Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2003 | Volume:58 | Issue:3|Papers Count:23

Objective: Determination and classification of Pasteurella multocida isolates from poultry in Mazandaran province, study of cross-protection and virulence among different protein types in mouse.Samples: Eighteen Pasteurella multocida isolates obtained from poultry during 10 years (1988-1998) from Mazandaran province.Procedure: Twenty five to thirty fig of bacterial protein was electrophoresed in a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. The concentration of acrylamide in resolving and stacking gels were 12% and 4.5% respectively. Minimum lethal dose of each protein type was determined by IP injection of several bacterial dilutions to groups (n= 3) of Balb/c mice. To study the cross-protection, four groups of 10 mice were immunized with vaccinal strain. The immunized mice together with control groups were challenged with homologous and heterologous protein type isolates.Results: The electrophoretic pattern of the isolates contained over 30 polypeptide bands ranging from 24 to 174 kda. The overall protein pattern of the isolates was similar. The main difference was in the position of a major protein band, which is known as protein H. The position of this band was presented in 38, 36.5 and 34 kda. Based on this difference the isolates were classified as protein types I, II and III respectively. Immunization of mice with the vaccinal strain (protein type I) protected the animals against homologous challenge.Conclusion: According to results of this study, preparation of a polyvalent vaccine containing different protein types is suggested to prevent fowl cholera in Mazandaran province.

Objective: Determination the incidence of Brucella organisms in fresh cheese.Design: Cross sectional observation.Procedure: A total 1000 cheese samples were collected from Sarab and its rural area for a period of one year from September 1999 to September 2000. All samples were examined by bacteriological and biochemical examination.Statistical analysis: Use of descriptive statistic and histogram to indicate the distribution of contamination.Results: Overall, Brucella organisms were isolated from 22 samples (%2.2) seven of which (%0.7) were Brucella melitensis and the rest (% 1.5) were Brucella abortus. The rates of contamination of cheese samples with Brucella abortus in different seasons autumn, winter, spring and summer were: %1.81, %0.69, %1.87, %1.74 and for Brucella melitensis were: %0.60, %0.69, %0.62, and %0.87 respectively.Conclusion: The main sources of human brucellosis for the general population are dairy products prepared from raw or unpasteurized milk. The milk of infected animals may contain large numbers of organisms which become concentrated in dairy products such as fresh cheese.

Objective: To determine direction, number and relation of corpus cavernosum's canals with each other and cavernous spaces in buffalo.Samples: Twenty mature buffalo's penis.Procedure: Injection of colored plastic material to corpus cavernosum's canals in the proximal part of penis in order to study the route and relation of canals after dissolving soft tissues in acid.Results: There is a single canal that courses distally in the dorsal and proximal part of the corpus cavernosum penis to the sigmoid flexure, where it is connected by anastomoses to two ventrolateral canals, one on each sides of urethral groove. These canals extend from sigmoid flexure to the distal end and their accessory branches lead to cavernous spaces.Conclusion: Presence of these canals along the penis explain fast erection in these animals' penis.

Objective: To determine the concentrations of serum lipids, lipoproteins and b-hydroxybutyrate in Iranian native goats in late pregnancy, at parturition and during the post - parturition period.Design: Quasi - experimental time series single group design.Animals: Fifteen pregnant Iranian native goats without records of twining.Procedure: Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of 15 Iranian native goats during 8 weeks pre-partum, at parturition and 8 weeks post-partum. The measured parameters were cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and b- hydroxybutyrate.Statistical analysis: The data were analysed by repeated measure of analysis of variance (Time series). All values were expressed as mean ± standard error with P< 0.05.Results: Pregnancy had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the serum cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL- cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of the Iranian native goats, as with progression in the pregnancy period there was an increase in the cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol concentrations and a decrease in the triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations. Lactation had a significant effect on the serum lipids and lipoproteins of Iranian native goats as with progression in the lactation period there was an increase in the cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL- cholesterol and VLDL- cholesterol concentrations.Conclusion: During the periparturient period of Iranian native goats, variations of serum lipids and lipoproteins should be taken into consideration in reaching a more precise diagnosis of metabolic diseases. In these times, the variations of serum b-hydroxybutyrate were not significant and hence neglectable in assessing the disease state.

Objective: Usually sever and progressed lesions in distal end of teat results to economic losses due to inability of milking of affected quarter, increase possibility risk of mastitis and early culling. The new technique of anastomosis between affected and its normal neighboring teats can be an alternative surgical method to prevention of lost of quarter lactation and subsequent adverse effects on mammary gland parenchyma and early culling from milking herds.Design: Descriptive study.Animals: Five healthy, non-pregnant Holstein cows.Procedure: The rear teats were prepared for aseptic surgery. The left teats (1/3 of distal portion) were amputated horizontally, and full-thichness elliptical incisions were induced in 1/3 of proximal of the right teats from the base, in medial aspect. Anastomosis between amputated and neighboring teats was completed with two rows of sutures, simple interrupted in mucosal layer and interrupted horizontal mattress in intermediate and skin layers with polyglactin 910 (Coated Vicryl), sized 3-0 and 2-0, respectively.Results: Healing process during the study (45 days) was very good, without any milk leakage or fistula formation. No clinical sign of mastitis was observed and from milk samples of anastomated teats no bacteria was isolated in culture. Milking with machine after removal of skin sutures was done without any difficulty. There was no considerable difference in total milk volume of rear quarters after anastomosis in comparison with before surgery. Milking time of the anastomated quarters was a little more than before anastomosis.Conclusion: According to the clinical findings of this study, it could be concluded that the introduced new technique of teat anastomosis could be performed in severe and progressed lesions in distal end of teat in dairy cattle to maintain total capacity of milk production of cow.

Objectives: The aim of this research was to examine the extent of antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates from unhealthy broiler chickens in Shiraz area.Animals: two hundred broiler chickens.Procedure: First, bacterial agents were isolated from chickens. After identification, their drug resistance pattern was studied using impregnated filter paper disc diffusion method.Statistic analysis: Descriptive study.Results: Eschirichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated with incidence rates of 82, 16.5, and 1.5%, respectively. Among antibiotics used in the antibiogram (penicillin G, ampicillin, gentamicin, furazolidone, chloramphenicol, tylosin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, lincospectin, flumequine, and erythromycin), the highest and the lowest rate of drug resistance were shown to be against penicillin G and gentamicin, respectively. In addition, Eschirichia coli exhibited a higher degree of antibiotic resistance compared with the other two microorganisms. Moreover, all the bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 12% of coliforms were sensitive to one antibiotic. Salmonella isolates were sensitive to 3, but resistant to 8 antibiotics. Staphylococci showed sensitivity to 6, but resistance to 5 antimicrobial agents. Conclusion: Results of the present study indicate a high incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial agents isolated from chickens which can be attributed to the incorrect use of antibiotics in poultry industry.

Objective: To investigate growth of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces in BALB/c mice and gerbils and their susceptibility for secondary cystic echinococcosis.Design of study: Prospective experimental study.Animals: Forty two BALB/c mice, fifty four gerbils and one rabbit were used.Material and Methods: Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces were aspirated aseptically from fertile sheep hydatid cysts of lungs and livers. Protoscoleces were checked under light microscope for motility to ensure viability prior to passage. BALB/c mice and gerbils were inoculated interperitoneally. Each animal received approximately 2000 protoscoleces. A single rabbit was also injected with about 200,000 protoscoleces. Animals were euthanized and investigated for the presence of protoscoleces or developing cysts.Results: By the second week post-infection (wpi), in both mice and gerbils, some white glistening masses of 2-3 mm in diameter were visible in the abdominal cavity. At six wpi 6-8% of protoscoleces were viable. Over the course of infection (46 weeks) 38 mice (92%) were developed hydatid cysts. For gerbils the rate of cyst development after 72 wpi was 83.3% (45/54). The infected rabbit was euthanized at 56 wpi and 15 hydatid cysts were developed.Discussion: The development of granuloma (2-3mm) around protoscoleces after 2 wpi in both gerbils and mice indicated that a host cellular response was made to the parasite. Decreasing viability of protoscoleces indicates that they may be damaged by host immune system. According to our results mice and gerbils could be infected for secondary echinococcosis. Gerbils were shown to be superior to mice in terms of the development rate of fertile cysts.

Objective: Bacteriological study of urine in cattle at Tehran abattoirs.Animals: Four hundred five cattle's.Procedure: In 1998 a total of 405 urine samples were obtained from cattle slaughtered at Tehran abattoirs. Out of these 270 were from cows of above 2 years of age, 71 from heifers below 2 years of age and 64 from bulls.Statistical analysis: Chi-square test.Results: From 405 urine samples, 43 (10.6%) were positive. Group of C. renale 9 (20%) cases (8 C. renale and 1 C. pylosums), E. coli 20 (46%), Staphylococcus sp 13 (30%), Streptococcus sp 1 (2.3%), Alcaligenes faecalis 1 (2.3%) and Flavobacterium sp 1 (2.3%).Conclusions: The results obtained in this study showed there were significant changes between two different age-groups of cows using Chi-square analysis in urine examination. There was more contamination of urine in cows of above 2 years of age. The significant changes were observed between female and male cows below 2 years of age, but there were no significant changes in these animals above 2 years of age.

Objective: To optimize the dose and rout of administration of 17a-methyltestosterone for masculinization and sterilization of rainbow trout.Animals: Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.Procedure: Oral administration of 17a-methyltestosterone in11 treatments as follows: in A1, A2, A6 and A7 treatments 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 ppm, respectively, all starting from active feeding of larvae for 60 days; in A3 and A8 treatments land 3 ppm, respectively, both starting from active feeding of larvae for 90 days; in A4 and A9 treatments 1 and 3 ppm, respectively, starting two weeks after active feeding of larvae for 60 days; in A5 and A10 treatments 1 and 3 ppm, respectively, starting four weeks after active feeding of larvae for 60 days; and in A11 treatment 30 ppm starting from active feeding of larvae for 120 days as well as control group with no hormonal treatment. Twenty fish from each treatment and control groups were examined histologically at the age of 11 months to determine the sex ratio including female, male, intersex and sterile fish.Statistical analysis: Sex ratios and growth rates were analyzed using chi square and ANOVA, respectively and the mean survival rates were comparal by student "t" test.Results: In sample taken from A1 treatment 100% of fish were males. Other samples showed a variety of results (percentage of males is shown in brackets): A2 (90%), A6 (95%), A3 (80%), A4 (80%), A9 (68%), A7 (65%), A8 (50%), A5 (45%), A10 (45%). In A11 treatment no males were found. All treatments adopted for masculinization except for A5 and A10 changed the sex ratio highly significantly (P<0.001) in favor of males. In A11 treatment 90% of the examined fish were sterilized which was deviated from the control group significantly (P<0.001). No significant differences were detected in growth of fisch taken from the treatment groups compared to the control group.Conclusion: According to histological evidence and statistical analysis of data as well as considering the minimum usage of hormone it can be concluded that the oral administration of 0.5 ppm 17a-methyltestosterone starting from active feeding of rainbow trout larvae for 60 days was determined as to be the optimum treatment.

Objectives: To assess fertilizability of in vitro matured bovine oocytes in different concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with or without caffeine or heparin.Design: Interventional study.Samples: In vitro matured bovine oocytes.Procedure: Ovaries were removed from cows and heifers in local slaughterhouses, carried to the laboratory. Follicles were aspirated and intact oocytes were isolated and transferred into TCM-199 supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, cultured for up to 24h in a CO2 incubator. After culture half of the oocytes were denuded and put into BO medium containing different concentrations of BSA and with or without caffeine or heparin and inseminated with frozen thawed semen. After 22-24 h inseminated oocytes were fixed for 3 days in acetic alcohol, stained in aceto orcein and examined under a phase-contrast microscope for tJ1eevidence of sperm penetration.Statistical analysis: ANOVA and when a significance different was seen, Duncan's Multiple Range Test.Results: When cumulus intact oocytes were inseminated in caffeine supplemented BO, there was no significant different among different concentrations of BSA (72%, 78%, 83% and 62% penetration rates for 0, 5mg, 10mg and 20mg/ml BSA respectively). However, in cumulus-free oocytes, there was significantly lower penetration in protein-free medium comparing other concentrations of BSA (P<0.05). When inseminations of oocytes were carried in heparin-supplemented medium, penetration of cumulus-intact and-free oocytes were lower in protein-free medium than those other concentrations of BSA.Conclusion: When cumulus-free bovine oocytes are inseminated in vitro, heparin may have synergistic effects with protein. However, when cumulus-intact bovine oocytes are inseminated in vitro protein may be eliminated from medium, but caffeine and heparin are prerequisites for in vitro fertilization in this condition.

Objective: Isolation of some bacteria species capable of degrade, wheat straw lignin and polysaccharides.Design: Completely randomized design with factorial experiment.Animals: The collected Termites including bacteria from their guts.Procedure: Presenting reports related to distribution pattern and species of Termites in Markazy province (Saveh area) in Iran. The collected samples (Termites) were transported to the diagnostic laboratory for primary identification. Then, samples were sent to the reference laboratory in Ontario, Canada for further identification approval. From cultured Termites in laboratory bacteria were isolated, by selection method. Kinds of lignin was extracted from wheat straw were used as specific media in isolation of bacteria. After isolation of bacteria, they identified by our and then by reference laboratory. Determination of growth curve and optimum temperature and pH for isolated bacteria performed by present methods. Statistical analysis: Growth curve, ANOVA, optimum pH and temperature by CRD design and factorial experiment were analysed.Results: The collected Termites were identified as Anacanthotermes vagans. Three of the isolates, tentatively identified as Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Ocrobacterium sp., were capable of utilizing all three lignin preparations as well as extracted wheat strawas a sole source of carbon. Between the selected bacteria, Enterobacter had more and faster growth rate than the other two species. The results showed that the isolated bacteria prefer 40oC and neutral pH for their growth.Conclusion: The isolated bacteria make the biodegradation of wheat straw and other similar lignin containing biological waste products commercially feasible.

Objective: Detecting seropositive BHV-1 infection in cattle by indirect ELISA using milk and serum samples from individual cows; comparing the use of milk instead of serum for determining the BHV-1 infection in cattle herds.Design: Retrospective study.Animals: A total of 140 cows and 50 bulls from 22 herds.Procedures: Preparing serum and milk for detection of anti BHV-1 antibody by indirect ELISA. The sera were diluted 1:25 and the milk samples were used as undiluted. The sera and milk which had OD higher than 2.5 time OD of reference control serum considered as ELISA positive. The data obtained from 140 matched sets of milk and serum were compared with each other to determine the percentage of agreement between them.Statistical analysis: Using of student's t and chi square tests for determine the significant differences between the percentage of milk and serum- ELISA positive.Results: Out of 140 matched sets of milk and serum, 38 cases (27.15%) of milk -ELISA positive were obtained. The data showed 95% agreement between the results of milk-ELISA and sero-ELISA. The males showed higher levels (40%) of BHV-1 infection than females (32.1%).Conclusion: The present study showed that the milk-ELISA can be used instead of serum-ELISA in detection of infected herds as a screening test.

Objective: Study the effects of adding three commercial probiotics to broiler chicks' ration on performance.Design: Randomized completely design.Animals: Seven hundred and twenty day-old male Ross 208 broiler chicks.Procedure: The chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments so that each treatment contained six replicate floor pens of 30 chicks. One treatment (as control) received a basal corn-soybean meal diet without any antibiotics, growth promoters, coccidiostates. Three other treatments fed diets including commercial probiotics A, B, or C respectively. Body weight (BW), food consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality were evaluated at 21, 42, and 49 days of age.Statistical analysis: Data for all response variables were subjected to ANOVA. Variable means for treatments showing significant differences in the ANOVA were compared using the Tukey's test.Results: By the end of 21-days old of age, feeding diets supplemented with probiotics A and C increased BW significantly (P < 0.05), in comparison with control, while supplementation diet with probiotic B had no significant effect on BW. At the end of experimental period, dietary treatments did not affect BW significantly. However, adding commercial probiotics to basal diets caused partial increasing in BW. Supplementation diets with commercial probiotics decreased FCR significantly (P<0.05) by the end of 21-days old of age. Although no significant differences were observed among FCR in dietary treatments, at the end of experimental period, but chicks fed diets containing probiotics A and B, had better FCR when compared with control.Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it seems that supplementation of broiler chicks' rations with commercial probiotics which were used in this feeding trial could improve broiler performance, especially in the first three weeks of rearing period.

Objective: Study on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of rumen cysticercosis of cattle.Design: Case report.Procedure: At routine meat inspection in Khorram-Abad slaughterhouse, in two indigenous cattle with generalized cysticercosis, the cysticerci with peripheral tissues were fixed in 10% formalin and were then examined for identification of microscopic characteristics. In order to study tissue lesions induced by parasite, the tissue sections were stained with H&E, PAS, Giemsa geners and Masson's Trichorome.Results: In two indigenous cattle, 2 and 4 year-old with generalized cysticercosis, a number of cysticercus bovis were found between serous and muscle layer of rumen. Parasitologic and pathologic examinations of the cysticerci revealed they were cysticercus bovis having a diameter of 0.8-1 cm ´0.4-0.5 cm. A white, thin and translucent membrane through which the scolex of Taenia saginata was visible surrounded them. Internally a pale or light yellow fluid filled the cysticerci. Histopathologic examination revealed the cysticerci being located in loose connective tissues between mesothelial layer and external muscle layer of rumen. A very slight inflammatory reaction around the cysts with infiltration of lymphoid cells especially small lymphocytes and edema were among lesions causing a gap between connective tissues and muscle layers. Masson's trichrome stain showed that a fibrous capsule with a thin inner layer and a thick outer layer surrounds the metacestodes. The inner layer was composed of compact smooth muscle cells and the outer layer was dense connective tissue. There were no differences between the lesions induced by the metacestode in the heart and the rumen except that in the latter the cysts were more superficial.Clinical implications: Rumen could be a natural site location for C.bovis. This could cause mild pathologic changes very similar to those produced in other muscles. On the other hand because Tania saginata infection in human being is induced by consumption of row or uncooked infected muscle thus this could be born in man becomes infected with row or uncooked rumen.

Objective: Knowing ecology of this region, the way of living people and the pattern of animals in old days.Design: Morphological studies of animal remains.Animals: All animals of the territory such as Equidae, Ruminant, dog and hog.Procedure: Clearing, coding and recognising the kind of bones, animals, and biometry of some of them.Results: Most of the animal remains were bones of domestic and wild animals especially ruminant. All bones were in five layers and probably belong to 6200 to 6800 years ago. The morphology of some bones studied properly.Discussion: The results showed that this area were very fertile and the kind of bones indicated that the main sources of food of inhabitant were mostly ruminant especially sheep, goat and cattle and less pig. There were also bones of horses and dogs, which probably related to different usage of these animals in old days.

Objectives: 1. Study of prevalence rate of positive cases in all over the country. 2. Survey of prevalence and causes of the disease. 3. Survey of prevalence Rate and causes of Rabies in human, in all over the country. 4. Study of prevalence rate of the disease in Tehran.Project: Retrospective study.Method: Data collection has been done in WHO-Collaborating Center for Reference & Research on Rabies and other Anti-rabies treatment centers in all parts of the country. The information has gone under statistical analysis by Research Software EP5.Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics.Results: Two hundred seventy three antirabies treatment centers are involving in post-exposure treatment right now. During the year 2002, 93216 individuals have been treated in antirabies post-exposure centers. In this year, 350 positive cases of animal rabies have been confirmed in all parts of country, which most of the positive cases have been due to dogs and ruminants. In north part of the country, dog, fox and jackal are the most vectors of the disease; although wolf is the main vector in the west and north-west parts. Sylvatic and urban forms are the different features of the disease which could be found in Iran. Animal rabies in north, north-east, and north-west parts in addition, to Fars and Kerman provinces has the most prevalent area in the country. A positive case of rabies in cat has been found in Tehran city which has been rabies free since thirteen years ago, from then, the positive rabies cases in Tehran, reaches to 5 cases.Conclusion: According to the given results, it could be concluded that by establishing the antirabies treatment centers, all bitten individuals can refer to the nearest health centers and undergo the antirabies treatment, after injured by rabid animal. Considering to the increasing trend of positive cases in all parts of the country, it seems that measures regarding combat or eradication of rabies could have an effective role in rabies control, in neighboring provinces. Increasing trend of positive rabies cases in dogs shows that in each region generally increased positive rabid dogs could result a rising trend in economical damages in ruminants. So, by effective control measures in rabies combat, it could be possible to compensate the economical damages due to rabies in animal and human by lowering the consumption of vaccine and antirabies serum.

Objective: Anatomical and histological studies of VNO in Lori sheep.Samples: Twenty-one of Lori sheep heads were used.Procedure: VNO of Lori sheep prepared and fixed in fixative solution then processed for tissue sectioning. For histological observation using H&E technique. Biometrical parameters of VNO were evaluated.Results: The mean length of VNO was 90.645.96mm. This organ is encapsulated in cartilaginous capsule that in most portion incompleted but in small portion completed. In histological study of VNO showed that the epithelium linning the lumen of VNO were of two different kinds i.e: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (Respiratory) in lateral wall and pseudo stratified nonciliated columnar (Receptory) in medial wall of lumen.

Objective: In this research, immunohistochemical method was used to study estrogen and progesterone receptors in canine mammary gland tumors.Animals: Six dogs with mammary gland tumors.Procedure: six out of 141 paraffin embedded blocks of canine mammary gland tumors, were selected from files of veterinary pathology department, faculty of veterinary medicine, Tehran University. Tissue samples were processed then H&E and immunohistochemistry staining carried out on sections.Results: Neither of species showed positive reaction to oestrogenic receptor nor progestronic receptor.Conclusion: Reasons for negative reactions may be one of these situations: malignancy of tumors, destruction of antigens in processing of tissues. It is necessary to remind that human being tumor markers have been used on uterus of horse with positive reaction to these hormones. Carcinoma is often observed with mixed tumors. Because of malignancy of carcinomatous tissues, there were no positive reactions. In this study 1D5 monoclonal Ab for oestrogenic receptor and 1A6 colon for progesteronic receptor have been used.

Objective: Diagnosis of Salmonella carrier calves by using feces culture, agglutination test and Dot ELISA.Procedure: 216 sera and feces samples were obtained from calves in farms of around of Tehran. The feces samples were cultured in enrichment and selective media and then isolated Salmonella were serotyped by O and H antisera. The sera samples were tested for O and H agglutinins via Widal and Dot ELISA tests.Statistical analysis: ANOVA and when a significance different was seen, Duncan's Multiple Range Test.Results: In this study two serotypes including: Salmonella typhimurium (4 cases) and Salmonella dublin (2 cases) were isolated from feces. In serological tests 5 and 15 sera samples were positive in Widal and ELISA tests respectively.Conclusion: From the results of this study it seems that dot Elisa method is very sensitive in diagnosis of. Salmonella carrier calves than other tests.

Objective: To compare the effect of artemisia solution and clotrimazole on the treatment of dermatophytosis in cats & dogs. Design: Experimental study. Animals: Sixty eight cats and 23 doge with proven ringworm infection.Procedure: The infected animals were received 3% Artemisia sieberi solution (44 cats and 14 dogs) or topical clotrimazole (24cats and 9dogs), respectively.Statistical analysis: Chi-square test.Results: Clinical cure were observed in 34 cats (77.3%) and 10 dogs (71.4%) after therapy with artemisia solution, wheareas clinical responses were obtained in 17 cats (70.8%) and 6 dogs (66.7%) when clotrimazole were used. Regarding to clinical cure and Mycological responses, there were no significant differences in the animals under study.Conclusion: It is concluded that Artemisia solution, as a new antifungal agent, should be used to treatment in animals having dermatophytosis into the Future.