Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science
Year:2019 | Volume:50 | Issue:3|Papers Count:12

In the current study, the genetic variability and effect of some agronomic traits on grain yield of 218 Iranian wheat landraces were evaluated under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions employing alpha-lattice design with two replications on the research field of Agronomy and Plant Breeding at the University of Tehran during the year of 2016-2017. Results of data analysis of variance demonstrated that there were significant differences among landraces in the investigated traits including phonologic and physiologic traits, yield and yield components in both conditions. According to descriptive statistics results, the highest phenotypic variation of landraces observed in seed number per spike, and the least variation in spike weight. The findings on phenotypic correlations, stepwise regression, and path coefficient analysis sustain the important role of spike weight, seed number per spike and thousand grain weight in the grain yield in both normal irrigation and rain-fed conditions. In addition, considered traits had the highest impact on the grain yield directly and indirectly under both conditions. The result of principle component analysis presented a positive correlation between the first component and seed number in both conditions, while the second component had a positive relationship with phonological traits in normal irrigation and leaf greenness in rain-fed conditions.

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is a noxious weed and one of the most problematic weeds in field crops, orchards, vegetables, pastures and grasslands in Iran. Determining the ecological factors of this grass weed will contribute to development of its control programs. In order to study germination characteristics to water and salinity stress conditions at different temperatures, an experiment was conducted. Temperatures regimes included 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35° C. For each temperature the treatment, for salinity and water stress was 4 potentials (zero,-4,-8, and-12 bar) of NaCl and 4 potentials (zero,-4,-8, and-12 bar) of PEG. Results showed that increasing salinity stress decreased significantly germination rate and percentage. Tb germination was increased from 11° C to 22° C in-12 salinity potential and Tc decreased from 42° C to 33° C. Result showed that seed germination under drought was more sensitive, so that germination percentage at-8 bar was zero. Obtained germination data for high salinity and drought clearly showed that the permissive temperature range for germination was limited.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on grain yield and physiological indices of aerobic rice genotypes in Khuzestan province for two years (2014 and 2015). Four irrigation regimes (1, 3, 5 and 7 days) in main plots and 12 rice genotypes in sub-plots with three replications were considered. The combined analysis results showed that there were significant differences between genotypes, irrigation regimes and their interaction at all growth stages at 1%. SWR also increased with growth, but 100 days after planting due to the effective role of stem particularly in terms of reducing the amount of water, a decline was seen in this trait. By decreasing the irrigation regime due to less canopy shading, the NAR slowed down. The highest LWR were observed under 5-and 7-day in irrigation regimes, but SLW decreased in these irrigation regimes. The mechanism of escape from stressful conditions reduced the growth period by decreasing the irrigation regime. Finally, it is recommended that this experiment be carried out in irrigation regimes and other genotypes.

Taxanes are dipropenoid compounds with known anti-cancer effects. One of the most important Taxanes is Taxol. Since the traditional method of Taxol extraction from the yew bark was inefficient and non-economic, attempts expanded to find an effective method. The tissue culture and cell culture was known as the most desirable method in this field. Using elicitors is one of the best ways to improve the production of secondary metabolites. Therefore, in this study, the effect of 0. 125 and 0. 625 mg/L of copper sulfate during two and seven days on the amount of Taxol and 10-Deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB) in the cell suspension culture of T. baccata was studied. The results showed that the concentration of 125. 0 mg / L over seven days resulted in a significant increase (43%) of 10-DAB, while the concentration of 0. 625 mg / L over the same period resulted in a significant reduction of Taxol (23%) and 10-DAB (16%). Also, the effect of selective concentration of copper sulfate (0. 125 mg/L) on the expression of txs, dbat, bapt and dbtnbt over 12, 24 and 48 hours were studied. The results declared that the expression level of dbat increased five times after 12 hours but the expression of other genes is very low and as the same as control, even expression of txs after 24 hours suppressed. Although this significant increase in 10-DAB is negligible, but for the importance of this material as a taxol precursor, these results could be notable.

Salinity is one of the most important factor that prevents plant growth and physiological development. To study the soil application of zeolite on alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on milk thistle, this research experiment was conducted in research greenhouse of College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj in 2016. The experimental treatments were arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first treatment was salinity levels of irrigation water including of control (as check), 4, 8, and 12 dS/m, and the second treatment comprised of different levels of zeolite application in soil (control, 0. 01, 0. 05 and 0. 1%). The result indicated that salinity had adversely effect on the vegetative and physiological characteristics of milk thistle. Application of zeolite at 0. 05 % in salinity levels of control, 4 and 8 dS/m increased the plant total biomass by 38, 43, and 41%, respectively. Application of zeolite at 0. 05 and 0. 01% increased the potassium and decreased sodium content in the root. Also the lowest Na+/K+ ratio (1. 65) was achieved at severe salinity level (8 dS/m) while zeolite was applied at 0. 05% level. As the salinity increased, the antioxidant activity in the plant was also increased. Result of this experiment showed that application of zeolite could be considered as a solution to modify the adverse effect of salinity in milk thistle.

Commercial production of seed potato tuber by means of traditional and conventional methods resulted in the spread of bacterial and fungal disease. In contrast, high cost of nutritional supply is one of the problems in the some methods such as aeroponic. Hence in order to study seed tuber potato production in aeroponic condition using substances with natural origim, an experiment was conducted with eight treatments as completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were 1-Otazo nutritional solution, 2 and 3-Tea vermicompost solution with 1: 5 and 1: 10 ratio, 4-Vermi wash solution, 5 and 6-Liquid poultry manure with 2 and 6: 1000 ratio, 7 and 8-Mixed solution as mixed of cow manure with fruits and plants waste with 2 and 6: 1000 ratio. Among the tested organic nutritional solutions, the vemi wash and tea vermicompost be able to substitute for Otazo chemical solution due to their satisfactory function. Whereas nutritional elements absorbtion was interrupted in pH of higher than 7. 3 and EC over than 2 dS/m, therefore, the most important reason for low yield in liquid poultry manure and mixed solutions were their pH (7. 9 and 7. 6 respectively) and EC about 3. According to the role of phosphorous in carbohydrates transfer from leaves to tubers, the more tuber yield can attributed to more phosphorous contents in vermi wash and tea vermicompost solutions compared with liquid poultry manure and mixed solutions.

Ferula assa-foetida L. is a medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family is native to Iran that has traditionally been used for its therapeutic value. Particularly, terpenoid and sesquiterpene metabolites, major components of the root-derived oleo-gum-resin, exhibit anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. In the present investigation, the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation in a clevenger extractor and the chemical compounds from four different organs (i. e., roots, stems, flowers and leaves) of F. assa-foetida L. including terpenoids and sesquiterpene were evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results indicated that the flower and leaf of the plant possess the highest and the lowest amounts (0. 7 and 0. 1 % v/w) of essential oils, respectively. The metabolites such as β-Pinene, α-Pinene, Propyl n-butyl disulfide and 1, 2-dithiolane were the main constituents of the essential oil of all the four plant organs. The other major components in the root, stem and flower of the plant were (Z)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide and β-Eudesmol, while considering leaf organ, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9-methylene-and β-Maaliene were characterized as the major constitutes. The essential oils of four parts were dominated by the volatile sulfur-containing compounds as well as sesquiterpene. Our results, overall, represented that F. assa-foetida could be a reliable and trustworthy repository for production of “ oleo-gum-resin” , and therefore can be frequently utilized in food and flavor industries.

This study was conducted in order to assess the stomata resistance response, transpiration volume for canopy temperature regulation and leaf rolling under drought stress condition for some new hybrids of maize. The experiment was laid out as a factorial design based on randomized complete block with three replications, in 2015 and 2016, at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj. Three Irrigation levels include Irrigation after 60, 90 and120 mm cumulative evaporation from evaporation pan class A, and four hybrids include KSC 703, KSC704, KSC705 and KSC706 were considered as the factors. The lower stomata resistance and canopy temperature were obtained in KSC 706 which had no leaf rolling in vegetative stage even under heat condition at noon. Grain weight was lower in KSC 706 in comparisons to other hybrids under mid and severe drought stress. The maximum and minimum of grain yield were obtained under normal irrigation and severe drought stress condition with average 7. 64 and 3. 34 ton/ha respectively. There were no significant difference in grain yield of different hybrids, but the highest grain moisture was obtained from KSC 706 with average 17. 61%. Based on this experiment, KSC 706 may be sensitive to drought stress due to opening of the stomata and wasting moisture in environment around root zone via transpiration, so it is not recommend for the areas where there are limitation in irrigation water.

Intercropping system, increasing species number at area, is offered as way to increase production in agriculture. In order to investigate yield and yield components of maize and sorghum at different intercropping pattern, a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Karaj, University of Tehran during 2014. The plants used in this system were fodder sorghum (Pegah cultivar) and grain maize (KSC600 cultivar). An alternative intercropping system was applied. The treatments consisted of sorghum monoculture, 75% maize: 25% sorghum, 50% maize: 50% sorghum, 25% maize: 75% sorghum and maize monoculture. The results showed that monoculture of sorghum produced the highest yield and intercropping of 75% sorghum: 25% maize produced the highest stem height and number of leaves per stem for sorghum. In maize, monoculture treatment obtained the highest grain yield (8. 8 ton/ha) and 25% maize: 75% sorghum intercropping obtained the highest ear length (24 cm), number of rows per ear (18), number of seeds per row (42), and 1000 grain weight (157 g). LER was used to evaluate the efficiency of intercropping. The results showed that the index was affected by intercropping ratios. The highest level of LER = 1. 8 was calculated in 25% maize: 75% sorghum. According to experiment data analysis, intercropping of maize: sorghum has useful resuls under Karaj climate.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors in reduction of crops production. An experiment was conducted on 7 cultivars of wheat in randomized complete-block and split plot design with three replications in order to detect the tolerant cultivars against drought stress also Assessment the physiological and biochemical processes associated with drought tolerance to optimize the supplementary irrigation time. The mentioned experiments were performed under supplementary irrigation conditions at the stemming, boating and flowering steps also under non-irrigated condition. The experiments were done in two consecutive years (1394 and 1395) at Dehgolan field, depending on Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kurdistan University. In the present study, peroxide-malondialdehyde level (MDA), total protein content, and the activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were measured. Based on the results, a significant interaction was measured, in the most of attributes, between cultivar and supplementary irrigation. Compared to the control sample, Supplementary irrigation leads to decrease H2O2' content. The maximum values of H2O2 and MDA were measured for Aras, Abu Ghraib and Tamuz cultivars, respectivelywhile the minimum values of them were obtained for Azar-2. Curiously, supplementary irrigation caused to increase the activity of catalase, and superoxide dismutase for all cultivars also total protein content (except Aras cultivar) and ascorbate peroxidase (just for Axad 65, Rezgari, Smito and Azar-2 cultivars). According to the results, Axad 65, Rezgari, and Azar-2 cultivars in flowering stage could control exist conditions, with less energy consumption, through regulation and optimization their defense mechanisms.

To increase the symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean, a native Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain RS 117 was selected from four strains via infectiveness, symbiotic effectiveness and sequancing 16S rRNA gene. Then, mentioned strain in the form of YMB inoculum was irradiated by gamma rays dosages 0-5000 Gray with a 500 Gray interval dosage. About 800 mutant isolates were collected on YMA from different doses. 11 isolates in efficiency point of view changing the GMGT media colour were selected as the best isolates for further study. These isolates were tested for their symbiotic effectiveness (SE) under proper greenhouse condition with a randomized complete block design in 3 replications; and 3 more efficient isolates No. 3, 8 and 9 increased 56-81 percent SE more than wild strain. At last, relative gene expersion nodA, nifK2 in mutant and wild strain bacteria approved mollacular differences between both of them by indicating Increase and decrease in amount, in mutant isolate number 9 in comparison with the wild Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain RS 117. The results indicate that gamma-irradiated mutations in Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains have significantly increased the biological fixation of nitrogen in soybean plants

To investigate the effects of different sowing dates and irrigation regimes on agronomic traits and yield of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld. ) as a new plant, a field experiment was conducted at Haftkel, North East of Ahvaz, Iran. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four sowing dates (31 October, 15 and 30 November and 15 December) considered as main plots and five irrigation levels (full-irrigation, once irrigation at sowing time, two irrigations at sowing and flowering stages and no irrigation conditions) were subplots. Results showed that period between flowering and maturity was shortened with the shortening of the growing season due to the late sowing dates. Dry matter accumulation increased in plant with an increasing the growing season or increased irrigation water. Water could increase plant height, stem diameter, number of ears per plant, number of grains per panicle, grain weight and grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain and biological yield of quinoa was found in sowing date of October 31. Quinoa planted at December 15 had the lowest plant high, the number of ears per plant, number of grain per panicle, seed weight and yield, compared to the other sowing dates.