Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science
Year:2019 | Volume:49 | Issue:4|Papers Count:16

To investigate the effects of organic fertilizers and mycorrhiza inoculation on yield and yield components of dwarf chicory (Cichorium pumilum Jacq. ), an experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2012-2013 growing seasons. Experimental treatments were all combinations of organic fertilizers at four levels (cow manure, humic acid, fulvic acid and control) and mycorrhiza inoculation at three levels (inoculation with Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices and control without inoculation). The results showed that the mycorrhiza species increased the number of lateral branches, plant height, number of inflorescence per plant, number of seed and seed weight per plant. Application of G. mosseae led to increasing of seed yield as 29% higher than control treatment. Using organic fertilizers improved seed yield. The highest number of lateral branches and plant height were obtained in cow manure treatment and the highest number of inflorescence, number of seeds per plant and seed yield were shown in humic acid treatment. Furthermore, integrated mycorrhizae and organic fertilizers treatments increased yield and yield components of dwarf chicory.

Drought stress is considered as one of the most important limiting factors in plant production. In the present study, 142 recombinant inbred lines F7 (RILs) derived from IR28 and Shahpasand were investigated in Faculty of Agricultural Sciences University of Guilan during spring and summer 2015. After recording of yield under normal and drought stress conditions, in order to determine the drought tolerant lines were used tolerance indices and microsatellites markers that identified as linked to drought stress. According to the cluster analysis results, all of lines were divided to four groups. In this grouping two lines (37 and 144) a long with another sub group with 11 lines were most tolerant lines based on tolerance indices (GMP, STI and MP). Average yield of these 13 lines under normal and drought stress condition were 5. 086 and 4. 678 t/ha respectively. In order to validate identified markers for drought stress identified in previous studies, a stepwise regression was performed. The marker RM7 for all dependents variables, RM231 for yield under two conditions, STI and RM302 for yield under two conditions, GMP, and MP were significant and thereafter RM12091, RM19367 and RM10793 were the next important markers. Association analysis revealed 51. 4% of variation of yield under drought stress was explained by RM7, RM231, RM302, RM12091 and RM19367 markers that can be indicative a confirmation of these markers importance in present genetic background.

The study was conducted at the research field of Agriculture College and Natural Resources of the University of Tehran as a factorial experiment based on RCBD with three replications in 2014-2015. The aim was to determination the optimum moisture regimes for maximum yield and water use efficiency in wheat plants. Three varieties of wheat (Pishtaz, Sivand and Parsi), and 12 moisture regimes (70, 90, 110 and 130 mm cumulative evaporation at vegetative growth stage and 90, 110 and 130 at reproductive growth stage). The moisture levels were applied based on the evaporation rate from class A evaporation pan and considering the soil moisture content. The main effects of cultivar and moisture regimes had significant effects on the all studied traits. The highest yield was recorded for Pishtaz cultivar that was resulted from the highest grain yield as well as the highest number of grains, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. The highest yield was observed in control moisture regime (T79), and increasing the time of irrigation intervals from 70 to 90, 110 or 130 mm cumulative evaporation from pan evaporation class A, grain yield decreased approximately 15, 19 and 27%, respectively. However, among irrigation treatment group of vegetative growth stage (70, 90, 110 and 130), increasing the irrigation intervals from 90 to 110 and 130 mm cumulative evaporation at reproductive growth stage, did not cause a significant reduction in grain yield. These results indicated the relative resistance of wheat to water deficit at the reproductive growth stage. So, it seems that the gradual decrease in yield due to increasing the irrigation intervals, determine a balance point between the cost of extra water consumption and the revenue generated by the additional yield.

36 bread wheat genotypes including 6 improved and introduced cultivars and 30 other genotypes that were collected and prepared from different regions of Iran and other countries were evaluated in two irrigation conditions (normal and limited irrigation) in two separate randomized complete block design with three replications in both moisture conditions. Average yield for each genotype in each environment were measured and tolerance and stress susceptibility indices were calculated and the relationship between a number of micro satellite markers (associated with drought tolerance) and drought tolerance of genotypes were studied. The genotypes were divided into three groups (tolerant, semi-tolerant and susceptible) by cluster analysis based on Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Geometric Productivity Mean (GMP), Mean Performance (MP) and Yield Index (YI) as well as grain yield under stress conditions. Genotypes 11. 113, 1553, 176, 198, 3798, 689, 894, 9016, 910, 99, Kohdasht, Pishtaz, Zagros, Sivand and Genotypes 1637, Sardari, 2047, 2103, Azar 2, 871, 890 were identified as tolerant and semi-olerant genotypes, respectively. Cluster analysis based on micro satellite markers also divided the genotypes into three groups. Comparison of dendrograms revealed a significant relationship between drought tolerance and SSR markers. As well as, regression analysis between the grain yield in both conditions, GMP, STI, MP as dependent and marker bands as independent variables showed that WMC179, WMC307 and WMC322 are the most effective markers in MAS for improving yield under stressed and non-stressed conditions.

To study the effects of symbiosis interaction of Mycorrhizae arbuscular on mineral uptake in wheat ( Pishtaz cultivar), a greenhouse study was conducted using 11 treatments (2 types Glomus mossea, 2 types of G. intraradices, 2 types of G. clarum, 1 type of G. etanicatum, 1 type of G. caledonium, 1 type of G. claroideum, 1 control treatment without mycorrhiza inoculation, a mix treatment of different species) in the greenhouse of the Biology Department of Soil and Water Research Institute in a completely randomized design. Result showed that root colonization percentage was significantly increased at wheat harvest time and reached to 50% of root system (P<0. 01). Maximum shoot dry weight (11. 89 g per pot) was obsereved in T7 (G. claroideum). Wheat root symbiosis with fungi increased P, K, Zn uptake and shoot dry weight (5% probability). Maximum P uptake (29. 9 mg per pot) was obtained in T4 (G. intraradices). T7 (G. claroideum) and T11 (mix treatment with different species) had maximum K uptakes that were 175. 95 and 173. 41 mg per pot respectively. T11 with 0. 947 mg Zn uptake per pot had the highest Zn uptake. T11 had better results in most of measured parameters in comparison to the other treatments, therefore, it should be considered in fungal inoculations production in future.

It seems that replacement of chemical inputs with ecological compatible inputs (organic amendments) is necessary as a step towards transition from common to sustainable agriculture. In this regard, an experiment was conducted in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications, at the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University, during 2014-2016. Main plots consisted of irrigation with 30, 50, 70 and 90% of available water and subplots including plant nutrition with bioumik, nitroxin, mycorrhiza, and no fertilizer. Effects of interaction of year, drought stress and fertilizer was significant on all studied traits. The highest plant height (37. 75 cm), number of branches per plant (47. 01), fresh and dry weight of herb (86. 60 and 31. 82 g. plant-1, respectively), foliage yield (1750 Kg. ha-1) and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content (13. 35 and 0. 742%, respectively) were obtained from in the irrigation with 90% available water and bioumik fertilizer treatment in the second year. The maximum potassium concentration (7. 07%) and essential oil percentage (1. 575%) and yield (31. 22 and 1716. 93 g. plant-1/Kg. ha-1) were obtained by irrigation with 30% available water and bioumik fertilizer in the second year. 1, 8 cineole, -terpineol and limonene were the most important compounds of rosemary essential oil. Drought stress caused changes and bio and nano bio-fertilizers were increased rosemary essential oil components. Bioumik than other fertilizers, amend better drought stress and improved rosemary growth, foilage and essential oil yield and its components. Thus, to achieve sustainable agriculture, it is recommended to improve agronomic and biochemical properties of rosemary.

Biotic and abiotic environmental stresses are affecting factors that reduce quantity and quality of crops yields. In the spring, along with renewed wheat cultivation, the immunity of environmental-genetic cold tolerance would disappear. Spring cold stress is a wheat problem at heading time and also probably damaged other parts of the plant. Therefore, it is necessary to understanding the nature and identity of the cold stress and achieving tolerant cultivars through breading programs. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 22 bread wheat cultivars was investigated through microsatellite markers and physiological traits including Proline and Fructan contents under controlled condition. So, an experiment was conducted via wheat varieties and four cold stress levels (8 (control), +2, 0,-2 Celsius) in factorial arrangement based on randomized completely block design (RCBD). Results of variance analysis showed that the effects of interaction between cultivars and spring cold stress levels is signification at the 1% probability level. According the results of Proline content in-2º C cold stress level, the highest amount was associated to Moqane2 variety and the Golestan had the lowest proline content. At the same cold stress level, Fructan content, had highest and lowest contents in Ohadi and Dez cultivars, respectively. These cultivars are useful in breeding programs in order to using in mapping population to detect relative QTLs. in order to investigate the genetic diversity at the molecular level 21 microsatellite primer pairs were used. Of microsatellite primer pairs, the11 pairs indicated good polymorphism and totally identified 19 alleles. The mean number of produced alleles was 2. 27 alleles per marker locus and the range of alleles at loci was 1 to 4. The polymorphic information contents (PIC) values of the loci had ranged from 0. 09 to 0. 98 with average 0. 62. Genotypes were grouped with Dice similarity coefficient and cluster analysis with the average correlation algorithms models that was suggest the ability of this molecular marker in detect genetic diversity among genotypes. Results of stepwise regression, shows the significant relationship between two markers, Xgwm174 (related to Proline content and sever stress condition) and Xgwm642 (related to Fructan content in control). The results showed that spring cold stress caused different reactions among cultivars and in this regard there is sufficient genetic variation among genotypes. Also Molecular studies showed that the microsatellite markers have desirable capabilities in explaining the variation among genotypes.

To investigate the effects of intercropping on yield quantity and quality of soybean (Glycine max (L. ) Merr. ) and millet (Panicum miliaceum L. ) in different irrigation regimes, the experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Station of Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University, 2015. The main factor included three levels of irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm cumulative evaporation from pan class A) and five levels of replacement intercropping consisted of monoculture of soybean, monoculture of millet, 67 % soybean+ 33 % millet (67Soybean: 33Millet), 50 % soybean+ 50 % millet (50Soybean: 50Millet) and 33 % soybean+ 67 % millet (33Soybean: 67Millet) as subplot. The results showed that the highest grain phosphorus concentration of millet (0. 35%) was obtained from 50Soybean: 50Millet ratio and irrigationg after 60 mm evaporation, and the lowest one (0. 12%) was observed in monoculture of millet and irrigating after 120 mm evaporation. The highest grain phosphorus concentration (0. 27%) of soybean was observed in 50Soybean: 50Millet ratio, that was 14. 4% higher than monoculture of soybean. phosphorus and oil concentrations of soybean seeds in irrigation regime of 120 mm evaporation decreased 40. 7 and 26. 14%, respectively, compared to 60 mm irrigation regime. Intercropping increased protein content of millet and increased water use efficiency of soybean and millet. Maximum value of LER (1. 14) was achieved in 50Soybean: 50Millet intercropping in when plants were irrigated after 120 mm evaporation.

To evaluate and select drought tolerance genotypes in common bean and identify the best indices for drought tolerance, an experiment was conducted at research field University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, during 2015-2016 growing season. In this study, 102 common bean genotype were evaluated in an augment design under normal irrigated and drought stress (non-irrigated from flowering stage until the end of growing season) conditions. Average values of grain yield and drought tolerance indexes and simple correlation coefficients of indexes with irrigation and dry farm yield showed that indices including MP, GMP and STI were the most suitable criteria for screening bean’ s genotypes. In 3-dimensional graphs, referring to MP, STI, and GMP indexes and grain yield under dry farming and irrigation condition, 100, 63, 47, 88 and 76 genotypes were identified as genotypes with high production and tolerant to intensive drought in A group. Actually, these genotypes had the highest yieldunder both irrigation and dry farming conditions. Cluster analysis based on investigating indices and yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions showed that genotypes was grouped in three clusters and most of drought tolerant genotypes with high yield were grouped in third cluster, while most of sensitive genotypes to drought stress were grouped in the second cluster.

Investigating the relationship between grain yield and main agronomic traits and understanding the trend of changes in traits during breeding history is important for breeding strategies. To meet these objectives, 313 Iranian wheat genotypes including 203 Iranian landraces and 110 Iranian cultivars were planted in an augmented design along with three check cultivars repeated in seven blocks in 2014 in the research field of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, University of Tehran. In order to increase accuracy and decrease environmental variations, the experiment has been replicated in three different locations. Linear regression analysis between investigated characteristics and year of cultivar release and year of collection of landraces showed that the grain yield and thousand grain weight were significantly increased in both cultivars and landraces while spike weight was significantly increased only in the cultivars. Plant height and spike length were significantly decreased only in the cultivars during 74 years of breeding programs. No significant changes, however, was observed in the landraces. Although the number of grain/spike was known as the most important and effective traits on grain yield based on the results of correlation and path analyses, there was no significant change for this trait during breeding programs. Since there were high phenotypic and genetic coefficient of variation for this trait, it could be one of the most important traits in future breeding programs.

To evaluate the effects of methanol concentration (0, 20, 40 and 60% v/v) and application time (before and after flowering) on yield and some morphological characteristics of sesame, a field experiment was performed at the research field of Jiroft University in 2016. Treatments were arranged in a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Based on results, Methanol concentration had significant effects on all studied characteristics, so that the highest and lowest mean value was observed at 40% methanol concentration and control, respectively. Methanol spraying time significantly influenced the stem diameter, seed number, harvest index and 1000-seed weight, so that the highest and lowest means were obtained at before and after flowering stages, respectively. The interaction of methanol concentration and methanol spraying time were significant on leaf area index, leaf number, length branches, number of lateral branches, number of capsules, seed number, plant height, shoot dry weight and seed yield. The best treatment in this study was foliar application of 40% methanol concentration at pre-flowering stage. According to the results, it can be concluded that the use of methanol could greatly improve the yield, and morphological characteristics of sesame.

A significant progress has been made in the expression profiling of living organism with invention of real time PCR, because this method is one of the suitable methods for evaluating the gene expressions. In this method, it is crucial to control the error observed between samples. Normalization with a housekeeping gene is widely utilized to check the errors observed among samples in this method. In the current study, expression patterns of 10 housekeeping genes under salinity stresses were evaluated. eight-week old plants were evaluated under salinity stress at concentrations of 0, 200 and 400 Mm. Leaves and roots Samples were collected from the treated plants at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hour post treatment. Expression analysis of the obtained data was performed via geNorm software and it was shown that the eIF-4a as well as ACT7 genes in the root tissues and GAPDH and ACT11 in the leaf tissues was constitutively expressed. Based on the results of the analysis trough Best Keeper, the eIF-4a gene (in root) and UBQ10 and eIF-4a (in leaf) showed the highest correlation with the index of BestKeeper. Thus, it was concluded that the eIF-4a, ACT7, GAPDH, UBQ10 and ACT11 genes could be considered as suitable housekeeping genes to be used in the normalization of the derived from Rice.

In order to stablity analysis of foxtail millet, six foxtail millet genotypes (five new genotyps and Bastan as control) were cultivated in six locations (Karaj, Gonbad, Varamin, Yazd, Sari and Birjand) across two years in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results of combined analysis for studied traits (number of tillers, number of leaves, days to flowering, height, fresh forage yield, dry forage yield and seed yield) showed that the environment main effect and intraction effect between genotypes and environments were significant at 1% probability level for all studied traits and genotypes. Main effects on all traits except number of leaves, days to flowering and height were significantley different. All of the studied genotypes except G4, had higher forage yield than Bastan (control). The total mean yield of fresh forage was 24. 76 t/ha and the average of all cultivars except G3 and G5, was lower than total mean. The results of the stability analysis by differnrt methods (ranking, regression, Wricke oekovalenz, Shukla stability variance, CV, superiority index and AMMI stability value) showed that G5 had high yield and was the most stable genotype in the studied environments. Spearman's rank correlation between forage yield and stabilty parameters showed strong negative correlation between forage yield and superiority index (Pi) and ranking (Si). These results indicated that using Pi and S1 for simultanious selection of stable and high yielding foxtail millet genotypes would be efficent. Rregression deviation, Wricke's ecovalence and Shukla stability variance are equivalent in ranking genotypes for stability and could be substituted with each other in breeding programs. In conclusion, the results showed that G5 had high yield and good stability to all environments and could be introduced as a new cultivar.

To evaluate the effect of drought stress, chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers on chamomile morphological traits, flower and essential oil yields, an experiment was conducted in Zabol University Research Field, 2016. The experiment was a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were drought stress including; irrigation after 90, 70 and 50 % of field capacity (FC) depletions and the sub plots were phosphorus fertilizers including; no fertilizer, 100 % chemical phosphorus, combined of 50 % of phosphate fertilizer + biofertilizers (Phosphate B-2), and biological fertilizer (Phosphate B-2). Results showed that plant height, stem and head diameter were affected by drought stress and fertilizer. Increasing stress intensity from 90 (control) to 50% of FC plant height reduced stem and head diameter and application of 50 % from chemical and biological fertilizers showed the most influence. Effect of interaction between drought stress and fertilizer on number of main stem, number of flower per plant, dry weight of plant, flower and essential oil yield were significantly different. The highest number of main stem, number of flower per plant, dry weight of plant, and flower and essential oil yield were obtained from non-stressed with chemical and biological phosphorus combination. Based on the results, to improve the morphological traits, flower and essential oil yield of chamomile, the combined application of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers with conventional irrigation will be appropriate.

To study the relationship between dry matter accumulation (biological yield) and grain yield in Iranian wheat cultivars, an experiment was performed at Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources research field during 2010-2011 growing season. The plant materials (81 wheat cultivars) were evaluated using a simple lattice design with two replications under well-watered condition. Generally, grain yield of modern wheat cultivars was higher than the old ones. This trend was also observed for harvest index (HI) and grain number per square meter. There were no significant differences in biological yield and 1000-grain weight between old and new cultivars. Analysis of correlation showed significant and positive association between grain yield and biological yield which is not consistent with the lack of consistent increases in biological yield through breeding activity in the past. It seems that modern wheat cultivars had lower dry matter production before anthesis than the old cultivars. But, they produced more photo-assimilates after anthesis because of increased grain number. Therefore, despite the non-significant increases in biological yield through breeding, the grain yield correlated positively with biological yield.

To evalate the effects salicylic acid (SA) on corn, weeds, and some herbicide efficiency, a factorial experiment with two factor as randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications was conducted in the research field of university of Tabriz, Iran in 2015. The first factor was 8 herbicide treatments (Bentason, Nicosulfuron, 2, 4-D + MCPA, Bromoxynil + MCPA, Rimsulfuron, Nicosulfuron + Rimsulfuron, Mesotrion + S-metolacholor + Terbuthlazine, Udosulfuron + Foramsulfuron + Tincarbason), and 2 controls treatments (weed free and weed infest), and the second factor was SA in 2 levels (0 as distilled water, and 1 mM SA). Results showed that SA increased corn leaf area, and leaf and stem dry weights. This increase was outstanding in herbicides that could successfully control weeds. In weed infested treatment, SA increased common lambesquraters (Chenopodium album L. ) densities and dry weights, as the main weed species observed in the field. There, in the presence of weeds, SA is more beneficial for weeds. Nicosulfuron was weak in weed control, and SA application increased weeds density and dry weights. Bromoxynil + MCPA, Mesotrion + S-metolacholor + Terbuthlazine, and 2, 4-D + MCPA were successful herbicides in reduction of weeds density and dry weight, and their efficiency was not reduced in presence of SA. Therefore, in herbicide treatments with weak efficiency in weed control, usage of SA is more beneficial for weeds. According to the results, application of SA is not recommended with low efficiency herbicides in weed control.