JOURNAL OF PLANT PROCESS AND FUNCTION
Year:2020 | Volume:9 | Issue:36|Papers Count:29

To study the effect of foliar application of proline and salicylic acid on steviol glycosides and phenolic of Stevia, an experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized block design in a factorial arrangement with three replications in the University of Zanjan. Foliar application of proline in three levels (0, 1, 2 mM) as well as salicylic acid (0, 0. 3, 0. 6 mM) were applied after establishment of transplants in the field three times with 10 days intervals. Results showed that salicylic acid and proline applications significantly influenced steviol glycosides, phenol and flavonoid. The treatment with salicylic acid had positive effects on all steviol glycosides, phenol and flavonoid, but proline only enhanced contents of glycosides stevioside, rebaudioside A, phenol and flavonoid. The highest average steviol glycosides stevioside (60. 32 mg/g dw), rebaudioside A (24. 14 mg/g dw) and total phenol (19. 94 mg/g dw) were recorded in 1 mM proline in combination with 0. 6 mM salicylic acid. The highest average flavonoid (10. 02 mg/g dw) in 0. 6 mM salicylic acid, and lowest average steviol glycosides and phenolic contents were observed in the control. Collectively, the results showed that application of proline and salicylic acid significantly improved production of active substances in Stevia rebaudiana.

Application of non-bio-stimulants is one of solutions to quantitative and qualitative changes in secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Cd in plant reduces photosynthesis and respiration, decreases the metabolism of carbohydrates, causes cholorosis and decreases growth. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cadmium concentrations on photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin, proline, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and atropine production in Datura stramonium L. The plants were cultured in perlite containing pots. Then, plants were treated with different concentrations of Cd (0, 1, 5, 15 and 50 mg/l) for 2 weeks to measure physiological parameters and for 12 weeks to determine the amount of atropine. With increasing Cd concentration in solution media, photosynthetic pigments significantly decreased. Also, the results indicated that the amount of anthocyanin, soluble and reduction carbohydrate and proline significantly were increased in most treatments up to 62/7%, 40/5%, 31/5%, 56/7%, respectively. Cadmium also increased the amount of atropine. The heavy metal cadmium as a non-biological stress led to increased plant defense mechanisms, including carbohydrate and proline and secondary metabolites of anthocyanin photosynthetic pigment and tropane alkaloids (atropine).

In order to evaluate the effect of various irrigation methods on tuber yield and some biochemical and structural properties of various potato cultivars, an experiment was conducted in a split-plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications at experiment station of the Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid-Bahonar University of Kerman in 2015. The experimental treatments included irrigation methods (1-Furrow (flooding), 2sprinkler and 3-drip) assigned to main plot, and potato cultivars (1-Bardsir (Marphona), 2-Sante, 3-Agria and 4-Banba) as subplot. The results showed that tuber yield was significantly higher in surface irrigation (36. 98 t ha-1 ) than the other two methods. The tuber yield in Sante, Bardsir, Bambo and Agria cultivars was 34. 84, 28. 91, 26. 41, 21. 57 t. ha-1, respectively. The tuber dry matter percentage was not affected by irrigation methods, but in the conventional cultivar (22. 89%) was significantly higher than the other cultivars. The vitamin C content had a similar trend with tuber yield, and was maximum in surface irrigation method (2. 41 mg. g-1 FW) as well as Bardsir cultivar (2. 48 mg. g-1 FW). K content showed a reverse trend with tuber yield. The tuber hardness in sprinkler and drip irrigation was significantly higher than the surface irrigation method. Among the studied cultivars, the conventional cultivar included the hardest tuber structure. The results showed that the values of starch, sugar, protein and cohesiveness were significantly affected by the interaction of irrigation method and cultivar. These indices had also a different trend from the tuber yield. The highest value of sugar (9. 5 mg. g-1 FW) and protein (26. 2 mg. g-1 FW) were assigned to drip irrigation. Bardsir cultivar in drip irrigation included the highest value of starch (16. 3%). In general, in areas with sandy-clay-loam texture, the use of drip and also sprinkler irrigation methods were suitable to reach the highest potato quality indices, while flooding irrigation resulted in producing the highest tuber yield and vitamin C.

Water deficit stress is known as one of the factors limiting the growth and production of crops in Iran. The potassium element plays an important role in plant vital activities and inhibits the destructive effects of low water stress. Use of nanofertilizer in order to accurately control the release of nutrients, can be an effective step towards achieving sustainable agriculture and compatible with the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological traits influenced by potassium nano-chelated on dehydration tolerance in wheat. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a laboratory of Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, in 2015, with three replications. The first factor was Water deficit at three levels of osmotic potential of 8-, 4-, 0 times, , the second factor included two Rasad and Gascogne cultivars and the third factor was potassium nano-chelated with concentrations of 0, 35 and 65 mg / L. The stress was conducted at stage 3 to 5 leaf. First sampling five days after applying low water stress by polyethylene glycol 6000 and the nano-chelated potassiom spray solution was applied to the leaves. The results showed that the stress increased the activity of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase and metabolites such as soluble sugars, proline and total protein. The Cascogen cultivar showed significant changes in most of the measured traits compared to the observation Rasad significant changes, as a result, this cultivar was considered to be tolerant to water stresses. In general, the application of concentration of 65 mg / L of potassium nano-chelated decreased the effects of stress on measured traits and in some cases, it increased plant defense mechanisms in response to destructive effects of stress such as increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and plant adaptation metabolites. Among the concentrations used by nano-chelated, 65 mg / L had the highest effect in 8-barrel stress and could be recommended for farmers in terms of impact.

12 hybrides of tomato and their parents were evaluated for their response to drought stress in a randomized complete block design with three replications and three irrigation levels (FC, 60%FC, and 40%FC). The studied genotypes included Kingstone, Petoearly, Bitstoik, LA1607, LA2656, LA2080 and LA1579. Experiments on crossing the genotypes, seedling production and field evaluation, were done in greenhouses and experimental field of Ilam University in 2014-2016. The studied traits consisted of proline, MDA, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, Relative Water Content (RWC), Chlorophyll a, b and total, electrolyte leakage, total yield, potential yield as well as single plant yield. The statistical analysis showed that drought stress significantly affected all the studied traits under drought condition. Increase in Proline and MDA content was observed in all genotypes under drought stress. The highest values of proline )31. 93 µ MgFW-1 ) was observed under severe stress in Petoearly× LA2080. RWC, total yield, potential yield, single plant yield, Chlorophyll a, b, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase contents were reduced and proline, electrolyte leakage and peroxidase content were increased by increase in drought stress. Under severe drought stress, the highest amount of total yield (15. 74 t. ha-1 ) was observed in LA2656×Petoearly hybrid, Petoearly line (19 t. ha-1 ) and LA1579 tester (32 t. ha-1 ).

Plants grown in serpentine soils, in addition to heavy metals among which nickel (Ni) is the most well known are encountered with a lot of edaphically stresses such as drought stress. In this study, we investigated the effect of pretreatment Ni and PEG-simulated drought stress on some physiological parameters and Ni accumulation of the serpintine plant, Cleome heratensis and related non-serpertine plant, Cleome foliolosa. After 75 days, half number of vessels with grown plants in hydroponic condition, received 20 µ M Ni for 7 days, and then plants ± Ni were exposed to drought stress which simulated by PEG in three levels (0,-0. 3, or-0. 9MPa ) for 7 days. Results showed that in serpentine plant populations pretreated with Ni, shoot to root ratio significantly decreased and relative water content improved and these plants accumulated most of Ni in the root with drought stress, meanwhile, accumulation Ni in the root increased and translocation to shoot reduced, Serpentine plant in the highest level of water stress and total phenol amount was enhanced which agreement Phenyle alanin ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in the highest drought stress in C. heratensis, but deleterious effect on same parameters in C. foliolosa. Thus, it can be suggested that serpentine plants use nickel to increase drought resistance which represent the genotypic dependence of serpentine plants to nickel in order to improve drought stress resistance.

Roses are the most famous ornamental plants worldwide. Light is considered as one of the most important environmental factors that influences the production of rose plants. Low or high light intensities can reduce photosynthesis and growth of rose plant. In this study, effects of different light spectra on photosynthesis and their subsequent influence on high light stress were investigated. Chlorophyll a fluorescence and OJIP test were used to study different biophysical parameters and analyzing the efficiency of photosynthesis in the rose plants. Experiment was carried out with four growth chambers [including red (R), blue (B) 70: 30% red: blue (RB) and white (W)], in the spring of 2017 in the greenhouse of Aburihan Campus, University of Tehran. Following growth of plants for one month under different light spectra, the plants were exposed for 12 hr to high light intensity (1500 μ mol m-2-1 s ). Analyzing polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) data showed that highest energy absorption and electron transfer rate per reaction centers were observed in plants that were grown under red light. The highest amount of photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanins, soluble carbohydrates and the lowest peroxidation of membranes and hydrogen peroxide concentration were detected in plants that were grown under red light spectrum. In conclusion, based on the obtained result, red light is efficient to decrease the negative impact of high light stress on rose plants.

Tuberose flower is one of the aromatic bulbous flowers in tropical and subtropical regions. In order to study the effects of exogenous melatonin on some physiological parameters of cut flower Tuberose, an experiment was performed base on a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates and 15 flowers per replication. Melatonin (in concentrations of 0 and 250 μ L. L-1 for 4 hours) was used as pulse-treatment. Melatonin treatment compared to the control prevented the decrease of relative water content, the increase of electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde concentrations in the tissues (leaves and petals). In addition, melatonin increased the amount of ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activities in the 6th day of storage compared to 3rd and 0th days. Peroxidase activity decreased in control treatment on 3rd and 6th days, respectively. While the activity of this enzyme was increased in melatonin treatment. The catalase activity content of the tissues (leaves and petals) increased on 3rd day of storage and decreased on the 6th day. Therefore, it seems that melatonin can reduce oxidative stress and the lipids peroxidation and delays process of senescence in Tuberose flower.

In this experimental study, a completely randomized design was carried out on tomato plants with two levels of cadmium chloride, (0 and 100 μ M), two levels of 24-epiBrassinolide (0 and 0. 75 μ M) and two levels of silica nanoparticles (0 and 50 mg/l). Cadmium stress significantly decreased growth parameters, chlorophyll content whereas increased content of phenolic compounds, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and increased cadmium accumulation in tomato leaves. Results showed that pretreatment of silica nanoparticles resulted in improved growth characteristics and increased polyphenol oxidase activity in the leaf under stress. Decrease in content of phenolic compounds, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was observed after cadmium accumulation in this treatment. Also, pretreatment of 24-epiBrassinolide decreased the content of phenolic compounds, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, whereas increased shoot fresh weight, root length to stem length ratio, polyphenol oxidase and catalase activity, and decreased cadmium accumulation in the leaf under stress. Interaction effects of pretreatment of silica and 24epiBrassinolide nanoparticles had significant effect on malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content as well as increase in root dry weight, polyphenol oxidase activity and decrease in cadmium accumulation in leaves. Silica nanoparticles and 24-epiBrassinolide nanoparticles were found to improve growth and attenuation of cadmium stress by improving the biochemical properties and antioxidant system of tomato plants.

The use of plant symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi and growth promoting bacteria is one of the ways to reduce drought stress that has recently been used in agriculture. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was designed and conducted in winter and spring of 1396-1397 in research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental treatments consisted of 2 levels of water regimes (100 and 50% Field Capacity as normal and drought stress conditions, respectively) and 8 levels of bio fertilizer (Pseudomonas fluorescens (Ps), Azotobactore chroococcum (Az), mycorrhiza fungi (M), Ps with M, Az with M, Ps with AZ, AZ in combination with Ps and M and the control (no bacteria and fungi). The results showed that drought stress in Calendula led to decrease in plant growth, leaf area, flower number, flower diameter, shoot and root dry weight, petal dry weight and stomata conduction significantly compared to the control treatment (100% FC), and also the amount of proline, total carbohydrate and chlorophyll content of the plant increased in drought stress. Application of growth stimulating bacteria in most traits led to improved traits measured in plant under stress and non-stress conditions. The highest leaf area was obtained by application of Azotobactore chroococcum (286. 88 mm 2 ). The highest flower dry weight was in Pseudomonas fluorescence treatment (4. 22 g) under non-stress and after that without significant difference; in combination of mycorrhizal fungus and Pseudomonas fluorescence at non-stress (3. 18 g) was recorded. As a result, the application of Pseudomonas fluorescence in soil alone or in combination with mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress conditions had the ability to improve plant growth and leading to increased plant efficiency under drought stress conditions.

Edible coatings have been used to preserve, improve the quality and increase the longevity of fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of edible coatings on based natural gum on qualitative attributes and storage life of grape cv. Hosseini as a factorial experiment and completely randomized design. Fruits were immersed in Arabic gum (0, 5, 10 and 15 concentrations) and Almond gum (0, 3, 3. 5 and 4 concentrations) in tree sampling times (at harvvest, 15, 30 and 45 day). All treated fruits were stored in a cold storage at 1± 0. 5 ° C and 95% RH for 45 days. Every 15 days, the percentage of weight loss, firmness, ripening index (TSS/TA), total phenol, vitamin C, amount of photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrate and antioxidant activity of the skin and flesh of berries were measured. The results of the present study showed that the coated samples had lower weight loss and better firmness than the uncoated samples. Also, coated fruits were able to preserve vitamin C, total phenol, pigments and antioxidant activity of the skin and flesh of berry better and the amount of TSS/TA and total carbohydrates increased lower than the control samples. It was concluted that the concentrations of %5 Arabic gum and %3. 5 Almond gum had a significant defference in most of the parameters with other concentrations and the qualitative and sensual attributes of berry could be preserved better than other treatments and extended fruit storage life.

St. John's wort is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat depression and wound healing. Natural resource dependency and traditional cultivation methods often require months and years of time to reach medicinal plants. Establishing a hairy root suspension culture system can accelerate proliferation on a large scale, improve breeding and protect the species, but optimization and production on a large scale require an increase in the biomass and secondary metabolites of the root. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of myo-inositol (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, and 275 mg / l) were evaluated on biomass, phenol, flavonoid, DPPH activity and secondary metabolites in St. John's wort adventitious root in Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute-Central Region of Iran. The results showed that 125 and 150 mg L-1 myo-inositol concentration had the highest dry weight, growth rate and growth ratio. The concentrations of 100 and 250 mg L-1 myo-inositol showed the highest and lowest amount of hypericin and pseudohypercin, respectively. From the viewpoint of production of hyperforin, the treatment with 100 mg L-1 myo-inositol was highest and the concentration of 125 mg L-1 had the least effect on the level of hyperforin in St. John's wort adventitious root culture. There was a significant difference between treatments in terms of phenol and flavonoid content, so the concentration of 75 and 225 mg L-1-1 and 75 mg L myo-inositol had the highest amount of phenol and flavonoids. The DPPH activity changes were different between treatments, and the 50 mg L-1 showed the lowest amount of DPPH activity. However, the DPPH activity was highest in treatment with 75 mg L-1 myo-inositol concentration. Since the potential for stimulating secondary metabolites varies among cultures, elicitors, conditions for applying different treatments and other parameters, further research is needed to optimize better and more efficient guidelines.

The toxicity of heavy metals such as copper and nickel induces oxidative stress in tomato cultivars, due to the production of free radicals and damage to the plasma membrane due to toxic amounts of copper and nickel. When the negative effects of oxidative stress exceed the ability of the antioxidant resistance system, the plant decreases its growth and yield. In this research, we tried to study the simultaneous effect of two histidine and malate ligands on growth improvement and oxidative stress reduction in two new tomato cultivars including Cal J N3 and Earlyurbana under simultaneous stresses of copper and nickel under standard hydroponic conditions. 9 post-optimization treatments containing concentrations of 150 and 300 μ M of copper and nickel, 300 and 600 μ M of histidine and 1 and 2 mM of malate were in the base of Hoagland solution. The treatments were applied to plants cultivated at 50 ml Falcon tube containing Hoagland solution without culture medium in three replications. After treatment, parameters such as morphological growth, total protein content, changes in the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, H2O2 accumulation, Malon dialdehyde and so on were measured in both cultivars. The results showed that the simultaneous use of 600 μ M and 2 mM from histidine and malate ligands had a significant effect on oxidative stress improvement on tomato cultivars under 300 μ M of nickel and copper stresses. Thus, by adding ligands in stress conditions, oxidant indices improved in comparison with control, indicating a greater correlation between plasma membrane and reduced absorption and transport of nickel and copper free cations. In addition, Cal j N3 cultivar gave a more significant relative response to the growth and oxidation parameters of ligands under stress conditions. Ligands seemed to confront by the influence of heavy metals on physiological, molecular, enzymatic activity and nutrient substitution, which indicates further study of the effect of ligands on the molecular level.

Relating to the beneficial effects of fulvic acid and iron in the improvement of growth and flowering characteristics of plants, in this research, the effect of fulvic acid and iron nano chelate was investigated on morphological and physiological characteristics of Gerbera cv. Dune. This experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors fulvic acid with 4 concentrations of 0 (control), 50, 100 and 250 mg/L as drench and iron nano chelate at 4 concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 2 and 4 gr/L as foliar application, with three replications in greenhouse conditions in pot and in hydroponic conditions. The treatments and interaction effects of fulvic acid and iron nano chelate increased measured indices compared to the control. All of the treatments increased leaf length significantly and petal anthocyanin compared to the control. The highest leaf number (40 leaves) and leaf anthocyanin (8. 37 µ M/g F. W. ) were observed in treatment of 250 mg/L fulvic acid and 4 g/L iron nano chelate. The highest rosette diameter (93. 66 cm) was obtained in the treatment of 100 mg/L fulvic acid and 2 g/L iron nano chelate. The highest soluble sugar and guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity were observed in the concentration of 250 mg/L fulvic acid or the concentration of 2 g/L iron nano chelate. For increasing catalase and ascorbate enzyme activity, 50 mg/L fulvic acid and 4 g/L iron nano chelate were the best treatments. In general, application of fulvic acid and iron nano chelate in ornamental plants can have a positive effect on the plant.

In this experiment, we made a comparison between various Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights including red LED (R), blue LED (B), red (70%) + blue (30%) LED (RB), and white LED (W) as well as fluorescent (F) light, in addition to two lightening times (time1 and time2), on Arabidopsis plant’ s response to wounding. In response to wounding, LEDexposed plants, especially RB-irradiated plants, maintained significantly higher shoot dry weight and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to those irradiated with fluorescent lights. The concentration of H2O2 was significantly higher under the condition of RB and B lights in time 1, and in B and florescent lights in time 2, compared to the other light environments. The highest amount of MDA was observed in F and B exposed plants in both times 1 and 2 of the experiment. The highest level of phenolic compounds was found in wounded leaves exposed to RB and R lights. The PAL gene in response to wounding was detected in RB-exposed plants in time 1, and in B exposed plants in time 2, one week after wounding. The results of COI1, AOC and AOS relative expression suggested more JA signaling in W exposed plants in comparison with other light conditions. We concluded that, among LED light conditions, RB condition seemed to be the best environment for Arabidopsis growth and tolerance to wound stress, and pre-treatment with LED light could provide a better condition for plants to tolerate wound stress.

Evening primrose (Oenothera spp) is an ornamental plant from Onagraceae family. And has also medicinal properties. Secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, are important in this plant. Therefore, leaves of evening Primrose has numerous phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. Adding some of the compounds to the culture medium increases the production of secondary metabolites, including Thidiazuron (TDZ) with cytokine activity and Silver Thiosulfate (STS) with strong ethylene and antibacterial properties. In this experiment, the effect of TDZ treatments and STS in five levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µ m) on morphological and phytochemical characteristics (chlorophylls and carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols and anthocyanins) were measured. The results showed that TDZ treatment was significant on morphological traits such as number of leaves, plant, stem and root weight, stem size, total dry weight, leaf and stem dry weight at 1% level. Also, different concentrations of STS treatment had a significant effect on some parameters such as root weight, stem size, leaf area and width and length of leaf, stem dry weight and root dry weight at 1% level. The results shown that, TDZ and STS had the greatest effect on the amount of phenol and chlorophyll content, which was also significant at 1% level. According to the results, TDZ 20 µ m had the greatest amount of phenol (14. 93 µ g/gFW). The results showed that with increasing concentration TDZ, the amount of phenols increased and it enhanced antioxidant properties. Also, the highest chlorophyll a was observed in 20 µ m STS (10. 43 mg/gFW). Finaly, the results shown that TDZ and STS treatments had good effect on increasing total phenol.

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of ammonium molybdate on some biochemical indices of broad bean plant in Ahvaz climatic conditions (Khuzestan, southwest of Iran). Experiments were carried out on the field with the following treatments: control (without the use of molybdenum), soil application of ammonium molybdate (1. 5 and 3 kg/ha), leaf spraying of of ammonium molybdate (10 and 20 mg/ L), soil application of ammonium molybdate (1. 5 Kg /ha) leaf spraying of ammonium molybdate (20 mg/ L) soil application of ammonium molybdate (3 Kg /ha) and leaf spraying of ammonium molybdate (10 mg/ L). The results showed that seed molybdenum concentration increased significantly in all molybdenum treatments compared to the control, and after soil application of ammonium molybdate (3 Kg /ha) and leaf spraying of of ammonium molybdate (10 mg/ L), the highest amount of seed molybdenum was observed. Ammonium molybdate treatments significantly increased total carotenoids, total chlorophyll, seed number and plant height, as well as fresh and dry weight of pod and seed compared to the control treatment. The use of molybdenum significantly reduced the amount of nitrate in seeds and shell of broad bean pod. The lowest nitrite in seed was observed in leaf spraying of ammonium molybdate (20 mg/ L). Application of 3 kg/ha of ammonium molybdate significantly increased the soluble carbohydrates (petoses, hexoses and glucose) and the protein content of seed. Also, the highest amount of phenolic in seed was observed in plants treated with 1. 5 and 3 kg/ha of ammonium molybdate. The results showed that both methods of soil application and molybdenum spray application altered the fresh and dry weight and also biochemical composition of seeds and pods.

This research was carried out at the experimental farm of the Darab Agricultural and Natural Resources College of Shiraz University during 2017-2018 growing season. A split factorial experiment was layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Treatments included two irrigation levels as the main plots [1. Normal (IRN): irrigation based on the plant's water requirement up to the physiological maturity and 2, Irrigation with water stress (IRws): irrigation based on the plant's water requirement up to the anthesis stage (cutting of irrigation after anthesis)]. Also, sub plots included two levels of plant residues [1. without residue, 2. with residue: returning 30% of wheat residues to soil] and four nitrogen (N) fertilizer sources [N0, no nitrogen fertilizer (control); N100, 100 kg N ha-1; Bio + N50, Biofertilizer (Azospirillum brasilense) + 50 kg N ha-1 and Bio, Biofertilizer (Azospirillum brasilense)]. Results showed that the interaction effect of residue × N fertilizer source on chlorophylla, carotenoid, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes traits was significant. The N100 and Bio + N50 treatments significantly increased these traits compared to N0 in without residue conditions. In contrast, in the presence of residue, there was a similar trend without residue conditions, however, the reaction of these traits to N100 and Bio + N50 supply were much more severe. The interaction of irrigation regime × N fertilizer source on catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes showed that the N fertilizer application increased the amount of these enzymes, regardless of the N source, in IRN conditions. Similarly, in IRws conditions, the catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes levels were improved by N fertilizer supply as compared with N0, however, the intensity of their reactions to N application, especially, N100 and Bio + N50 was much more than the normal moisture conditions. The highest grain yield was achieved by Bio + N50 under IRN and IRws conditions. In general, with respect to superiority of combine N fertilizer (Bio + N50) in biochemical and grain yield traits in normal and water stress conditions and economic and environmental considerations as well, the N fertilizer regime is recommended for water availability restriction conditions in Southern regions of Iran.

To study the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on the yield and some of the biochemical characteristics of quinoa, a three-factor factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in the region of Borkhar, Isfahan, Iran, in the 2018-2019 crop year. In this experiment, Sajama and Titicaca cultivars as the first factor, four levels of bio fertilizer including: without inoculation, nitroxin inoculation, biophosphorus inoculation, and inoculation with nitroxin and biophosphorus as the second factor, and four levels of chemical fertilizer including control, urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), and urea and superphosphate combination as the third factor were evaluated. Results showed that the interaction of the cultivar, bio fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer were significant in carotenoids, total carbohydrate, soluble protein, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index of quinoa. Thus, the integrated application of bio fertilizers along with all used chemical fertilizer treatments increased the measured traits in both cultivars significantly compared to the control treatment. Although the highest grain yield was observed in Sajama cultivar, Harvest index, which indicated material allocation to physiological destinations (grain), was not significantly different between the two cultivars. In addition, the growth period in Sajama cultivar was 32 days longer than Titicaca that resulted in water requirement increase, and subsequent crop cultivation delay, in Sajama cultivar. On the other hand, all the measured biochemical traits (total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total carbohydrates and soluble protein) in Titicaca cultivar were higher than those of Sajama cultivar. Therefore, according to the results of this research, cultivation of Titicaca cultivar along with the application of bio fertilizers as supplements can be considered as an applied strategy to achieve higher quality crops and optimum use of chemical fertilizers to realize the goals of sustainable agriculture in quinoa cultivation.

Polyamines including spermidine play an important role in the tolerance of plants to water deficit stress. In order to investigate the effect of spermidine on physiological traits of Lilium under deficit irrigation stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included four levels of water deficit (100, 75, 50 and 25% of Field Capacity) and different levels of spermidine (0, 1 and 2mM). Based on the results, severe deficit irrigation (25% of FC) increased proline and electrolyte leakage compared to the control respectively by 174% and 55%. In contrast, decrease of carotenoids and proteins content (33% and 26%, respectively) were observed under severe deficit irrigation conditions compared to the well-watered conditions. Results showed that lower availability water in the lilium plants, stimulated higher activities of enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase) and malondialdehyde, but decreased chlorophyll content of leaves. Also, under severe stress (25% of FC), exogenous application of spermidine (2mM) enhanced the the activity of enzymes and decreased the level of malondialdehyde. Therefore, foliar application of spermidine (2mM) and mild stress level (75% of FC) were procedures capable to save water consumption and maintain the quality of Lilium shoot.

With respect to the changes in the quantitative and yield characteristics of sugar beet under environmental stress, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on the traits of sugar beet breeding lines. For this purpose, full sib families from breeding programs were examined in two separate dry and normal experiments in 2017 crop year. Results showed that the effect of the environment on relative water content, relative loss of leaf water, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, and root mass ratio were significant and drought stress caused a significant decrease in these traits. Full sib 11 with the controls 18, 24 and 25 was the highest and the full sibs 5, 1, 13 and control 21 had the lowest relative leaf water content. Also, full sibs 1 and 10 with the controls 18 and 22 were the highest and ful sib 7 with controls 23 and 24 had the lowest leaf area. Full sibs 2, 13 and 12 had the highest and full sib 17, and controls 18, 20 and 21 had the lowest shoot dry weight. Finally, genotype × environment interaction was also significant in terms of shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, root mass ratio and root to stem ratio, indicating that variation of these traits in the genotypes studied was different in the two environments. Full sibs 2, 9, 12, 13 and 19 were better in both studied environments and in general traits, can be described as superior genotypes.

Salt stress, as one of the most important factors reducing agricultural production, increasingly threatens arid and semiarid regions. In order to investigate the effect of glycine betaine (GB) on increasing of salinity tolerant of Suaeda fruticosa, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications during the 2017-18 growing season. The treatments included four levels of salinity stress: 3, 10, 30 and 60 dS. m and 2 levels spraying with 50 mM GB. The results revealed the significant effect of salinity stress and GB on all of the studied characteristics except the effect of GB on catalase. Also, the interactions effects of salinity stress and GB were significant on all of the characteristics except catalase and peroxidase. The application of GB at all levels of salinity stress increased stem length, root length, ratio of root to shoot, plant yield and leaf area compared to the non-application of GB, so that, in shoot dry weight, the highest dry weight was observed in GB application at levels of 3 and 10 dS. m, which increased the plant dry weight by 58. 48 and 47. 25 percentage rather than non-application of GB, respectively. Proline, malondialdehyde, catalase and peroxidase compounds increased by increasing stress level from 3 to 60 dS. m. The production of proline, malondialdehyde and peroxidase in treated plants with GB was significantly reduced compared to non-application of GB. Generally, the results showed the positive role of GB in decreasing the effects of salinity stress on Suaeda fruticosa.

In order to investigate the effect of phosphate biofertilizer on growth and physiological characteristics of tall fescue in different salinity conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results of analysis of variance showed that interactions between salinity stress and biofertilizer were significant on leaf area, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and catalase activity. However, the interaction between these treatments was not significant in the traits such as aerial and underground biomass, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids at 5% level. The maximum leaf area and total chlorophyll content in biomass was 1 g/L and control salinity and the highest catalase activity, assessment in 0. 5, 1 g/L biofertilizer treatments and 12 dS/m salinity. The highest amount of sodium was observed in the treatment without biofertilizer and 12 dS/m salinity. Also, the highest potassium content was observed in non-fertilized treatments and 0. 5 g/L biofertilizer with control salinity without fertilizer and salinity of 12 dS/m. Significant difference between plants treated with biofertilizer under salinity conditions indicated improvement of tall fescue function under stress conditions. In general, the results of this study indicated that tall fescue treatment with bio-phosphate fertilizer had positive effects on plant growth and physiological characteristics.

Guava, with two bearing seasons, is among economic crops in the south and south-east of Iran. However, the salinity has adverse affects on development of this plant and thus it is necessary to introduce its tolerant genotypes. Therefore, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design was conducted in Bandar Abbas city during the years 2018-2019 and 15 superior guava genotypes were treated with sodium chloride (2 and 6 dSm-1 ). Then relative leaf water content, chlorophyll content, carotenoid, soluble sugars, ion leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence, catalase and peroxidase activities were monitored. In present study, the relative water content and chlorophyll fluorescence of salt-exposed genotypes was reduced. The content of chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoids after salt treatment were significantly decreased. Also, salinity caused increases in catalase, peroxidase and ion leakage in most of the genotypes. According to principle component analysis, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, soluble sugars and ion leakage accounted for 60. 30 of the total variance. The high content of chlorophyll, carotenoids and antioxidant enzymatic activity grouped G11, G13 and G22 as salt tolerance genotypes. G18, G19 and G25 genotypes were classified as susceptible to salt stress and other genotypes were intermediate.

Production of tolerant crop commercial varieties is very important due to increase of saline lands in Iran and world wide in the world. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to study germination, plant growth and probable tolerance mechanisms of Iranian sugar beet commercial varieties under salinity stress in two separate experiments during 2016. Sharif, Paya, Shokufa and Arya varieties were compared at 0, 4, 8 12 and 16 dS/m salinity levels in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications to evaluate germination characteristics in the laboratory. Also, these varieties were compared in a similar experiment at 0, 4, 8, 12 ds/m salinity levels to evaluate physiological traits under greenhouse condition using randomized complete block design. Sharif and Paya varieties had better germination characteristics including seed germination, germination duration, root and seedlings length under 12 and 16 salinity stress levels than Shokufa and Arya as their germination percentage were 70, 60, 50 and 50, respectively. Antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll content and relative water content of Sharif and Paya were higher than other varieties which caused higher seedling weights and stability of seedling number in these varieties under salinity condition.

Phosphorus is one of the critical macronutrients that plays an important role in energy transfer, phospholipid and nucleic acids synthesis, and biochemical compounds in microalgal cells. It plays an important role in the formation and transfer of metabolic energy to ATP and NADPH structures. In this study, the effect of different phosphorus (NaH2PO4) concentrations (0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg. L-1 ) was investigated on growth rate and biochemical composition of Isochrysis galbana. The results showed that phosphorus deprivation decreased cell growth, pigments and protein contents, whilst carbohydrate and lipids were increased along with phosphorus concentration increaments. The highest carbohydrate, protein and lipid content was observed as, 23. 5, 34. 6 and 36. 2 % in phosphorus concentrations of 0, 8, 0 mg. L-1, respectively. By increasing the concentration of phosphorus from 0 to 16 mg. L-1, the content of C16: 0 (33. 96%) and C18: 0 (23. 4%) were decreased to 27. 75% and 14. 37%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that phosphorus concentration can significantly affect the growth rate and biochemical compositions of I. galbana.

Foliar application is one of the fast and effective methods for providing plants with nutrition requirement, especially in the critical stages of growth. In this study, the effects of Nano chelated form of both iron (Fe) and manganese(Mn) each at three levels (0, 0. 5 and 1%) were investigated on some qualitative traits of 'Bidaneh Sefid' grapevine at two stages of unripe and ripe berries. Based on results, the amount of pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid and anthocyanin in unripe berries were affected significantly by different doses of Fe spray. Moreover, the different levels of Mn affected significantly unripe berries pH, TA, TSS and ascorbic acid content however; Mn not significantly affected unripe berries anthocyanin compared to control vines. The lowest berries pH content (2. 5) was related to control vines at unripe stage and the highest of berries pH content (3. 75) observed in 1%Fe-treated vines at ripe stage. Moreover, the lowest berries with respect to TA content (0. 9 %) was related to 1%Fe-treated vines at ripe stage and the highest of berries TA content (1. 75) observed in control vines at unripe stage. The lowest berries TSS content (9 0 Brix) was related to the control vines at unripe stage and the highest berries TSS content (25. 4 0 Brix) observed in1% Mn-treated vines at ripe stage. Also, the results showed that the lowest berries anthocyanin content (0. 02 mg/100g) was related to the control vines at unripe stage and the highest berries anthocyanin content (0. 071 mg/100g) observed in 0. 5% Mn-treated vines at ripe stage. The maximum amount of berries ascorbic acid (24. 6 mg/100g) was related to 1% Mn-treated vines at ripe stage and the minimum amount of berries ascorbic acid (9. 04 mg/100g) observed in control vines at unripe stage. Totally, based on results, foliar spray of Fe and Mn Nano chelated led in improvement of qualitative traits of grape berries during unripe and ripe stages.

In order to study the effects of application of putrescin and calcium nitrate on some physiological and biochemical traits of sesame under moisture stress, a split-plot factorial experiment was conducted based on block complete randomized design with three replications in research farm of University of Birjand in 2018. In this experiment, moisture stress treatments with tree levels included (100, 75, and 50) percent of sesame water requirement as main factor and foliar application calcium nitrate at tree levels (0, 5, 10 Mm) and putrescine in two levels (0. 5Mm, spray with water) as the second factor were studied. Results showed that interaction of moisture stress, calcium nitrate and putrescine were significant for catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity. The highest catalase activity was obtained in 10 Mm calcium nitrate foliar application at 50% humidity stress and highest activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme was obtained in 5 Mm calcium nitrate foliar application with 75% of putrescine. Interaction of calcium nitrate and putrescine, moisture stress and putrescine as well as moisture stress and calcium nitrate on peroxidase enzyme and membrane stability were significant. In general, foliar application of calcium nitrate and putrecine was the best treatment to reduce the effects of moisture stress on sesame indicating that there is a synergistic relationship between them in reducing the effects of moisture stress.

In order to quantify the response of canola (Brassica napus L. ) plant to lead different levels, an experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were twelve lead concentrations from lead nitrate source (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 mg/kg soil). Results showed that decrease in vegetative traits fitted with segmented model when lead concentration increased. Also, chlorophyll a, b, a+b contents and SPAD index value declined about 23, 47, 30 and 22%, respectively. Chlorophyll a/b ratio (a/b) and carotenoid, however, showed increasing trend by 46 and 39% in 4000 mg/kg of soil as compared to the control. In addition, the activity of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate enzymes increased until about 10, 447 and 18 mg/kg of soil, respectively and then decreased when lead concentration was increased. Superoxide dismutase activity in 4000 mg/kg of soil was about 2. 3 times greater than the control. Also, malon-di-aldehyde (MDA) and H2O2 concentrations in 4000 mg/kg of soil were about two times and proline concentration was about 12% greater than the control. In conclusion, up to 100 mg/kg of soil vegetative traits and photosynthetic pigments particularly showed the highest sensitivity. Among photosynthetic pigments, the sensitivity of chlorophyll b was higher than chlorophyll a. Also, the higher activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme than the other enzymes and proline can be a possible reason for ameliorating the damage of high levels of lead in canola.