=.04). No such a significant association was showed when the comparison was done within singular years.Conclusion: Our findings revealed that over one-third of new entering students during 5 years showed GHQ score of ³23 for whom the specials supportive programmes should be considered. Moreover, an increasing trend was shown in the frequency of GHQ level of ³23 among new entering students from 2002 to 2007.

The objective of the present study way to examine the role of Fordyce Happiness Training on happiness of elementary teachers in Isfahan. For this purpose, a sample of 60 teachers were selected and tested via farsi version of oxford happiness inventory. Results indicated that Fordyce happiness training increase the scores of happiness among teachers.

Introduction: Most of authorities consider cigarette smoking as the first step towards other abused substance consumption in young population. Although the studies on relationship between health and religion is still in the infancy stage, but a remarkable increase in the number of the studies which have been conducted to assess the relationship between religious bounds and cigarette smoking, can be seen especially in Christians. As a result we carried out a study to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking in a group of Iranian Muslim students. Also the relationship between the religious practices and cigarette smoking was assessed.Methods: In this cross-sectional study 950 students in one of the kerman universities, were asked to fill self administered questionnaire, without Identity and contained some demographic information and questions on cigarette smoking and religious practices. Either daily smoker or occasional smokers were defined as cigarette smokers. As religion is a multi-dimensional concept, the participants were asked about their mosque attendance, obligatory religious practices (saying prayer and fasting) and reading Koran. Logistic regression was applied to assess the relationship between predictor variables (religious measures) and cigarette smoker. Result: Considering the left 833 questionnaire went under final analysis 54.1% were female, 89.3% were single, 129 were college students while others had higher education (84.5%) and all were Muslims. 17% were occasional smokers whereas 4.5% were daily smokers. 40.1% of male students and 5.8% of female students were smokers. The average age of starting smoking was 16.8±3.5 and 68.6% started smoking before 18. Performing single variable Analysis, a significant difference was detected in prevalence of smokers considering these studied variables: gender, marital status, salary per month, average of scores, smoker friends, smoker parents and family, reading Koran, saying prayer, mosque attendance, fasting. But using multi variable analysis, only 4 variables: gender, average of scores, cigarette consumption by friends and saying prayer, remained in the model. Conclusion: Overcoming the anger and depression were considered as the most Important causes to smoke cigarette in students points of view. As a consequence in this study cigarette consumption in friends was defined as a risk factor. And a protective role was shown for saying prayer.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an evolving technique that provides a practical alternative to prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for couples who are at substantial risk of transmitting a serious genetic disorder to their offspring. Since the first application of PGD in 1989, it has been expanded in scope and applications. Fluorescence in situ hybridization has been introduced for the analysis of chromosomes and PCR for the analysis genes for in cases of monogenic disorders. PGD involves assisted reproductive technologies even though most couples undertaking it are fertile. Early PGD protocols used blastomer biopsied from cleavage stage embryos but testing of first and second polar bodies is now a routine alternative, and blastocyst biopsy can also be used. More recently, FISH technology has been harnessed to provide PGD-AS, or aneuploidy screening, with the aim of replacing euploid embryos and increasing pregnancy rates in groups of women who have poor IVF success rates. More recent application of PGD in areas such as HLA typing and social sex selection have stoked public controversy and concern, while providing interesting ethical debates and keeping PGD firmly in the public eyes. Here, we provide and overview of indications for, techniques used in, some advantage and disadvantages of PGD.