Veterinary Research & Biological Products
Year:2020 | Volume:32 | Issue:4 (125)|Papers Count:14

Thymol, carvacrol, cineole, alpha-pinene, menthol, and menthone are among the most common and effective phenols and terpenes which are widely used in the livestock and poultry industry. These compounds are found in the essential oils of the plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, especially thyme, mint, and rosemary. These compounds possess synergistic effects and appeared to be potent as an anti-oxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and immunomodulatory agents. These bioactive compounds increase the digestive tract enzymes secretion and thereby improve digestion, activate variety of intestinal nutrient transport, inhibit oxidation processes, inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and parasites in the digestive system, modulate the intestinal microbial population, and improve the immune system function in the livestock and poultry. These physiological mechanisms have led to the improvement of digestive function, growth performance, weight gain and feed conversion ratio, increased production, reduced mortality, improved production quality (taste, color, texture, shelf-life, biological value) and improved environmental conditions (reducing unpleasant smells and toxic gases) in the poultry and livestock. With regard to the mentioned beneficial impact of plant bioactive compounds in production and health of poultry and livestock animals, it is necessary to use these valuable resources to improve the production efficiency and reduce the use of chemical drugs in the livestock and poultry husbandry.

The technology of transgenic animals' production is one of the areas of research in the biotechnology branch, which has a very fast growth rate in the last decade. To current knowledge, several methods have been developed for the production of transgenic animals such as microinjection of the desired genetic structure into the male pre-core in Zygote, gene transfer using embryonic stem cells transmission to the embryos during the blastocyst stage, gene transfer by sperm and using the new and workable CRISPER/Cas9 method. The key to success in the production of transgenic animals is the optimization of gene transfer method and the exact expression of the transmitted gene. A number of new technologies have been presented in the field of gene transfer in recent decades, which have reduced both research and production costs and improved the speed and delicacy of transmission processes. In the present review the most common methods in the production of transgenes would be discussed.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute viral respiratory tract of chickens with worldwide outbreak, and its virus latency, presence of carrier chickens, and long-term virus separation have been increased the difficulty of ILT control. Because of considerable economic losses associated with ILT, vaccination of susceptible pullets with attenuated viruses is recommended in endemic areas. The aim of the present study was to compare the immunization of ILT vaccine produced by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in White Bovans and HyLine W36 pullets. Seventy thousand pullets of each laying line were allotted into two different farms and were vaccinated with Razi ILT vaccine through eye drop method at eight week of age. In order to determine sera antibody titers against ILT virus by ELISA and serum virus neutralization tests, blood samples were randomly collected from 20 chickens per group before (d=0), and at 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks post-vaccination. In addition, three weeks following vaccination, 20 birds per group were challenged with a nasal drop of virulent infectious laryngotracheitis (vILT) virus strain to evaluate vaccine effecacy. Results showed that Razi ILT vaccine caused a similar performance regarding serological ELISA antibody titers against ILT and the virus neutralization index in the both strains (P > 0. 05). Trends in ELISA antibody tiers against ILT and the virus neutralization index revealed that these incidies reached to the protective immunity threshold three weeks post-vaccination. Moreover, Razi ILT vaccine was effectively protected 100% and 95% of White Bovans and HyLine W36 pullets against a vILT challenge, respectively. In conclusion, vaccination of White Bovans and HyLine W36 pullets with Razi ILT vaccine produced sufficient sera titers against ILT, resulted in effective immune protection against vILT virus. However, there was no difference between White Bovans and HyLine W36 pullets regarding the evaluated immune insides following vaccination.

Production of viral vaccines and also drugs products which are derive from cells produced in various biological materials, like cell substrates eg: fertile eggs, primary cells, cell lines, raw materials and additives used in culture media which have animal origin and seed virus which is used for culture have a complicated process. The above processes are naturally vulnerable for contamination to adventitious agents. The Nanobacteria like other adventitious agents can cause contamination through primary materials with animal origin for such a product. The aim of this study was to design a program for PCR which is specific for detection of probable presence of Nanobacteria in cells, especially in cell lines and diploids which is used in vaccine production in Razi institute. For this purpose the cells which are used in following departments, research, production and Quality control for biological products were collected and DNA was extracted for PCR expression on 16S rRNA area from Nanobacteria. Bartonella henselae was used as a positive control. As it was expected the results of PCR products after electrophoresis were positive for above organism and at the area of 558 bp replicated which it confirms the correctness of our experiment. The cells from all departments were negative for Nanobacteria, however for not having enough information for spread and risk evaluation of Nanobacteria in cattle population there are a great need for further investigation.

The goal of current study was comparison of two RT-PCR primers in detection of H9N2 influenza viruses. We compare correlation between two methods to determine which method in serial dilution can detect more samples. First, EID50 of an avian influenza virus was calculated by Reed-Muench method. The titer of virus was 10 EID50/ml. Then, we prepare two fold serial dilution of virus. Then, genome was extracted by RNA Pure kit (Cinna-Gene, Iran). Two separate one step RT-PCR methods were used to detection of avian influenza virus (Wu et al. 2008 and Spackman et al. 2002). Target gene of both methods was matrix (M) gene. Product size that produced by both methods were 131 bp and 100 bp respectively. To ensure about specifity of two RT-PCR primers, we used H120 vaccine and B1 vaccine as negative control. Both methods were specific to avian influenza virus and none of them did not produce any amplicons when used other respiratory disease viruses as template. The Wu et al, 2008 primers was able to detect avian influenza virus to 1: 4096 and 168 copy number/ml but, Spackman et al, 2000 primers was only able to detect 1: 2048 and 336 copy number/ml. So, the Wu et al, 2008 primers was more sensitive method in detection of avian influenza viruses.

The bovine tuberculosis is one of the most zoonotic diseases which could be infected domestic and wild animals. The causative agent of this infection is Mycobacterium bovis. The correct diagnosis is very critical for effective control of this infection. The usual diagnosis is made by skin test and gamma interferon assay. But other serological techniques based on ELISA could be noted for development of a rapid and correct method. Here, we use MPT-64 recombinant protein as capture antigens for development of an indirect ELISA. The study population consists of thirty two infected and healthy (control) cattle. The infected animals were confirmed by resident veterinary surgeon according to skin test and clinical examination. The levels of specific antibody against MPT-64 were evaluated by indirect ELISA method. According to our results, the levels of specific antibodies against MPT-64 have great consistency with skin test. So that, all of 9 positive samples have high titer for MPT-64 specific antibody and no false negative results have been reported. This study could proposed that development of ELISA method with recombinant MPT-64 antigen could be considered as a rapid, simple and exact method for detection of BTB infected cattle.

Linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan zoonotic parasite. Infective nymphs of the parasite localize in mesenteric lymph nodes of herbivorous intermediate hosts. Humans can be occasionally infected with both adult and nymphal stages of the parasite. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of linguatulosis in goats slaughtered in Lorestan province and evaluate the pathological lesions caused by L. serrata nymphs in mesenteric lymph nodes. Mesenteric lymph nodes of 240 goats were collected randomly from three different slaughterhouses of Lorestan province during a one-year period. Lymph nodes were examined grossly and submitted for parasitological and pathological studies. Furthermore, an acid-pepsin digestion method was applied for investigation of negative samples. One hundred and twenty-seven out of 240 goats (52. 91 %) were infected with L. serrata nymphs. The frequency of infection increased in summer and was highly significant (P<0. 01), while the intensity of infection was not significantly associated with seasons. Histopathologic examination revealed the nymph of L. serrata, with segmented body and cuticle with transversely striated spines. In most microscopic sections, lymph nodes were depleted from lymphocytes and numerous necrotic areas, edema and hemorrhage, hemosiderin formation and hemosiderophages were significant. High frequency of infection in goats suggests possibility of infection in humans inhabit these regions. Avoiding consumption of raw visceral organs of goats by dogs can help reduce the infection in humans and intermediate hosts.

The parasitic mites of honey bees (Varroa spp., Acarapis spp. ) and obligate intracellular parasite of honey bees (Nosema spp. ) are responsible for heavy losses in honeybee hives, colonies and are major threat to the beekeeping industry. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of parasites of honey bees in ten regions of Ardabil province. A total number of 315 apiaries (62700 hives) were randomly sampled in different seasons from 2014 to 2016 in Ardabil province, Iran. Overall 290 apiaries (92. 06 %) were identifi ed as infested with at least one of the parasites. The prevalence of parasites found were: Nosema cerana (92. 06%), Acarapis woodi (4. 76%), Varroa jakobsoni (19. 68%) and Meloe variegatus (1. 90%). The relationship between parasitic infection and the years was not signifi cant, but the infection of Nosoma cerana in different years was signifi cantly higher than other parasites. The highest prevalence rate of the Nosema cerana was observed in the spring. According to the fi ndings, Nosema ceranae was the only parasite in honeybees with a broad geographical dispersion in Iran. It seems that climate can influence the prevalence of mentioned parasite.

Canine Leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum is a major global zoonosis, potentially fatal to humans and dogs. Blood samples were taken and collected from cephalic or saphenous vein from 85 stray dogs of different ages, breeds, and both genders that were registered in the Karaj municipality's dog camping and 60 stray dogs that were registered in the Kohsar district. After separation of blood sera, anti-Leishmanial antibodies were detected by direct agglutination test (DAT). Out of 85 stray dogs samples from the Karaj municipality's dog camping, 38(44. 7%) were males and 47(55. 3%) were females and out of these, 4(4. 7%) of them were positive for visceral Leishmaniasis that three of them were male and one was female. All of the seropositive dogs were symptomatic. Out of 60 stray dogs samples from the kohsar district, 14(23. 3%) of them were positive for visceral Leishmaniasis that 6(10%) of positine cases were males and 8(13. 3%) were females. Among the seropositive dogs in this regions, 4(6. 6%) cases were asymptomatic and 10(16. 66%) cases were symptomatic. there was not any significant difference between season of sample collection. Visceral Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease; therefore, the need for continuous surveillances on the prevalence of it in our communities is an essential work as a control strategy. There is a need for more additionalserological and molecular studies for exact determination of the presence of these parasites.

Hypodermosis is a parasitic disease in sheep and goats caused by Przhevalskiana ssp. flies. Animal skin, although it does seem to incorporate a small amount of the whole animal's weight, but makes it an high-value leather product give it a special importance. The important losses of this parasite are cut a hole and destruction of the skin tissue, that is one of the significant problems of leather industry. This study was carried out in southern kerman slaughterhouse)jiroft( to determine the amount of infestation in goats slaughtered by larvae of Przhevalskiana ssp. For this purpose, the external surface of the carcass and the internal surface of the shellfish skin were examined. In this survey a total of 2400 goats were examined during the four seasons of the year (600 heads per season). Totally of 201)8. 37%( were contaminated of which 44)1. 83%( were male goats and 157)6. 54 %( of female goats have infected. this difference in the amount of contamination was not significant in surveys. Infection (contamination) was significantly higher in winter than in other seasons.

Today, the use of antibiotics is limited as a growth promoter. Silver has been known for its antimicrobial properties over the past, and it is said to increase its antimicrobial properties by decreasing the particle size to nano scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silver nanoparticles on immune system and blood lipids and microbial population of broiler chickens and compare it with flavomycin. A total 312 day-old broilers (Arbor-Acre Plus) were used in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments diets and 4 replicates per each replicate. The nano-silver solution (2000 ppm) was used in 400 and 800 cc per ton diet or 1000lit water to prepare treatments. Two treatments with and without antibiotic (flavomycin 500g/t) were considered as control groups. Number of monocytes increased significantly in birds received diets or drinking water containing 800 ml silver nanoparticles (p< 0. 05). Different levels of silver nanoparticles in diet or drinking water had not significant effects on concentration of cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) of serum and coliform bacteria in the ileum. But the number of cholestridia in the ileum of birds received 800 ml silver nanoparticles in diet or drinking water increased significantly (p< 0. 05). The results indicate that silver nanoparticles are not suitable for using as feed additives to encourage immune system and control pathogenic bacteria in broilers gut. Further studies are needed.

To evaluate the effect of type (Rice Hull (RH) and Oat Hull (OH)), level (3 and 6 percent) and particle size (0. 5 and 2 mm) of insoluble fiber on performance, production index, protein and energy performance, blood indices, lymphoeid tissue and humoral immunity of chickens, 360 day-old male broilers (Ross 308), were use in a completely randomized design with 9 treatment and 4 replicate with 10 birds each, for 42 days. In the 29-42 days, broilers fed 6 percent with 0. 5 mm RH had higher (P≤ 0. 05) average daily gain, daily feed intake and lower feed: gain than control group. For the 1-42 days, broilers fed OH had best production index (P≤ 0. 05) than broilers fed the control diet. In this experiment, the effect of fiber, level and particle size was not significant effect on energy and protein performance, lymphoeid organ, humoral immunity and blood indices. Therefore, it is concluded that inclusion of 3 percent RH with 0. 5 mm particle size to broiler diets may improve the growth performance and production index.

The rumen has a central role in production efficiency in ruminants. Understanding metabolism process of rumen tissue can improve production efficiency of ruminants. In the present work, the metabolic network in the rumen tissue of cattle was reconstructed using genome information and available knowledge of rumen tissue from BRENDA, KEGG, Uniprot and NCBI. The result of reconstruct network consisted of 410 enzymes, 1429 metabolites as nodes and 1771 reactions they take part as edges. The characteristics of the metabolite-centric network were analyzed using some plugins in Cytoscape software. The top 15 hub metabolites were determined. The result of search in KEGG pathway shown the most of hub metabolites include CoA, Acetyl-CoA, D-fructose-6-phosphate, ubiquinone, succinate, electron-transferring flavoprotein, pyruvate, tetrahydrofolate and 2-oxoglutarate, involved in reactions which participate in metabolic pathway. Also, the genes CPT2, CPT1A, CPT1B, CPT1C (EC 2. 3. 1. 21), ETFDH (EC 2. 3. 1. 41), GPAM, GPAT4, GPAT3, GPAT2 (EC 2. 3. 1. 15) participate in fatty acid metabolism that genes associated with this pathway may be essential to improve meat production efficiency of cattle research. The degree distribution of network follow power-law distribution hence displays a scale-free property. The average path length was 13. 142 and diameter was 38 that shows the network also has small world properties. The present work is the first study to reconstruct rumen tissue network that may provide information to greater understanding on metabolic potential of rumen. Hub metabolites in scale-free networks paly significant role in maintaining topological robustness, for this reason seem to be useful for bovine breeding researches.

In this study, the antibacterial effects of thyme ethanolic extract on the Paenibacillus larvae, the Causative agent of honeybee American Foulbrood Disease were studied and the effect of this extract was studied on the adult bees. First, the leaves of the thyme were extracted using ethanol. Paenibacillus larvae was subjected todifferent dilutions of thymus vulgaris extract by two methods: Agar Diffusion and Broth Dilution. Also, adult honey bees were fed with different dilutions of thyme extract. Different dilutions of thyme extracts inhibited the growth of Paenibacillus larvae in the culture medium, and there was a significant difference between the treatments and control groups (P<0. 005). Also, different dilutions of thyme extract had not any side effects on the treated adult bees, in comparison with control groups. The results of this study showed that alcoholic extract of thymus vulgaris has a high antibacterial effect on Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American Foulbrood disease in the culture medium. On the other hand, this extract is safe for adult honeybees and can be used as a remedy for American Foulbrood disease in the bee colonies.