JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Year:2021 | Volume:20 | Issue:98|Papers Count:13

Background: Driving is an important and inseparable part of work, economic activities, and social life. Increasing the level of happiness and improving drivers' self-efficacy are the factors that can be achieved by educating psychosocial skills training. In different countries, special attention is paid to the mental health of drivers and several programs are designed and implemented in this field. However, this issue has not been addressed in Iran. Due to the high number of accidents caused by the psychological problems of drivers in Iran, attention to the health and occupational health of drivers needs to be the focus of mental health service providers. Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of psychosocial skills training package on drivers' happiness and general self-efficacy. Method: This study utilized a quasi-experimental research method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The statistical population included all drivers of Tehran Bus Company, from which 101 drivers were randomly selected and received the desired training in psychosocial skills training in 1395 at Khajeh Nasir Toosi University. In these workshops which took place in nine sessions, eighty minutes each, the drivers were trained in the areas of anger management, revenge driving, effective communication, and stress management. This project started in 1390 and in several phases administered on drivers applying for bus driving company in Tehran. To evaluate the effectiveness of the training program, the Munsh Scale of Happiness (Kozma, Stone & Stones, 2000) and General Self-efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) were used. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis. Results: Findings from the repeated measure analysis for evaluating happiness show that there is a significant difference (P< 0/05) in the mean scores of positive experience between the pre-test (M= 10/49) and the post-test (M= 11/29) scores (P= 0/02). Even though the results of the paired sample t-test on the general self-efficacy questionnaire show a difference between the mean scores of pre-test (M= 31/81) and post-test (M= 32/64), this difference is not statistically significant (P> 0/05). Conclusions: Participating in a psychosocial skills workshop has had a positive effect on participants' performance like increasing positive experience. However, the data analysis failed to show statistically significant differences in terms of increasing positive emotion and general self-efficacy and also decreasing negative feelings and experience. The findings of the present study showed that the psychosocial skills training package can be an effective intervention in improving the mental health of drivers.

Background: This disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder related to childhood that can be extended to adolescence and adulthood; but most of the studies were conducted with the concentration of different therapies in childhood and the importance of this disorder in adulthood is ignored. Aims: the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on improving the emotional and cognitive symptoms of adults ADHD. Method: This study was an experimental study with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population included all people with ADHD in Isfahan who referred to one of the major centers equipped with neurotherapy (120 people). The sample also included 40 of these individuals (2 groups, 20 people) who met the research criteria. The intervention sessions consisted of 15 sessions with the treatment protocol of F3 and F4. Participants completed the Adult ADHD self-report scale (2003), STROOP test (1935), Wisconsin sorting cart test (1984), tower of London test (1982), continues performance test (1956), difficulty in emotion regulation scale (2004) and Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire (1977). After conducting the research process, covariance method was used for data analysis by SPSS21 software. Results: The results showed that tDCS experimental group significantly improved the scores of emotion regulation, impulsivity, Stroop scores, tower of London, Wisconsin, attention and concentration, and the component of inattention in ADHD scale due to the independent variable(p< 0/005). No significant difference was observed in the hyperactivity component. Conclusions: it can be concluded that tDCS can be use as a single treatment or also a complementary therapy along other treatment for ADHD patients.

Background: umerous studies have been conducted on parenting and the quality of parent-child relationships, but research that neglects the effectiveness of a positive parenting program on effective parenting and the quality of parent-child relationships in mothers with adolescent has been neglected. Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of the positive parenting program (Triple-P) on the effective parenting and quality of-parent-adolescent relationship in mothers with adolescents. Method: The research was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the control group. The population consisted of mothers with 13-15 aged adolescents in the years 2018 in Isfahan city. 16 subjects were randomly selected as a sample and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (8 subjects). The present research instruments are Alabama's effective parenting questionnaire (1991), the parent-child relationship quality questionnaire (1983). And a positive parenting program (Larzer et al., 2016). Data analysis was performed by repeated analysis of variance. Results: Positive parenting program had a significant effect on effective parenting and the quality of parent-child relationship (P< 0/001). Conclusions: Mothers who participated in the positive parenting program had an effective rate of parenting and the quality of the parent-child relationship increased.

Background: Many studies have reported impaired empathy in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. But the main issue(question) is whether Between Dimensions of empathy of children with sluggish cognitive Tempo (which are similar in terms of attention problems to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, For this reason, Children with sluggish cognitive Tempo are mistakenly labeled attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) there is difference with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Aims: Comparison of Dimensions of Empathy in children with Attention Deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. Method: The research was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population included Elementary school boys (7 to 12 years old) in Tabriz in the 2019 academic year, of which 100 boys (50 with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 50 with sluggish cognitive Tempo) as a sample by multistage cluster sampling model and They were selected using the SNAP-IV rating scale (Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, 1980) and the SCT scale (Penny, Watchbach, Klein, Curcum and Skis, 2009). In order to measure empathy, children's cognitive and emotional empathy scale (Dads et al., 2008) was used. The results were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS20 software. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and children with sluggish cognitive Tempo (F=15/10, P<0/05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that children with sluggish cognitive Tempo have poorer(weaker) performance in cognitive and emotional empathy than children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Marital conflicts have a profoundly negative effect on the couple's relationships and, consequently, on the context and family relationships. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question of whether cognitive avoidance and emotional expression are able to predict marital conflict? Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive avoidance and emotional expression in predicting marital conflict. Method: The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all women in Tehran in July, August and September of 2019, and 324 women referred to the neighborhoods located in 1, 2 and 3 areas were selected as the sample by the convenience sampling method. In order to collect the data, the marital conflict scale of Sanaee Zaker and Barati (2008), the cognitive avoidance scale of Sexton and Dugas (2008) and the emotional expression scale of King and Emmons (1990) were used. Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The findings showed cognitive avoidance and emotional expression are significantly correlated with marital conflict (P< 0/05) and predict 64% of the variance of marital conflicts (P< 0/05). Conclusions: According to the findings of this study, it is necessary to pay attention to informing people about cognitive avoidance and emotional expression. The findings of this study can be used in order to develop and implement educational and treatment programs in order to reduce the level of marital conflicts.

Background: There has been little research on the relationship between achievement and responsibility with perceptions of competence, resilience and innovation, and the nature of these relationships is unclear. In other words, it is not yet clear whether progress and responsibility are influenced by the personality traits of innovation, competence perception, and resilience. Aims: The present study investigated the need for progress and responsibility based on students' perceptions of competence, resilience and innovation. Method: The present study is applied and in terms of method is a correlational research. The statistical population of this study included 987 male and female students of Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran Branch and the sample consisted of 350 people who were selected by random cluster sampling. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. Research tools included the Hermans Progress Motivation Questionnaire (1977), the California Accountability Scale (1987), the Harter Competence Perception Scale (1985), the ConnerDavidson Resilience Scale (2003), and the Cloninger (1994) Nature and Character Questionnaire. Results: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis showed that; Perceptions of competence and resilience and innovation with the variable need to develop a direct and significant relationship. Also, perception of competence, innovation and resilience have a direct and significant relationship with the variable of responsibility. Perception of competence and innovation can significantly predict the need for academic achievement at the level (p< 0/001). Resilience can not significantly predict the need for academic achievement. Perception of competence and resilience can not predict the level of responsibility and innovation can predict the level of responsibility significantly at the level (p< 0/001). Conclusions: It can be said that the perception of competence and innovation as part of personality traits have the power to predict the habits, behaviors or performance of people in different situations.

Background: Students with dysgraphia are characterized by defects in working memory, attention and response inhibition, but the attempts made for curing them are far from adequate. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neuropsychological rehabilitation program on working memory and response inhibition of students with dysgraphia. Method: The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. The population of the study consisted of all4th and 5th grade male students in the district 16 of Tehran during the academic year of 2019-2020. 26 students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were then randomly assigned to experimental group (13 members) and control group (13 members). The experimental group members individually participated in SOUND SMART (2007) intervention programs (three 30-45 minute sessions per week) for two months. The control group was placed on the waitlist. Intelligence Scale for Children (Wechsler, 1991), Writing Disorder Test (Fallahchay, 1995), Working Memory Test Battery for Children (Pickering & Gathercole, 2001) and The Integrated Visual and Auditory Test (Sandford & Turner, 1994) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results suggested that when the effect of pretest is controlled, a significant difference can be observed between the mean post-test scores of experimental and control groups in terms of working memory and response inhibition (p< 0/001). Conclusions: Therefore, it can be argued that the neuropsychological rehabilitation program were effective contributed to enhancement of working memory and response inhibition in Students with dysgraphia.

Background: Air accidents caused by pilots' unpreparedness in flight indicate a weakness in the assessment of this readiness by airlines and aviation organizations around the world. This has led psychologists to conduct specialized quantitative and qualitative research in recent years. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the job readiness evaluation of passenger pilots for flight. Method: This study was performed based on qualitative approach and thematic analysis method. The study population was all pilots of an airline in Tehran in 1398, during a purposive sampling and in order to obtain theoretical saturation in response to interview questions, a total of 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. Finally, the data were classified and coded. Results: The analysis of the available findings led to the identification of 3 main factors influencing the job readiness evaluation of passenger pilots, which included the signs indicating the flight unpreparedness of the passenger pilots, the factors affecting the evaluation of the flight readiness of the passenger pilots and the signs indicating the job dissatisfaction of the passenger pilots. Conclusions: This study showed that factors such as individual differences affect how pilots are evaluated before flying; Also, as can be seen from the results, the coercive attitude of the airlines regarding the psychological issues of the pilots must be changed.

Background: Accurate diagnosis especially in personality disorders has been always challenging to select the most appropriate intervention method. However, the consistency between diagnostic methods based on patient's self-report and methods based on the evaluation of clinicians is not satisfactory. Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the consistency of diagnostic method based on clinician's evaluation and the method based on the patient's self-report to select the most appropriate diagnostic method. Method: The present study was a clinical case study. The data were obtained from a 30-year-old male client using Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-II; First et al., 1994), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III; Millon, 1994), and unstructured interview assessment tools, and were explanatorily analyzed. Results: According to the results, the client was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder to the SCID-II, and despite the profile validity, there was found no elevation at the borderline scale of the MCMI-III. Conclusions: No appropriate consistency was found between the method based on the evaluation of clinician and selfreport-based method in this case study. In general, the results of the present study indicated that known and valid tests will not always lead to reliable results and the combination of several sources of evaluation is more appropriate and effective and result in more reliable results.

Background: The study of factors related to spatial visual processing is considered as a suitable framework for examining the relationship and interaction of emotions and cognition, which is a prominent feature of cognitive science research. Aims: The aim of this study was to mediate the role of working memory and mathematical anxiety in predicting spatial visual processing based on mathematical self-efficacy and creativity of female elementary school students. Method: The present study was a correlational analysis of the path. The statistical population of all female students in Tehran in the academic year 1397-98 and the statistical sample consisted of 477 fifth grade students who were selected based on the number of variables by cluster random sampling. Participants were Torrance Form A (1972) Non-Verbal Creativity Questionnaire, Plaque and Placer Mathematical Anxiety Scale (1982), Active Memory Test for Children (2006), Liu, Coeralla, and May Mathematical Self-Efficacy (2009), and Binet Spatial Visual Processing Test (2003). ) Completed. Pearson correlation and path analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Based on the results obtained in this model, 0. 86 variance of visual-spatial processing variable was explained. Mathematical self-efficacy variable only indirectly mediated by working memory variables on spatial visual processing and mediated by mathematical anxiety with spatial visual processing showed a positive relationship. Also, the working memory variable directly showed a positive relationship with creativity. Creativity affects visual processing only through the variable of active memory. Mathematical self-efficacy and creativity have a positive relationship with spatial visual processing mediated by working memory of female students (p <0. 154). Mathematical self-efficacy and creativity are not related to spatial visual processing mediated by female students' mathematical anxiety (p< 0/001). Conclusions: Based on mathematical self-efficacy, the spatial visual processing variable can be explained.

Background: Subjective vitality is defined as having adequate physical and mental energy. People with higher emotional intelligence, are happier, livelier, and more functional. But the main question of the present study is whether the self-compassion plays a mediating role in this regard? Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and subjective vitality with mediation of selfcompassion among undergraduate students of Shiraz University. Method: This research was a correlational study. From the statistical population of undergraduate students of Shiraz University in academic year 1397-98, 298 students (149 women and 149 men) were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method, and they completed three questionnaires of subjective vitality (Ryan & Frederick, 1997), self-compassion (Neff, 2003), and emotional intelligence (Petridse & Furnham, 2001). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling method. Results: Research model had a proper fitness with the research data, and emotional intelligence had a direct effect on students' self-compassion ( =β 0/41, p˂ 0/05), and subjective vitality ( =β 0/29, p˂ 0/01). The indirect effect of emotional intelligence on students' subjective vitality was also statistically significant through mediation of selfcompassion ( =β 0/21, p˂ 0/01). Thus, it can be said that emotional intelligence can affect students' subjective vitality both directly and indirectly through mediation of self-compassion. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that promoting emotional intelligence can enhance students' self-compassion and as a result, provided their subjective vitality.

Background: Philosophy programs can improve a broad range of students’ individual and social competencies. Aims: The current research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of philosophy for children program on academic incivility and academic engagement of sixth-graders in elementary schools in Borujen, a city in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran. Method: A pre-test/post-test control group design was performed in this quasi-experimental study. The population consisted of all male sixth-graders in elementary schools in Borujen city, of whom 40 subjects were selected through a random cluster sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The participants were then given the intervention program of philosophy for children (Cam, 2001) for ten 60-minute sessions. The research tools included Clark et al (2015) the academic incivility questionnaire and the Reeve academic engagement questionnaire (2013). Data analysis was performed using a multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: It was observed that the philosophy for children program significantly decreased academic incivility and increased academic engagement of the sixth graders (p< 0/001). Conclusions: Such finding suggest that implication of philosophy for children program in educational settings can positively influence the academic engagement and academic incivility.

Background: Numerous studies have examined the causes of marital relationship quality. However, research on the development of structural model for predicting marital satisfaction based on personality factors and Glasser's needs regulation strategies has been neglected through the mediation of self-acceptance in couples. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of self-acceptance in relation personality factors and Glasser's needs regulation with marital satisfaction. Method: The sample consisted of 615 available couples who were randomly selected by cluster sampling in different urban areas. statistical population were available couples from 20 to 50 years old in Isfahan. Collected data associated with the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)(Costa and McCrae, 1992), Glasser's Needs Questionnaire (Sahebi, 1380), Self Acceptance Questionnaire (Chamberlain and Haaga, 2001). ) and the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) (Fletcher, Simpson and Thomas, 2000) were used and data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test and structural equation analysis using SPSS software version 25 and Amos 24. Results: Pearson correlation results showed structural equation model of marital relationship quality based on personality factors, Glasser's basic needs and self-acceptance had acceptable goodness of parameters. According to results regression analysis showed that all variables had the power to predict the quality of the marital relationship. Conclusions: Regarding these results, it can be said that changes in the predictive variables in this research are associated with changes in the quality of marital relationship. Findings indicated that self-acceptance plays a significant mediating role in the effects of personality factors and Glasser's needs on marital satisfaction.