JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Year:2021 | Volume:20 | Issue:99|Papers Count:16

Background: Psychotherapy for therapists increases emotional development and improves interpersonal skills and empathy, as well as self-awareness in understanding individual problems, conflicts, and values; Accordingly, the main question of the research is whether the native model of schema can affect the performance of therapists. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the localized model of therapeutic design on changing the schemas of therapists. Method: Method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a three-month follow-up, Out of 55 therapists of Ofogh Salamat, Hamraz, Savalan and Ordibehesht Counseling Centers in District 5 of Tehran, 16 therapists were selected using sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (8 people) and witnesses (8 people). Both groups responded to the Young Response Questionnaire (1994) in three stages: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. The experimental group participated in 10 90-minute sessions in the treatment interventions of the localization of the schema therapy protocol (Farell & Shaw, 2018) for the therapists, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures variance of analysis Results: Variation analysis of repeated measurements showed that the two groups were significantly different in reducing other areas of severity and earache (P< 0/05); The results also show that the scores of other areas (cutting and rejection, self-regulation and dysfunction) of the subjects in the experimental group decreased compared to the control group after the intervention, but this decrease was not significant (P< 0/05). Conclusions: The localized model of schema therapy modified schemas in other areas of attention and eloquence; Therefore, it can be expected that the localized model of treatment plan will help the therapist to recognize his unhealthy mentalities.

Background: According to research, educational stress perception is an effective variable in adolescents' psychological health. Schema therapy, on the other hand, is one of the third-generation therapies and an appropriate method for treatment of psychological disorders in terms of efficiency and cost. Little research, however, has been carried out on the effectiveness of this treatment on adolescents' educational stress perception. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group schemas therapy on reducing students' educational stress perception. But first, the relationship between the disturbing variable of mothers 'parenting styles and students' educational stress perception was examined and controlled. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all 10th grade female high school students in Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. Among these, 300 students were selected by cluster random sampling method, out of whom 30 students were selected based on inclusion criteria and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 i. e. experimental and control. The experimental group received group schema therapy during sixteen one-hour sessions. The research tools were: Badiavi and Gabriel Educational Stress Perception Questionnaire (2015) and Bamrind Parenting Methods Questionnaire (1991). Analysis of variance with SPSS16 software and repeated measures were used to examine the relationship between quantitative variables. Results: In the post-test, there was a significant relationship between the two groups of experimental and control in terms of educational stress perception with the control of parenting styles. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that group schema therapy was effective in reducing students' educational stress perception during the period. Therefore, it can be considered as one of the intervention programs at education-related counseling centers.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can affect the quality of life in individuals with this illness by posing numerous nervous disorders. Clearly, there is a gap in studying the efficacy of educational programs about pain self-efficacy and distresses tolerance in patients with MS. Aims: In this study, the aim was to investigate the difference between the efficiency of mindfulness-based group therapy and motivational interviewing efficiency regarding pain self-efficacy and distresses tolerance in patients with MS. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a control group pre-test, post-test, and follow up design. The population included all patients with MS who were referred to Shahid Vafaee center in Boroujen, Iran, by 2019. Among the 138 patients with MS, a total of 36 were selected through convenience sampling and placed in the experimental and control group via using the random assignment method. An intervention program (Kabat-Zinn et al., 1992) associated with mindfulness-based group therapy was held for 12 sessions, each session lasted 90 min. For the experimental group, the researcher held 12 sessions of 90 minutes using motivational interviewing group therapy (David Rosengren, 2005). The instruments used in this study were the pain self-efficacy questionnaire (Nikolas, 2007) and the distress tolerance questionnaire (Simons and Gaher, 2005). To perform data analysis, an analysis of variance on repeated measure design was used via SPSS software version 22. Results: It was found that both the mindfulness-based group therapy and the motivational interviewing group therapy were significantly correlated with the pain selfefficacy variable (p=0. 002). Another significant association was also found between the distresses tolerance variable and both mindfulnessbased group therapy and the motivational interviewing group therapy (p=0. 001). Yet, there was seen no significant difference between the efficiency of mindfulness-based group therapy and that of the motivational interviewing group therapy in the pain self-efficacy and distresses tolerance of patients with MS. The present study showed that both mindfulness-based group therapy and motivational interviewing group therapy improve the rate of pain self-efficacy and distress tolerance in MS patients. Throughout the process of mindfulness-and motivational interviewing group therapy, patients learn to become aware of their mental processes through behavioral, cognitive, and metacognitive strategies. Such a process also helps them improve their pain self-efficacy and distresses tolerance. Conclusions: the mindfulness-based group therapy and the motivational interviewing group therapy can effectively influence the pain self-efficacy, tolerance, distresses tolerance, and experiential avoidance of patients with MS.

Background: Cognitive control, which means the ability to control inappropriate behaviors or responses, and it is one of the main components of executive function that is impaired in paranormal believers. Therefore, this study seeks to determine whether the anodal stimulation of tDCS in the rDLPFC region is effective on the cognitive control function in paranormal believers or not? Aims: The aim of this study was to improve the ability of cognitive control and inhibition through transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in paranormal believers. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental post-test design with a control group(sham). The statistical population of this study was the students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Tehran in 2019, of which 38 people were available through sampling and using the revised paranormal beliefs scale (Tobacyk, 2004), which measures the sevirity of paranormal beliefs in individuals, Were screened and those with above-average scores were randomly assigned to the groups (experimental and sham). The Anodal Stimulation experimental Group received in the F4 region as well as the Cathodal Stimulus in the FP1 region (2-MA in 10-minute), and the Sham group received a fictitious stimulus. Participants were assessed in the anode stimulation position and quasi-stimulation conditions through the Go/No-Go test, which is used to measure inhibition. Results: The results showed that a significant difference between the mean scores related to the inhibitory error (p= 0/01) and the reaction time (p= 0/01) in the experimental and sham groups. Thus, the inhibitory error and reaction time of rDLPFC group are significantly less than the sham group. Conclusions: The transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on rDLPFC of paranormal believers can improve cognitive control.

Background: Numerous studies have been performed on the elderly. But research that has identified the dimensions of aging transcendence in older women has been neglected. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of elderly Iranian women from the dimensions of aging transcendence. Method: The research was a qualitative study with phenomenological method. The statistical population was all the elderly over 60 years old in Tehran in 1398. . Targeted sampling and sample size after theoretical saturation was 6 people. . The tools of the present study were: in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using Colaizzi method. Results: 60 sub-themes and 15 main themes were extracted, which eventually led to the identification of 4 dimensions or components of the concept of aging. The dimensions of the aging of this research are: the dimension of communication excellence, the dimension of self excellence, the dimension of worldview excellence and the dimension of experience balance. Conclusions: The concept of aging and its dimensions in Iranian society is different from the concept of aging and its dimensions in other societies and Iranian elderly women who have reached old age, refer to the developed characteristics that with What has been proposed in theories of aging as self-fulfillment or the transcendence of old age is different. These different dimensions include the balance of experience and excellence in worldview. The results of this study can provide the basis for indigenous theorizing in the field of psychosocial aging.

Background: Numerous studies have addressed the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment to depression. However, there is a research gap between comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment to depression and increased sexual activity behavior of patients with sexual addiction. Aims: The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance-based therapy. Depression and hyperactive sexual behavior of patients with sexual addiction. Method: The present study was a quasiexperimental study with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design with a control group The statistical population of this study was men over 18 years of age with sexual addiction living in Tehran in 2019. Thirty patients were selected as a sample by snowball method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (10 patients). The tools of the present study are: Behavioral Cognitive Therapy Sessions (Location, 2014), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Sessions (Crossbow, 2011), Beck Depression Questionnaire (Beck et al., 1961) and Sexual Increase Sexual Questionnaire (Reid et al., 2011). ). Data analysis was performed by mixed variance analysis methods with repeated measurement, multivariate analysis of variance, Bonfroni test and Toki test. Results: Cognitive-behavioral therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment were effective in reducing depression and increased sexual activity in these patients (P< 0/05). there was no significant difference between the two treatment methods. Conclusions: Patients who participated in cognitive-behavioral and acceptance therapy sessions based on acceptance and commitment had fewer depressive symptoms and increased sexual activity.

Background: the emergence of aggression in children living in Welfare Centers is a prevalent problem that requires effective interventions for treatment and prevention. Researches have been conducted on interventions to reduce aggression in children, but the type of research that examines the effectiveness of Play-Based Resilience Training on aggression has been neglected. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Play-Based Resilience Training on aggression in children under the supervision of the Welfare Organization. Method: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, and a control group. The statistical population included children aged 5-7 years under the supervision of the Tehran Welfare Organization in 2019. The sample consisted of 30 children who were selected by the convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to the study and control groups (15 individuals in each group). The research tools included the Preschooler Aggression Questionnaires of Vahedi et al. (2008), and the Child and Youth Resilience Measure of Ungar and Liebenberg (2009), and the Play-Based Resilience Training Package (Mohammadi Shemirani, 2019). For the children in the study group, the resilience training package was implemented in 14 sessions, and each session lasted for one hour. The data analysis was conducted by using the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance. Results: The results showed that Play-Based Resilience Training significantly reduced aggression and its components (verbal, physical, active, and total aggression) except for the component of relational aggression in the study group participants (p< 0/01). Conclusions: according to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the Play-Based Resilience Training Package can be used as an efficient intervention to reduce aggression in children.

Background: Cosmetic nose surgery is one of the most popular surgeries around the world, especially in Iran. Psychological elements paly some effective roles on applications for cosmetic surgery and also on the applicants' precognition and satisfaction with surgery. The psychology of cosmetic surgery has not been studied as it should be, and most of studies have focused on clinical reports or limited variables such as personal satisfaction with surgery, which highlights the need for research in this area. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cosmetic nose surgery on two important psychological elements: psychological well-being, and quality of life. Method: This is an applied and quasi-experimental research. Measuring tools are the questionnaires of Ryff's (1989) psychological well-being and quality of life (Nejat, 2008). Statistical population included all the applicants of cosmetic nose surgery at the private cosmetic clinics in Tehran in 2017, from whom 20 individuals were selected by convenience sampling and 20 individuals were selected from non-applicants as the control group. Results: The results of multivariable covariance analysis and t-test showed that nose surgery did not affect individuals' psychological well-being and its elements including self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, autonomy, mastery of the environment, purposeful life, and individual growth. Moreover, quality of life and its elements, namely physical, psychological, environmental and social relations in the experimental group after cosmetic nose surgery didn’ t change significantly. Conclusions: Maybe, cosmetic surgery actually doesn’ t meet applicants’ expectations, and accordingly it has no effect on psychological well-being and quality of life. Therefore, psychological evaluation of applicants before cosmetic surgery in terms of psychological well-being and quality of life can be useful.

Background: Manpower is one of the most important assets of organizations that their motivation and job satisfaction can help organizations achieve their goals. Many studies have been done to improve the level of these variables in human resources, but in the meantime, less attention has been paid to the role of organizational intelligence as a factor affecting these variables. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of organizational intelligence training program on job satisfaction and job motivation in one of the headquarters of industries of the Ministry of Defense employees. Method: The present study was a Quasi experimental study with pre-test, post-test with control group. For this purpose, 32 staff were selected by available sampling method from the staff of one of the Ministry of Defense industries and were randomly divided into experimental (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. The researcher-made package of organizational intelligence training was administered to the experimental group during 11 two-hour sessions. During this time the control group also received no training. Both groups completed the Spector Job Satisfaction Scale (1985) and Tremblay and et al. Internal and External Job Motivation Scale (2009) in the pre-test and post-test stages. data were analyzed by Spss-19 software. Results: The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that there are significant differences between two experimental and control groups in the interjected regulation component (one of the job motivation components) and the job promotion components and the task identity (from job satisfaction components) and the mean scores of the experimental group in these components in the post-test stage were higher than the control group (p< 0/001). Conclusions: Job satisfaction and motivation are some of the factors that influence the increase of organizational productivity and optimal performance of employees, Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to increase the levels of these variables in the staff.

Background: In many studies, the association of self-determination skills with academic incivility behaviors and academic engagement has been assessed. However, neither has investigated the effectiveness of self-determination skills training on academic incivility behaviors and academic engagement. Aims: The current research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of self-determination skills training on academic incivility behaviors and academic engagement. Method: A pre-test/post-test control group design was performed in this quasi-experimental study. The population consisted of all-male junior high school students in the city of Borujen in the year 2018-2019, of whom 43 subjects were selected through a random cluster sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The participants were then given the intervention program of self-determination skill training (Field & Hoffman, 1994) for ten 60-minute sessions. The research tools included Clark et al (2015) the academic incivility questionnaire and the Reeve academic engagement questionnaire (2013). Data analysis was performed using a multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: It was observed that the self-determination skill training significantly decreased academic incivility and increased academic engagement of the junior high school students (p= 0/001). Conclusions: Such finding suggest that implication of self-determination skill training in educational settings can positively influence the academic engagement and academic incivility. As practically possible, curriculums should include self-determination skills training and textbooks should contain motivational steps of self-determination skills.

Background: Numerous studies have examined emotional intelligence and academic performance. But there is a research gap in examining the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance of graduate students. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance of graduate students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Method: The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of all graduate students of Tabriz Medical School was 380 in 2018. 191 students (149 postgraduate students and 42 doctoral students) were selected by proportional stratified sampling method. The research instruments were Schering (1996) standard emotional intelligence questionnaire and grade point average as academic performance. Data analysis was performed using multiple regression analysis. Results: The value of multiple correlation between emotional intelligence and its components with academic performance was 0. 74 and the coefficient of determination was 0. 54, which shows that 54% of changes in academic performance by emotional intelligence and components. Its features can be explained. Conclusions: There was a direct relationship between emotional intelligence and students' academic performance and between the components of emotional intelligence and academic performance.

Background: Adolescents spend most of their daytime in school. Thus, schools can likely influence adolescents’ basic psychological needs and their behaviors related to need satisfaction. Researchs has confirmed the effectiveness of basic psychological needs on the promotion of well-being, but the question of this research is whether the strategies of cognitive emotion regulation can affect the relationship between basic psychological needs in school and emotional well-being? Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological basic needs satisfaction at school and students’ emotional well-being with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. Method: This study was a correlational study. The statistical population of this study included all second grade high school students from Shiraz city in the academic year 1397-98. Participants were 487 students (252 girls and 235 boys) selected through the random cluster sampling method. They completed adolescent students’ basic psychological needs at school scale (Tian et al., 2014), emotional well-being scale (Keyes & Magyar-Moe, 2003), and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraiij, 2006). Results: The findings using structural equation modeling showed that satisfaction of need for competence and need for relatedness could positively, and the need for autonomy could negatively and statistically significant predict cognitive emotion regulation, and cognitive emotion regulation was a significant predictor of emotional well-being. Moreover, the mediation role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between psychological basic needs satisfaction at school and students’ emotional well-being was confirmed. Conclusions: According to the research findings, it can be concluded that satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of students at school and use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies can improve their emotional well-being.

Background: Studies have shown that cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy is effective on improving emotional and relational problems but a study which addresses the impact of this therpay on interpersonal problems and difficulty in emotion regulation in divorced women has been neglected. Aims: the purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy (CBPGT) on reducing interpersonal problems and difficulty in emotion regulation in divorced women. Method: This research is quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a control group. The statistical population includes all divorced women who had referred to private counseling and psychological centers (84 centers) under the supervision of the General Department of Welfare in Mashhad in 2018. Among them, 24 people were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly located into two experimental and control groups. Research tools were 60-item Interpersonal Problem Questionnaire (HP-60) and difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Experimental group received sixteen 120-min of cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy sessions (Treadwell, 2016). Data analysis was performed using multivariate covariance, variance analysis with repeated measurements and Ben Foroni post hoc test with the SPSS20 software. Results: Cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy has significant effect on reducing interpersonal problems and difficulty in emotion regulation in divorced women (p< 0/05). This result was also consistent in the follow-up. Conclusions: Cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy can reduce interpersonal problems and difficulty in emotion regulation in divorced women.

Background: Various interventional studies have been conducted by the aim of improving mental health among divorced female heads of household, but no research has been conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-existential therapy and compassionfocused therapy on psychological wellbeing of divorced female heads of household. Aims: The present research was conducted by the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-existential therapy and compassion-focused therapy on psychological wellbeing of divorced female heads of household. Method: The current study was conducted by semi-experimental method in which a pretest-posttest-follow up with control group design was used. The research population included all divorced women who were heads of household who were members of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in the 19 th district of Tehran, Iran. The study sample included 36 women who were selected by purposeful sampling method and, then, were assigned into two experiment groups and one control group (12 individuals per group) through random assignment method. The research tool was Ryff’ s Psychological Wellbeing Scale (1989). For the first experiment group, the cognitiveexistential therapy (Kissane, 2004, 2009), and for the second experiment group, the compassion focused therapy (Gilbert, 2009, 2014) were delivered in groups and in eight 120-minute sessions, but the control group received no intervention. The variance analysis test with repeated measures and the Bonferroni ad hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results indicated that the cognitive-existential therapy and the compassion-focused therapy led to improvements in psychological wellbeing and all its components (acceptance of self, positive relations with others, self-autonomy, purposeful life, personal growth, environmental mastery) at the end of the intervention stage and in the follow-up stage. Moreover, the cognitive-existential therapy showed greater effectiveness on increasing psychological wellbeing and its components (p< 0/01) compared to the compassion-focused therapy. Conclusions: According to the obtained results, psychologists and counselors are recommended to employ these two therapeutic approaches for reducing psychological problems among divorced women who are heads of household.

Background: In different studies, the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing psychological problems of patients with chronic disease has been investigated, but no research has compared the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on distress tolerance in women with Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Aims: The present research was aimed to compare the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on distress tolerance in women with SLE. Method: The current study was a semi-experimental research in which a pretest-posttest with control group design was used. The research population included all the women with SLE referring to the Rheumatology Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital and Tooba Clinic in Sari city, Iran, in the first half of 2019 who were156 individuals. Among this statistical population, a sample of 60 subjects were selected by purposeful sampling method who were assigned into two experiment groups and one control group by random assignment method. The research tool was Distress Tolerance Scale of Simons and Gaher (2005). The first experiment group received the compassion-focused therapy (Gilbert, 2010) and the second experiment group received the acceptance and commitment therapy (Hayes, Strosahl and Wilson, 2016) both in eight 120-minute sessions. For analyzing the data, the variance analysis with repeated measures and the Bonferroni ad hoc test were used. Results: Results indicated that compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy led to increase in distress tolerance and its components (tolerance, Absorption, Appraisal and regulation) at the end of the interventions and the follow-up stage. Also, compassion-focused therapy was more effective on increasing distress tolerance and its components than acceptance and commitment therapy (p< 0/01). Conclusions: The results of the present study confirmed the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on increasing distress tolerance among with SLE.

Background: One of the most important factors for the excellence or ruin of any organization is the quality of performance of school principals. Improving the performance and quality development of primary school principals increases efficiency and effectiveness and creates change in the education system. Studies have been done to improve the performance of school principals, but a qualitative study that improves the performance of primary school principals has been neglected. Aims: This study The aim was to design and test a model to improve the performance of primary school principals in Kermanshah province. Method: The present study was conducted with a mixed design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches in the academic year 2019-2020. In the qualitative approach, the underlying theoretical method was used. In this regard, using a purposeful approach and applying the theoretical saturation criterion, an attempt was made to use the semi-structured in-depth interview technique, perception and experience of 15 people (university faculty members and general managers and deputies working in education in Kermanshah province) as a case study. In-depth review. The research tool was the qualitative part of semi-structured interviews. In the quantitative part, the necessary data were made using a researcher-made questionnaire based on qualitative data and were administered among 228 primary school principals in Kermanshah province. For data analysis, systematic coding method was used in the qualitative part and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis) were used in the quantitative part using Smart pls software. Results: After conducting the interviews and in-depth data analysis, 283 indicators, 15 criteria and 4 main factors including four dimensions of "leadership development", "structure improvement", "performance planning" and "self-development" were identified. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed 54 items for the managers' performance improvement questionnaire in four factors. Conclusions: The results showed that the model extracted from the present study, despite the appropriate validity, can be used to improve the performance of primary school principals.