Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2010 | Volume:65 | Issue:1|Papers Count:16

Bovine immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus which can cause varieties of infectious complications and induce remarkable losses to dairy industry. Considering to the probability of worldwide distribution of the BIV infection, this study was conducted for the first time in iran to determine of the status of BIV infection in the Holstein cattle and evaluate the associated findings. According to the results of the nested-PCR method in this study, 16.2% of 197 slaughtered holstein cattle in meysam abattoir of tehran were infective with BIV. Sequencing of the amplicons obtained from PBLs of the cattle using gag-specific primers revealed that there was 98.7-98.9% homology between this field strain and reference sequences of BIV. The infection rate of cattle with enlarged heamal nodes was higher than the animals without these lesions (0.01<p<0.05). there weren’t' t any significant correlations between BIV infection rate and age, sex, BCS, clinical problems or macroscopic lesions and enlarged lymph node as well as the anatomical situation of enlarged heamal nodes. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the relative frequency of cd8+s in the infected animals was significantly lower than the non- infected ones (0.01<p<0.05). there weren’t' t any significant differences between total leukocyte counts, relative frequencies of neutrophil, lymphocyte, CD4+, CD21+, monocyte, eosinophil, hemoglobin and PCV of the infected and non- infected groups. Lymphoid follicular hyperplasia- hypertrophia and in some cases depletion of lymphoid follicules in the lymph and heamal nodes were the main histopathological findings of the infected cattle. The results showed that the BIV infection rate of the surveyed holstein cattle was relatively high.

Poultry requirments for vitamins and minerals are met from two sources feed ingredients and premixes.in practical poultry nutrition, the role of feed ingredients is over looked. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the time of vitamin and mineral premixes withdrawal on growth and economic performance of broilers. Four hundred and fifty, one day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments of 5 replicates. Chicks were fed on a common starter diet formulated based on corn and soybean meal, with common vitamin and mineral premix (VMP) levels (0.25% each) for the first week. Then, the treatments 1 to 6 were constructed, on the basis of withdrawal time of VMP, in a way that treatment numbers were represented the number of weeks fed on VMP supplemented diet. the results showed that VMP withdrawal from 7, 14 and 21 days of age decreased daily weight gain and feed intake significantly (p<0.01), and impaired feed efficiency (p<0.01). While VMP withdrawal from day 28 and day 35, did not influence weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. Relative weights of abdominal fat, bursa of fabricius and spleen, and carcass yields were not influenced by VMP withdrawal. The overall results of the present study, considering economical aspects showed that the removal of vitamin and trace mineral supplements from 7 days prior to slaughter can reduce production costs without negative consequences on growth performance of broiler chickens.

Biosecurity in the production of broiler chickens is very important but it is hard or even impossible to maintain; hence, promotion of immune responses could control diseases in chickens. At present study, the effect of six levels of oil-extracted propolis (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg ration) on immune system against Newcastle virus was studied using a completely randomized design with 360 chickens. Blood antibody ratio against the Newcastle virus (HI test), the weight of thymus, bursa fabricius and the percentage of lymphocytes were measured for a period of 42 days and the data were analyzed. the results indicated that the rate of antibody has significantly (p<0.05) increased with an increase in the amount of propolis in diets and with the levels of 250 mg/kg ration the antibody rose to 10.42 titre at the age of 42 compare to control (6.42). the weight of thymus gland also increased significantly (p<0.05) with the increase in the levels of propolis and at the levels of 250 mg/kg in ration, weight of thymus increased up to 14.54g in compared to control (8.47 g). Similarly the weight of bursa fabricius significantly increased (p<0.05) from 2.42 g in control to 4.62 g in 250 mg propolis/kg of ration (p<0.05). Intake of 200 and 250 mg propolis/kg of ration has significantly increased the lymphocytes to the levels of 50.18 and 51.25 percent compared to the control (48.93%), respectively. results indicate that the efficiency of immune-system for immunizing of broiler chickens against Newcastle virus has been promoted using 50 up to 250 mg of propolis per kg of ration.

Nowadays gamete and embryo freezing is an appropriate approach for preserving of genetic traits in laboratory animals, rare and endangered species. Frozen cells are suitable replace for actively breeding animals colony. The aim of this study was to perserve laboratory mouse embryo, using vitrification method and comparing effect of two cry protectants, glycerol-sucrose (GS) and ethylene glycol-ficoll-sucrose (EFS40) on 8-cells and morula stage embryos of the mouse. Following mice superovulation 258 (73.5%) out of 351 embryos were in 8-cell and moroula stages. 188 morphologically intact embryos were exposed in the GS and efs40 drops and then each 4 of them transferred to one special micro tube and after ends sealing, finally were cooled up to-196°c with liquid nitrogen vapors and immediately plunged into liquid nitrogen. one to three months later, embryos were thawed, recovered and cultured. The recovery rate of post-thawing embryos from EFS group (90%) was more than percentage of embryos recovered from GS (85%) group. In also survival rate of embryos undergoing further cleavage post-culturing to blastocyte stage, from EFS and GS groups were 53.7% and 19.6% respectively. This difference was significant at p<0.001. however difference between EFS group with fresh embryos, un-frozen embryos, for achieve to blastocytes stage which was 68.6% for second group, wasn’t significant (p<0.05), but this item was significant between fresh embryo ang GS groups (p<0.001) generlly results of our study show that, use of vitrification of 8-cell and morula NMRI mouse strain embryos using EFS as cry protectant is a suitable, easy and economical method for preservation of mouse embryos.

Cutaneous lesions in fishes due to viral, bacterial, parasitic, mechanical and chemical agents are very common, leading to severe infection and high mortality. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of long term bath of zinc sulfate (15 and 23 ppm), healing of cutaneous lesions caused by surgical incision in carps. In this study, 210 carps were disinfected by 3% salt solution for 15 minutes. In each fish, an incision of 1.5 cm long and 2 mm deep was made on the left dorsal side. The fishes were then randomly divided into 3 groups, 70 fishes in each group. One group served as the control, and the other two groups were considered as the test groups which treated with 15 and 23 ppm of zinc sulfate respectively. During the study, at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21, 7 fishes were randomly selected and tissue samples were prepared from incision site. Histopathological examination revealed that regeneration process of epithelial tissue was started at day 2 and was completed at day 7 in all fishes. However the healing process in group 2, particularly the formation granulation tissue, was started and completed earlier than group 1 and the control group. According to the results of clinical assessment and histopathology, it is concluded that long term bath of zinc sulfate has positive effects on fibroplasia during the healing process of cutaneous lesions.

Because of limits in applicable karyological techniques and also the presence of a large number of small chromosomes in penaiedae family, the study on the number, structure, and the formula of the chromosomes in these shrimps is difficult. The present cytogenetic study was conducted on penaeus (fenneropenaeus) merguiensis native to Persian Gulf and Oman Sea by preparing spreads from various early stages of this species including embryos, nauplii, protozoa, myses, postlarvae as well as adult tissues such as gill, hepatopancreas, testis and ovary. For this purpose, two methods of splashing of cell suspension and squashing of tissues on warm and cold slides were used. Different doses of colchicine and incubation periods on obtaining and the quality of chromosomes were examined as well. It was only possible to obtain acceptable quality metaphase chromosomes using adult testis. The testicular tissue contained both mitotic and meiotic cells, so diploid and haploid chromosome numbers could be counted, respectively. The modal diploid number of this species was found to be 2n=88 which was confirmed by the modal haploid chromosome number of n=44 in the adult testes. Tentative karyotype of penaeus (fenneropenaeus) merguiensis contained 21 pairs of meta- and submetacentric chromosomes and 23 pairs of acro- and telocentric chromosomes. The chromosome arm number was calculated NF=130.

Sarcocyst is one of the most important protozoa belonged to apicomplexa. This parasite is prevalent among warm blooded animals throughout the world. In the present work, sarcocystis gigantea was identified by amplification of 18s rRNA gene using PCR- RFLP. In this regard macroscopic cysts of sarcocystis were collected from esophagus and intra costal muscles of sheep in shahriar slaughterhouse. Then genomic DNA of the parasites was extracted from specimens using phenolchloroform method. 18s rRNA gene was amplified with specific primers. For RFLP two restricted enzymes of MSPI and MOBI were used and the patterns were analyzed accordingly. According to the resulted band, all the specimens were identified as sarcocystis gigantea. This is the first report of molecular identification of sacrocystis gigantea in Iran.

Afflation M1 (AFM1) is an important mycotoxin frequently found in milk and dairy products. Dairy products and colostrum may be contaminated by aflatoxin M1 when dairy cattle have fed with aflatoxin B1-contaminated feeds. This study was undertaken in a dairy farm around tehran province to determine the presence and level of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in spray dried and lyophilized colostrum Samples. In this study, 25 spray dried and lyophilized colostrum samples were analyzed using competitive Elisa for determining the presence and levels of AFM1. AFM1 was found in 76% of the colostrum samples. The range of contamination level was 16 ng/l to 1176 ng/l, (mean value was 213.37 ng /l). Ninety two percent of the contaminated samples exceeded the maximum acceptable levels (50 ng/l, eu standard) and 8% exceeded 500 ng/l. Due to human health hazard and high occurrence of AFM1 in colostrum samples, monitoring programs should be more extensive and frequent in Iran.

Mastitis, inflammatory disease of mammary glands, can be caused by various microorganisms.Many antimicrobial agents have been evaluated to combat the causative agents. Development of resistance in pathogens against conventional antibiotics may be high; hence at present study in vitro efficacy of a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic (marbofloxacin) against isolated pathogens from clinical mastitis was examined. Milk samples (73) were taken from 28 dairy farms around Shiraz. Staphylococcus aureus (24.1%), Escherichia coli (18.1%), streptococcus dysgalactiae (9.3%), Corynebacterium bovis (9.3%), staphylococcus epidermidis (3.7%) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.7%) were identified among 54 bacterial isolates. antibiotic sensitivity test (kirby-bauer method) was carried out for marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, penicillin and tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of marbofloxacin against sensitive bacteria were also determined. Results showed that we all isolated bacteria were sensitive to marbofloxacin, sensitivities against other antibiotics varied from zero to 94.1%. The values obtained as MIC and MBC of marbofloxacin against three bacterial isolates (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae, and staphylococcus epidermidis) were in the range of 0.2 to 1.56mg/ml and 0.8 to 6.25mg/ml, respectively. since the isolated bacteria showed adequate sensitivities to fluroquinolones, it is concluded that marbofloxacin can successfully be used for treatment of affected cows with clinical mastitis.

Ziziphora tenuior has been used in Iranian folk medicine as an analgesic and for treament of digestive diseases. This study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. tenuior on visceral pain and its possible involvement in opioidergic and serotoninergic systems in male albino N-MRI mice. Antinociceptive effect of was determined by writhing test as a model of visceral pain. Z. tenuior extract was administered intraperitonealy (ip) in doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg and antinociceptive effects were compared with indomethacin (5mg/kg, i.p.) and control groups. the most effective dose of the extract was selected for the possible involvement of opioidergic and serotoninergic systems.15 minutes before administration of the effective dose, animals were studied by pretreatment of opioid antagonist, naloxane (2mg/kg, i.p.) and serotoninergic antagonist, cyproheptadine (4mg/kg, i.p.) using writhing test. the results of this study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of z. tenuior at 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg and indomethacin (5mg/kg) induced a significant reduction in pain response compared to the control group (p<0.05), while, pretreatment with naloxane and cyproheptadine inhibited some of the extract induced antinociceptive effects in comparison to control group (p<0.05).this study indicated that some of the antiniciceptive properties of z. tenuior are mediated by opioidergic and serotonergic mechanisms, which confirmed the traditional uses of the plant in the treatment of pain.

High concentration of heavy metals or long time exposure to low concentrations of these metals can usually decrease the hematological indices in fish. Therefore the aim of this study was to indicate changes in hematology and serum chemistry of common carp (cyprinus carpio) after low cadmium concentration exposure.60 apparently healthy common carp (mean weight of 700g) divided in two groups and transfred to 1000 liter indoor fiberglass tanks under controlled conditions. Treatment group was exposed to low concentration of cadmium (30ppb). Blood were exsanguinated randomly from 5 fish in each group through the caudal vein at days 15 and 30 of exposure. The hematological and biochemical parameters (WBC, RBC, different count, hematocrit, total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations, albumin: globulin ratio, LDH, alt, and ast) were determined. Results revealed that WBC counts decreased significantly on the 15th day of exposure (p<0.05). Furthermore, WBC counts decreased significantly on the 30th day of exposure (p<0.05). The levels of LDH after day 30 of exposure significantly increased in the test group compared to the controll. In the test group, LDH levels significantly increased at the 30th day of exposure. No significant differences have been observed between control and test groups in respect to the other parameters. This study showed that the exposure time for sublethal concentration of cadmium is an important factor for increasing the LDH levels in common carp

Despite advances in different techniques of suturing and their alternatives, controversies exist in their indications in laparoscopic surgeries. Due to difficulties exist with laparoscopic suturing knots the hemolock technique was introduced in this study. The objective of this study was to compare resistance among extracorporeal meltzer and roeder knot and hemolock in laparoscopic surgery. In this quasiexperimental study 205 intestines of sheep (20 cm length) sutured with meltzer's (43 cases, 20%), roeder's (44 cases, 20.5%) and hemolock (128 cases, 59.5%) methods. resistance of these methods were evaluated with sphygmomanometer. furthermore, side effects of sutures were evaluated. Mean pressure tolerance of roeder's knot method (196.0±50.9 mmHg) meltzer knot (193.8±49.22 mmHg) and hemolock clips (247.03±42.47 mmHg) were determined. mean pressure tolerance was significantly higher in hemolock (p<0.001) compared to the other ones. Frequency of suture displacement was 52% (22 cases) in roeder, 68% in meltzer (23 cases), and 47% (37 cases) in hemolock. with respect to the results of this study and easy use of hemolock and due to its high pressure resistance, hemolock can be considered as a safe and good substitute for extracorporeal knots in laparoscopic surgeries.

modern strains of broiler are highly susceptible to heart failure. Heart related mortalities are observed predominantly in fast growing broiler chickens. The aim of this study was to investigate serotonin levels in ascitic and non ascitic broilers of three strains (Ross, arbor acres plus and Cobb). In this respect, a factorial test in CRD method applied for the statistical analyses. In each of these three strains, 12 ascitic and 12 non-ascitic broilers were selected. After tagging and blood sampling, blood were collected and divided in two parts. One part was applied for some blood hematological assessment and other part was used for determining serum serotonin levels. The results showed significant differences among the strains (p<0.05). The blood serotonin levels of ascitic chickens were significantly lower than the non ascitic ones (p<0.05).there was a significant interaction between strain and disease in blood serotonin levels (p<0.05).