Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences
Year:2020 | Volume:13 | Issue:3|Papers Count:25

The main source of rice is more than half the world's population and plays an important role in feeding this population. Because, grain rice is consumed, its quality is of particular importance. In order to study the physical and chemical quality of rice grain, 90 rice genotypes were planted under normal conditions and drought stress in the Gonbad-e-Kavos University research farm at 2015-2016. In this research, grain length, grain width, grain size, grain size, Equilibrium grain balance, Eccentricity, circumference, amylose content, protein percentage and gelatinization temperature were measured. The result of microsatellite markers indicate that there were 54 multivariate alleles and also an average of 4. 9 alleles per marker, with the highest number of RM333 and RM589 markers with 7 alleles. The analysis of the principle coordinates of the SSR markers showed that the first 10 components were able to explanation 55. 58 percent of the variation. The determination of the band pattern of the genotypes showed that under normal conditions for genotypes, 216L, IR59673-93-2-3 and AZUCENA. BALA. 225 genotypes had the highest amylose content (25. 8%, , 25. 2 and 24. 5% respectively). The results of the analysis of the relationship between the traits measured with the markers used in this experiment showed that among the 104 effective alleles to evaluate the traits, the gelatinization temperature under normal conditions was affected by three alleles and amylose and protein content are both affected by two alleles. The RM587-B allele controls both the gelatinization temperature and the protein content in normal conditions and is significant at 1% level. Among the traits related to rice quality in normal conditions, the RM587-B allele was effective in controlling the gelatinization temperature and protein content. According to the results obtained from this assessment, these traits can be used in breeding programs.

At this research, the effect of terminal drought stress was evaluated on kernel yield and its components of 20 bread-wheat genotypes including cultivars and elite lines. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete blocks design (CRBD) with three replicates under non-stress and terminal drought stress conditions at Islamabad-e-Gharb Agricultural Research Station, Kermanshah Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran during 2011-2012 cropping year. Simple analysis of variance exhibited non-significant differences among the genotypes for all of the studied traits under both non-stress and terminal drought stress conditions. The result of the combined analysis of variance indicated there is no significant difference among genotypes for all of the studied traits except grain number per spike, peduncle length, penultimate length and day to physiological maturity. The effect of terminal drought stress was significant on all of the studied traits except biological yield, the number of kernels per spike and peduncle length. Drought stress reduced the average of all studied traits except peduncle length. Drought stress had the highest effect on kernel yield and reduced it’ s by 55. 36% compared to non-stress conditions. Genotype 8 had the lowest percentage reduction. The mean kernel yield of genotypes was 8955 and 3997 kg/ha under non-stress and stress conditions, respectively. Genotypes 13, 20, 8, 9, 5 and 6 were recognized as the most tolerant genotypes using ranking method. These genotypes were identified as the best genotypes based on biplot diagrams under both non-stress and terminal drought stress conditions. These genotypes can be used in breeding programs to create bread wheat tolerant cultivars.

In order to investigate the relationships between agro-physiological traits and grain yield in bread wheat, 14 genotypes under rainfed conditions a field experiment was conducted as in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Payame Noor University of Ilam with three replications in the 2016-2017 cropping season. The results of this study showed that the studied genotypes, except for peduncle length and harvest index, were significantly different from each other in terms of other studied traits. The studied genotypes showed good diversity for most traits. The results of descriptive statistics showed that the highest coefficients of phenotypic and genotypic changes were related to grain yield. Examination of correlation coefficients of traits showed that the highest positive and significant correlation coefficient was between grain yield and biomass (r = 0. 85**). The results of stepwise regression analysis in which grain yield was considered as a dependent variable against other studied traits as independent variables, showed that the three traits of biomass, harvest index and 1000-grain weight accounted for 98% of the model changes. They justified the relevant regression. By removing biomass traits and harvest index from independent variables, stepwise regression analysis was performed for grain yield in rainfed conditions. The three traits of proline content, number of spikes per square meter and number of days to maturity in the model explained about 62% of the changes in grain yield in rainfed conditions. The results of path analysis showed that the most direct positive effects were related to biomass yield, number of spikes per square meter and harvest index. The results indicate that there is a high genetic diversity among the bread wheat genotypes studied in dryland conditions. Biomass, harvest index, proline content, number of spikes per square meter and early maturity can be introduced as selection criteria for improving grain yield in dryland conditions.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the drought tolerance of sugar beet test cross hybrids (57 hybrids) with seven controls including IR7, Mandarin, Jolgeh, Paya, Fotora, SC (7112*SB36) and origin population) in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in two separate experiments under field conditions with unbalanced lattice design (8×8) with four replications in 2016. Irrigation was done routinely up to the thinning. Subsequent irrigations were done after 90 mm and 200 mm evaporation from the class A evaporation pan in non-stress and water deficit stress conditions, respectively. In this research, traits such as root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, Na, K, N, alkalinity, molasses sugar, white sugar content, white sugar yield and extraction coefficient of sugar were measured. Combined analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference (p≤ 0. 01) among studied genotypes and different irrigation regimes for all traits. The highest white sugar yield in non-stress and water deficit stress conditions were observed in (7112*SB36)*S1– 73 (13. 34 ton. ha-1) and Mandarin (9. 37 ton. ha-1), respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that the relationship between white sugar yield with root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, white sugar content and extraction coefficient of sugar was significantly positive in two conditions, while its correlation with Na, K, alkalinity and molasses sugar was significantly negative. According to the results of the stepwise regression analysis, more than 99 percent of white sugar yield variation was explained by sugar yield, extraction coefficient of sugar, root yield and sugar content in non-stress and drought stress conditions. Also the results showed that in non-stress, root yield (1. 17) and in stress conditions, sugar yield (0. 89) had the most direct effect on white sugar yield. Finally, (7112*SB36)*S1– 73, (7112*SB36)*S1-66 and (7112*SB36)*S1-72, which were superior in terms of stress tolerance index (STI) and also in terms of yield traits in stress condition, were introduced as the most drought tolerant hybrids.

The present experiment studied the effect of drought stress on oil contents and fatty acid composition in canola genotypes at water stress under end-of-season drought. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regimes were considered as main plots and cultivars as subplots. Six winter canola cultivars including SLM046, Tassilo, Karun, Adriana, Cooper and Lilian were evaluated under irrigated and no irrigated. The irrigation regimes included: well-watered (irrigation during full season), water deficit at flowering stage and water deficit at siliquing stage. The proportions (%) of fats (monounsaturated: polyunsaturated: saturated) in this study were approximately 68. 0: 26. 0: 6. 0. The results of analysis of variance indicated that drought stress at flowering and siliquing stages significantly affected the amount of Myristic, Palmitic, Palmitolic, Stearic, Linoleic acids. Oleic acid had significantly and negatively correlated with Palmitic acid, Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid, but it had a significant and positive correlation with oil content. Under well-watered conditions, the values of Palmitic, Myristic, Linoleic acids were significantly higher than drought stress at flowering (excepted for linoleic acid) and siliquing stages. In conclusion, the changes in fatty acids composition in the present study were probably due to the combined effect of water deficits and high temperatures during the seed-filling period with the end-of-season drought treatment (flowering and siliquing stages). This study showed that drought decreases slightly seed oil percentage, alters fatty acid composition and affects fatty acid composition stability.

In order to investigate the effect of not irrigation at different growth times on the amount of elements in the grain of corn (SC704), an experiment was carried in Ciahgol village in Gilangharb (Kermanshah province), in base on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the summer 2015. Treatments included control (irrigation per week) and once not irrigation for two weeks from 7, 21, 35, 49, 63, 77, 77 and 91 days after sowing and once not irrigation for three weeks from 7, 28, 49, 70 and 91 days after sowing. The results of ANOVA showed that not irrigation had significant effects on grain yield, concentration and yield of the studied elements in the grain. The highest grain yield (13600 kg ha-1) was obtained in the control treatment. In the two weeks and three weeks treatments, not irrigation was reduced to 97% in 49 days after sowing (inflorescence emergence) compared to control. The concentration of the studied elements in the two and three weeks not irrigation treatments compared to the control increased by 12-45 and 10-58%, respectively. The highest concentrations were obtained in two weeks not irrigation treatments 77 days after sowing and three weeks of not irrigation in 49 days after sowing treatment. In the treatment of not irrigation for three weeks on 49 days after planting for elements such as iron, zinc, copper, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and sodium in relation to control increased 10. 9, 20. 7, 46. 1, 25. 1, 26. 8, 48. 2 and 58. 3%, respectively. In general, the results showed that at each stage of growth and development of the maize, which is faced with drought stress, has an effect both the reduction of grain yield and the absorption of all grain elements.

Drought is the most important stress and decreases the yield of plants. Safflower is resistant to stress and is one of the most important oil seed plants. In order to evaluate of yield and yield components of two safflower under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions an split factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, the University of Zanjan in spring 2010 and 2011 years. Experimental treatments included optimal irrigation (-0. 5 MPa) and drought stress (-2 MPa) and two safflower cultivars (Zendehrood and Goldasht). The effect of irrigation treatments, cultivar and year not significant on diameter capitul, number of main and lateral capitul in plant. The highest of thousand weight seed (35. 5 g), grain yield (214. 42 kg/ha), biological yield (9600. 1 kg/ha), harvest index (25. 6%) and oil yield (634. 6 kg/ha) obtained in optimal irrigation, and in other traits, was not difference between optimal irrigation and drought stress. The maximumof number of seed in capitul, biological yield, oil percent and oil yield were obtained in zendehrood cultivar, and in other traits there was not difference between Zendehrood and Goldasht. Grain yield and oil yield reduced under drought stress amount 51 and 65 percent, respectively. Oil percentage in optimal irrigation was 8 percent more than drought stress condition. Grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield of Goldasht cultivar 7, 8 and 26 percent were higher than Zendehrood cultivar, respectively. The results showed that Goldasht was superior to Zendehrood cultivar, and is more tolerant to stress condition, therefore suggested that cultivate Goldasht cultivar in deficit condition.

In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation method and planting patterns on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat and faba bean, a field experiment in factorial based on RCBD with three replications was carried out in Shadegan during 2018 growing season. The first factor included irrigation method (conventional and partial root-zone irrigation) and the second factor was different planting patterns (sole wheat and faba bean, alternate and within row intercropping of wheat and faba bean). Deficit irrigation reduced grain yield of wheat by 24. 4%. With partial root-zone irrigation, grain weight, plant height and biological yield of wheat in reduced in sole cropping by 4%, 9%, 9%, in alternate intercropping by 6%, 13%, 12% and in within-row intercropping by 9%, 18%, 18%, respectively. In partial root-zone irrigation, grain weight, grain per plant and grain yield of faba bean reduced by 17%, 45. 8% and 35. 9%, respectively. Grain yield of faba bean in alternate-row and within-row intercropping was 88% and 62% of those achieved in sole cropping, indicating the advantage of intercropping for faba bean. WUE improved by partial root-zone irrigation (27%) and intercropping (59%). Land equivalent ratio of alternate and within row intercropping was 1. 68 and 1. 55, indicating the advantage of intercropping.

Regarding to importance of rapeseed for vegetable oil production, investigation of different production factors is nesesary. So this experiment conducted as split plot based on randomised complete block design with three replications durin two cropping seasons (2003 and 2004) in Broujerd Agricultural Research Station. Irrigation period was main plots with three levels: I1=50mm, I2=75mm and I3=100mm collective evaporation from pan A and urea rate with three levels: N1=112 kg. ha-1, N2=160 kg. ha-1 and N3=208 kg. ha-1 was subplot. Regent × Cobra cultivar of rapeseed was used. Results indicated that among irrigation treatments, the hieghst seed yield was related to I1 and I2 treatments with 3146 and 3164 kg. ha-1 respectively which was significantly different to I3 with 2684 kg. ha-1. The maximum number of seeds per pod and pod per plant were obtained by I1 treatment. The highest water use efficiency was obtained by I3 treatment with 0. 394 kg. m-3 which different was significant at probable level of 1%. Effect of nitrogen on water use efficiency, seed yield, number of seed per pod, number of pod per plant, plant height and 1000 seed weight was significant. Among treatments of irrigation and N-fertilizer rates interaction, the most and lowest seed yield was obtained by I2N1 and I3N1 treatments with 3498 kg. ha-1 and 2401 kg. ha-1 respectively. Therefore, in order to increase the seed yield of rapeseed under Borujerd weather conditions, the recommended rate of nitrogen is 0. 7 times of recommended rate by the Institute for Soil and water research and irrigation and irrigation intervals based on 75 mm cumulative is recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of cake filter levels on morphological traits and corn yield under three different irrigation regimes, this experiment was performed as fragmented plots in the form of statistical design of complete random blocks with three replications in a farm located in Hamidiyeh city in 2016. Experimental treatments include irrigation regimes at three irrigation levels (60, 90, and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) as the main agent and sugarcane cake filter at four levels (zero, 25, 50, and 100 tons per hectare) as the secondary agent. The results showed that the effect of drought stress and sugarcane filter cake fertilizer on plant height, Bilal length, grain yield, number of grains per row and weight of one thousand corn grains affected and affected these components. The highest (5590 kg / ha) and lowest grain yield (4170 kg / ha) were assigned to treatment of 60 and 120 mm evaporation from the pan, respectively. The interaction of the 60 mm evaporation treatment and the sugarcane cake filter had a significant effect on plant height and grain yield. The highest grain yield (6170 kg / ha) was obtained from 60 ml evaporation treatment and 50 tons / ha sugarcane cake filter. On the other hand, the use of large amounts of cake filters (100 tons per hectare) due to high salinity and salt accumulation in the root environment caused salinity stress and thus reduced economic performance; Therefore, in this study, by using 50 tons per hectare of sugarcane cake filter and 60 mm treatment of evaporation from the pan, the maximum production components were obtained.

In order to investigate the effects of methanol and salicylic acid foliar application on some growth and yield traits of winter wheat Mihan cultivar under water deficit stress, an experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on RCBD in three replications at the Research Station of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, during growing seasons of 2016-2017. Treatments were Irrigation Frequency in two levels including: irrigation every 7 days and every 14 days and factorial combination of methanol (in three levels of: 0, 10 and 20% V/V) and salicylic acid foliar application (in two levels of: non application and 0. 5%). Grain filling rate was 47% more than non-spraying and irrigation every 14 days, as a result of 10% methanol spraying and full irrigation. The most effective grain filling duration was also by 10% methanol foliar application and 0. 5% salicylic acid and the highest seed yield was observed in 0. 5% salicylic acid and 20% methanol foliar application with an average of 744. 7 g/m2 which had an increase of 58% relative to non-spraying treatment. Under water deficit stress conditions, the use of salicylic acid significantly increased the grain yield compared to the control treatment, so that use of 5% salicylic acid treatments in stress conditions caused a 65% increase in grain yield compared to zero salicylic acid treatment.

In order to investigate the effect of silicon application on biochemical traits and yield of wheat cultivars under late season drought stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted as split factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design in 2017-2018 growing season. Experimental treatments consisted of drought stress in two levels included normal irrigation and drought stress at the end of flowering, silicon (Si) spraying at 0, 1, 2, and 3 mM and two wheat cultivars (Chamran and Shabrang). Results showed that the main effects of late season drought stress, cultivar and silicon, had a significant effect on chlorophyll a and b contents, peroxidase and catalase enzymatic activity, and grain yield. Under drought stress, application of 3mM Si increased 44 and 41% of chlorophyll a and b contents compared to no application of Si, respectively. Also, enzymatic activity of peroxidase and catalase increased 35 and 52% at 3mM Si and drought stress conditions, respectively. Under drought stress and no application of Si, chlorophyll a and b contents reduced 55 and 58%, respectively. In Chamran cultivar, foliar application of Si at 3 mM increased chlorophyll a and b contents, and peroxidase and catalase activities as 54. 9, 37. 8, 44. 8, and 46. 7% respectively, so that caused 19. 7% increase in grain yield compared to Shabrang cultivar. Overall, foliar application of 3 mM silicon by improving biochemical characteristics of wheat can play a main role in grain yield increasing especially under drought stress conditions.

In order to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and biostimulant megafol (MF) on some physiological traits of common bean cv. Sanry under different irrigation regimes, the experiment was conducted in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in research filed of university of Zanjan, during 2015. Three different irrigation regimes (100, 75 and 50% ETc) and foliar spray of different concentration of salicylic acid (0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 mM), Megafol (0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 3%) and to distilled water as control were conducted. The results showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced leaf relative water content and cell membrane stability index, and increased electrolyte leakage, proline content and catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity. Foliar application of SA and MF had significant effects on physiological traits. The highest relative water content was obtained in MF 0. 2 and 0. 3% treatments. The maximum electrolyte leakage and proline content was observed in 1. 5 mM SA. The highest value of peroxidase enzyme activity was achieved with spray MF 0. 2% under deficit irrigation 75 ETc%. According to the results, MF 0. 2% treatment had the highest positive effect on physiological traits of common bean plant that can be proposed.

In order to study of the effect of irrigation withholding in reproductive stages and metanol and bio fertilizer application on yield and some biochemical traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ), a experiment factorial was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the village of Piralger of Ardabil province in 2017. The experimental factors were included: application of methanol at three levels (foliar application with water as control, application 20 and 30 volume percent), bio fertilizers at four levels (no application as control, rhizobium legominozarum application, both application mycorhyza and rhizobium legominozarum, application of mycorhyza with rhizobium legominozarum and Psesomonas) and three irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, severe water limitation or irrigation withholding at flowering stage, moderate water limitation or irrigation withholding at podding). The results dicated that irrigation withholding at flowering stage increased proline content and antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, but decreased chlorophyll content, quantum yield and grain yield of chickpea. Methanol application decresed antioxidant enzymes activity but quantum yield, proline and chlorophyll content increased. Also, bio fertilizers application increased quantum yield, proline and chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzymes activity and grain yield of Chickpea. Full irrigation with application of high rates of methanol, both application of mycorhyza with rhizobium legominozarum and Psesomonas increased grain yield 111% compared to no application of methanol and bio fertilizers under irrigation withholding at flowering stage condition.

In order to study the effect of biofertilizers and moisture regime on different moisture regimes on the morphophysiological and grain yield of Arg wheat cultivar, an experiment in the form of a split-plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at Zahak-Zabol Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station during 2016-2017 crop year. Irrigation regimes were carried out on three levels as the main plots: irrigation after 45% (control), 65% moisture evacuation from soil (Medium stress) and 85% moisture evacuation from soil (Severe stress); biofertilizer sources were applied in seven levels: control, application of the locally common fertilizer, application of Azotobacter fertilizer along with the locally common fertilizer, Azotobacter fertilizer with 50% of the locally common fertilizer, Phosphabacter fertilizer with the locally common fertilizer, phosphabacter fertilizer with 50% of the corresponding chemical control fertilizer, Azotobacter phospha-bacter fertilizer along with the locally common fertilizer, and Azotobacter and phosphabacter along with 50% of the locally common fertilizer, with all these seven serving as the subplots. The results showed the interactive effect of moisture regime and biofertilizer on the grain yield was significant at 1% level. This was such that in severe drought stress, biofertilizers with a mean of (6237 kg. ha-1) led to the grain yield increase of 38. 8%, as compared to the control. Also, the improvement and increase in the 1000-seed weight, and biologic yield and harvest index were 27. 6, 17. 8, and 29. 6 percent, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed that in the irrigation under drought stress conditions at all stages of development, the use of Azotobacter and phosphabacter biofertilizers could have a positive effect on the grain yield, biologic yield, harvest index, and leaf chlorophyll index, thereby improving the negative effects of drought stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of combination vermicompost and superabsorbent on quantitative and qualitative yield of cowpea under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in Khorramshahr during 2017 cropping season in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments consisted of drought stress in two levels (65 and 130) mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plots and the combined effect of biological fertilizer of vermicompost and superabsorbent at four levels (non-application of fertilizer (control), 5 t/ha vermicompost Compost + 75 kg/ha superabsorbent, 5 t /ha vermicompost + 100 kg/ha superabsorbent, 5 t /ha vermicompost) in sub plots. The results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on grain yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and protein yield. Also, the combined effect of biological fertilizer of vermicompost and superabsorbent had a significant effect on grain yield and protein yield. The highest grain yield (202. 22 g/m2) was obtained from treatment with 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost + 100 kg/ha superabsorbent (which did not have a significant difference with 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost + 75 kg/ha superabsorbent) and lowest with mean 174. 26 g/m2 was obtained from non-application of fertilizer treatment. The interaction of drought stress and combined effect of biological fertilizer on vermicompost had a significant effect on grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained with an average of 29. 225 kg/ha of irrigation after 65 mm evaporation from the pan and 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost + 75 kg/ha superabsorbent. Finally, it can be said that the use of superabsorbent and vermicompost in addition to increasing the quality and quantity of bean pollen can play a significant role in saving water irrigation.

Although saffron is a low-yielding plant in terms of food and water needs, but its commercial value on the one hand and limited water resources on the other hand has caused the study of the effects of drought stress on various components of this plant to be of particular importance in our country. A two-year field test in Yazd province was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of water consumption and superabsorbent polymer on the growth and functional characteristics of saffron. This experiment was performed in the form of a randomized complete block design and as a split-plot in 3 replications. The main plots consisted of three irrigation levels (50, 75 and 100% evapotranspiration, ET) and the sub-plots included three different levels of superabsorbent polymer at 10, 30 and 50 g/m2, in two consecutive methods and uniform distribution in experimental plots. Were applied. Finally, the effect of the main and secondary treatments on the desired indicators was investigated and compared with the control treatment (without the use of superabsorbent). The results showed that with increasing irrigation volume, number of flowers, dry weight of stigmas and total weight of buds increased but the rate of ionic leakage decreased. In most cases, consuming 30 to 50 grams of superabsorbent in a uniform distribution on the ground or consuming 10 grams of superabsorbent in a row under planting rows had a better result compared to control and other treatments. There was a significant interaction between irrigation and superabsorbent treatment levels. In the absence of drought stress, superabsorbent consumption, especially at 50 g/m2, reduced yield, but in severe drought stress, the best results were obtained with 30 g/m2 superabsorbent. The use of superabsorbent in dry stress conditions with the aim of increasing the saffron leaf water content is useful and recommended, but in non-stress conditions, it will be recommended.

Salinity stress is one of the most important factors causing yield loss in crop worldwide. Programmed cell death plays an important role in adapting to environmental stress. Understanding the molecular basis of PCD mechanism makes possible genetically manipulation of plants to improve environmental stress tolerance. BAX Inhibitor 1 is a candidate for this purpose. In this study, the potential role of a gene which encodes BAX Inhibitor 1-like protein (BI_85) in salt tolerance was evaluated using bioinformatics tools such as promoter and gene regulatory network analysis, as well as relative expression of BI_85 in susceptible (Alamut) and salt resistant (Arg) cultivars and a wild relative Aegilops crassa, by Real-time PCR. According to the regulatory network, this gene may act upstream of the SOS signaling pathway. According to promoter analysis, the presence of stress-responsive regulatory elements such as ABRE (abscisic acid responsive element), LTR (low-temperature responsive element), MBS (MYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility), CGTCA-motif (MeJAresponsive element), TGACG-motif (MeJA-responsive element), ERE (ethylene-responsive element), and GT-1 motif (salt responsive element) in the promoter confirms the role of this gene in environmental stresses tolerance including salinity. It was also figured out that the expression patterns of BI_85 was significantly different between susceptible and salt resistant cultivars in response to salt stress. Overall, it can be concluded that BI_85 can contribute to salt tolerance in wheat and can be used for genetic manipulation to improve tolerance to stress.

The understanding of salt tolerant mechanisms is crucial for development of varieties with high salinity tolerance. In this greenhouse experiment, two bread (Arg and Tajan) and a durum (Behrang) wheat cultivars were evaluated in terms of leaf temperature and patterns of Na+ accumulation under three salinity levels (Control, 100 and 200 mM NaCl). Shoot and root Na+ concentration was increased in response to increase in salinity and this increase was greater in roots. Salt stress decreased shoot dry weight in bread wheat cultivars (32%) and durum wheat (63%) as well. In the highest salinity level, after 45 days exposure to salt stress, shoot K+/Na+ ratio was reduced in all genotypes about 60% and in this level of salinity higher reduction in chlorophyll content occurred in Behrang (75%) cultivar. Differences in leaf Na+ concentration between two bread wheat cultivars was more obvious in 45 days after salt stress but in other growth stages were less obvious. At 200 mM NaCl, Arg showed the lowest and non-significant increase in leaf temperature (0. 87◦ C) but in Tajan (1. 74◦ C) and Behrang (4. 30◦ C) this increase was significant. Different patterns of Na+ accumulation may be exist in wheat cultivars through time. This preferential in early growth stages, stomatal factors is more important than chlorophyll content and as leaf temperature is largely a function of stomatal conductance, this can probably be used to assess osmotic stress tolerance.

The present field experiment was aimed to elucidate the response of Bam wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. ) to urea application rates (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1) at three irrigation water salinity levels (ECiw= 1. 88, 7. 22 and 14. 16 dS. m-1) at Sadooq salinity research station located in Yazd province in central Iran. The treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design in the form of split plot with three repelications. The results showed that urea application is necessary for improving wheat yield at all irrigation water salinity levels. Wheat response to nitrogen fertilizer was similar for all salinity levels and followed second order equation. Indicating the lower efficiency of urea at higher irrigation water salinity levels, with increasing salinity levels the grain yield increase due to urea application occured at a slower rate. In addition, the results showed that while increasing irrigation water salinity level from 1. 88 to 7. 22 dS. m-1 was not affected wheat yield significantly, the nitrogen requirement decreased from 400 to 300 kg ha-1 urea. Moreover, with increasing salinity levels to 16. 14 dS. m-1, wheat grain yiled significantly decreased to 3. 6 t ha-1 and urea requirement decreased to 260 kg ha-1. In conclusion, application of 300 kg ha-1 urea for production of 4. 5 t ha-1 wheat grain yield using irrigatin water with ECiw of 1. 88 to 7. 22 dS. m-1 is needed. However, 260 kg ha-1 urea is enough for production of 3. 6 t ha-1 wheat grain yield using irrigation water salinity of 16. 14 dS. m-1.

Salinity stress and micro-nutrient deficiency are the most important factors limiting quantity and quality production of corn silage (Zea mays L. ) in calcareous soils in the central area of Iran. Therefore, in order to evaluate the effect of application method of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) fertilizers on yield and chemical composition of corn silage under saline irrigation water, a 1-year factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Arsanjan, Fars province in 2014. Treatments were at three levels of saline irrigation water (2, 4, and 6 dS m-1) and 12 application methods of Zn-sulfate, Fe-sulfate, and Fe-chelate fertilizers. Results showed that increasing salinity stress from 2 to 6 dS m-1 decreased silage corn and ion contents such as potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), Fe, and Zn by 12. 5 and 43%, respectively. The highest silage corn (71. 77 Ton ha-1) was obtained by soil application of Fechelate and foliar spray of Zn-sulfate under saline irrigation water at 2 dS m-1 treatment. Under saline irrigation water at 4 and 6 dS m-1, soil application of Zn-sulfate and Fe-chelate accompanied by foliar spray of Zn-sulfate and seed-treatment with Fe-sulfate maximized silage corn. Results showed that combined application of micro-nutrient such as Fe and Zn elements compared to separate application method efficiently increased quality and quantity of silage corn under saline irrigation water at 6 dS m-1. Overall, selection and use of the correct fertilizer application methods are important for garneting the silage yield and quality of corn under saline condition and to decrease non-saline water use.

In order to study the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on growth and nutrients uptakeof Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta) under salinity stress, a pot factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed in the horticulture greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2017. The first factor was mycorrhizal fungi application at three levels (without inoculation, Rhizophagus intradices and Funnetiformis mosseae) and the second factor included four levels of salinity of irrigation water (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl). The results showed that all growth characteristics severely decreased because of salinity stress, and application of mycorrhiza cause to moderate harmful effects of salinity and plant tolerance to salinity. The highest node number (12. 89), stem diameter (7. 49 mm), plant height (65. 75 cm) and number of branches (23. 33) were obtained in no salinity treatment along with R. intradices. With increasing salinity, the contents of phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine and nitrogen of the leaves increased and in opposite the contents of potassium, manganese, zinc and iron decreased. The highest content of leaf phosphorus (8. 5 mg/g leaf dry weight) was recorded in the highest level of salinity stress and F. mosseae application. The highest sodium content (12. 33 mg/g leaf dry weight) and leaf chlorine (63. 09 mg/kg dry leaf weight) were observed in salinity (120 mM) treatment without mycorrhiza application. While, the highest content of leaf potassium (6. 23 mg/g leaf dry weight) was observed in control (no salinity treatment without application of mycorrhiza fungi), the highest leaf Mn (143. 91 mg/kg dry weight) in 40 mM salinity treatment and F. mosseae application, and the highest amount of Zn (7. 12 mg/kg dry weight) in the treatment without salinity and F. mosseae application were observed. The results of this experiment showed that salinity cause to reduce the growth and in this condition the application of mycorrhiza cause to improve the growth and nutrient uptake. Use of mycorrhiza fungi in particular F. mosseae is recommended as a suitable solution for increasing salinity resistance in Mexican marigold.

Irrigation water salinity in so many parts of the world is considered as a limiting factor in growth and yield of plants. Different species of salvia have numerous medicinal and therapeutic properties. In order to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on morpho-physiological traits on wood sage (Salvia nemorosa L. ), an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 4 salinity treatments including; 12 (control), 50, 75, and 100 mM of NaCl and in 5 replications were carried out in research center of Parks Organization in Isfahan in 2018. The analyses of variance indicated that, salinity has significant effect on plant height, leaf number, leaf’ s length and width, inflorescence’ s length, number of inflorescences in each plant, number of flower in each inflorescence, number of seeds in each inflorescence, wet and dry weight of aerial parts, wet and dry weight of root, level of a and b chlorophyll and the total chlorophyll, and mentioned traits in 100 mM salinity level decreased, compared to control treatment by 20. 56, 68. 95, 54. 42, 27. 97, 9. 19, 82. 85, 41. 45, 62. 31, 60. 47, 53. 84, 23. 13, 34. 09, 66. 66, 62. 5, 64. 7, respectively. Salinity had significant effect on proline and phenol content and the amount of proline and total phenol content at the highest level of salinity showed 62. 5, 96. 17% increase, respectively. Considering the fact that the treatment of salinity level above 50mM causes significant decrease of wet and dry weight of root and the weight of aerial parts, symptoms of necrosis and burning in plants samples were observed. So it can be concluded that wood sage can tolerate to 50 mM salinity and show sensitivity to higher salinity levels.

This study was conducted to investigate the temperature effects on germination rate and percentage as well as induction of dormancy in barley cultivars seeds. In this study, seeds of 15 barley cultivars at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ° C were tested to calculate germination rate and percent with three replications. Germination rate was calculated by fitting the three-parameter logistic model to the cumulative germination data versus time, and finally, the cardinal temperature of the germination was estimated by segmented model. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the cultivars in terms of germination percentage at different temperatures and the highest differences were observed at high temperatures (especially at 35° C). Cardinal temperatures of germination were also different in cultivars. The base temperature varied from 1. 61 to 4. 34 ° C in different cultivars. Also the optimum temperatures in Sahara, Aras and Eram cultivars were 23. 15, 27. 49 and 35. 34 ° C, respectively, and in other cultivars studied between 30-33 ° C. On the other hand, the ceiling temperature was estimated about 40 ° C in all cultivars, which was not significant differences between them. In this study, the reason for lack of germination in barley seeds at high temperatures was also investigated and the results indicated that non-germination at high temperature was partly due to the induction of secondary dormancy and at some extent related to the seed death after being exposed to high temperatures. The germinability and seed deaths respectively increased and decreased exponentially as duration of seed imbibition at high temperatures increased. On the other hand, induction of secondary seed dormancy followed a normal distribution, so that as imbibition duration at high temperatures increased, the capacity for dormancy induction first increased and then decreased.

In order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside on reducing the toxicity of cadmium in basil plant, this study was conducted in 2017-2018. The experiment as a factorial form in a completely randomized design was conducted. The applied factors in this study were included cadmium at 0 (control), 10, 20 and 30 mg. kg-1 soil and sodium nitroprusside solution at 0 (control), 50 and 100 μ M. The measured traits were included plant height, plant dry weight, number of leaves per plant, essential oil percent, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity, proline and cadmium concentration. The obtained results showed that cadmium caused to decrease plant height, plant dry weight, number of leaves per plant, essential oil percent and superoxide dismutase activity, and caused to increase Proline cadmium and malondialdehyde concentrates. The most effect of cadmium on 30 mg. kg-1 treatment was obtained. It was also observed that Sodium nitroprusside using caused to increase plant height, plant dry weight, number of leaves per plant, essential oil percent and superoxide dismutase activity, and was decreased Proline, cadmium and malondialdehyde concentrations, in general, the most positive effect was obtained in 100 μ M sodium nitroprusside using. Based on the results, sodium nitroprusside foliar application could improve the vegetative properties and reduce malondialdehyde under heavy metal cadmium stress conditions. According to the the results, it can be founded the positive effects of sodium nitroprusside, especially in the presence of cadmium and reducing the negative effects of stress on the basil drug. So using of 100 μ M sodium nitroprusside is suggested to modify the negative effects of heavy metal cadmium.