Veterinary Research & Biological Products
Year:2020 | Volume:33 | Issue:3 (128)|Papers Count:17

Newcastle disease is one of the most important diseases and challenges of the poultry industry in Iran. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs, necropsy, laboratory examination (virus isolation, serological tests and molecular techniques). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic methods and the interpretation of Newcastle disease laboratory tests and Newcastle disease prevalence among referrals laboratories samples. The cross-sectional study was conducted based on expert opinion in 2014. Data were collected by designing a questionnaire based on expert opinion. For qualitative variables, relative frequency and for quantitative variables mean 955 CI was calculated. The Chi square test was used to examine the significance of the studied variables. P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. In 80% of cases, the diagnostic criteria are a serological test within two weeks interval. Only 23% of the laboratories use molecular techniques. 87% of cases prefer HI test to ELISA. In 58. 6% of laboratories, they use 4 HA unit antigen for HI. Most experts consider titer 6 and above for broilers, 8 and above for Layers and 9 and above for Breeders as suspect titer. In 2013, 44% of referral cases for multi-casal respiratory disease were Newcastle, and 40% of referral cases for Newcastle, was Newcastle disease. In cases that there is no enough data from the field, experts opinion provide valuable data for the initial assessment of the disease status, diagnostic procedures, risk assessment.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium Hirtifolium compare to for flavophospholipol antibiotic on growth performance, blood parameters, microbial population and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens (Ross 308). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 10 chickens in each replication (200 chicks). The experimental treatments were included: basal diet with no additives, and the basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg flavophospholipol or Allium hirtifolium extract at different levels (150, 300, 450 mg/kg). In the age of 25-42, using 450 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium significantly improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio compared to the control and antibiotic groups (P<0. 05). Blood parameters were not affected significantly by the dietary treatments. The colony count of lactobacillus bacteria in the ileum of chickens fed with 450 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium were significantly higher than antibiotic group (P<0. 05). The length of the villus in the birds fed with 450 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium was higher than the control group. In conclusion, using 450 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium can improve performance parameters, count of benefit microbial bacteria, and intestinal morphology of broilers. In addition, hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium (at 450 mg/kg) can be used as a good replacement for antibiotics.

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive bacterium divided into five major A, E, and iota toxins based on the four main toxins. Epsilon toxin is a potent clostridial toxin and a major toxin of Clostridium Perfringens B and D types, and is the cause of gangrene gas in humans and enterotoxemia in human. For safety assessment of the vaccine, which is important for prevention of this disease, has been proposed SN (Serum neutralization test) method in the pharmacopoeia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ELISA as an alternative method for measuring of epsilon antitoxin. First, vaccine potency test was performed using conventional method and the sera obtained were measured using both conventional and ELISA methods. The negative control cut-off was calculated 0. 42 and cross-examination was shown that epsilon toxin had no cross reaction with other toxins of Clostridium spp. The results of this study showed that there is a significant agreement between two tests for serum samples of vaccinated rabbits by polyvalent vaccine. Linear regression analysis gave correlation coefficients of 0. 697 for the indirect ELISA, with a significance level of P<0. 01. Finally, ELISA test could be used as an alternative MNT test which used for detection antibody in laboratory animals. However, further research in this field is needed for target animals.

The prevention the using of unauthorized tissues (such as skin, bone, cartilage, soya, etc. ) in the production of meat products in recent years has been very much considered. This is done to identify offending production units and increase consumer confidence in meat products. Histological method should be used to control the ingredients of meat products, along with chemical tests. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of histological experiments to reduce the violations of the use of unauthorized tissues in meat products (Sausages, Kielbasa, burgers, Kabab Loghmeh and nuggets). For this purpose, in the period of three years, from the second half of 2014 to the end of the first half of 2017, samples were sent to three laboratories for the detection of unauthorized tissues in the provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Esfahan were evaluated and recorded. The final results of the data recording after the end of the three-year period were evaluated by statistical software and the results were presented in the chart and picture. The results showed a significant decrease in the use of unauthorized tissues during the course of the study. By presenting the results of this research, we can be stated that histological examination as a diagnostic test has been able to play a role in preventing the use of unauthorized tissues in meat products.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Mycotoxin Binder Toxeat® in reducing the negative effects of aflatoxin on the expression of INFγ and INFα genes and serum levels of IL2 and IL6 in broiler chicks. 300 oneday-old (Cobb 500) broiler chicks were used. They were randomly assigned to six treatments, 5 replicates and 10 birds in each unit. Experimental treatments included: Base diet (T1), Base diet+1 mg/kg of aflatoxin (T2), T2+1 g/kg Toxeat® (T3), T2+2 g/kg Toxeat® (T4), T2+3 g/kg Toxeat® (T5), T2+1 g/kg Toxeat® without inorganic section (sodium-calcium hydrated aluminosilicate hydrate) (T6). On day 42 livers were collected (3 per treatment) to evaluate changes in the expression of INFγ and INFα genes after reverse transcription of RNA extracted from liver tissue were taken. The results of this study showed that the expression of INFγ and INFα genes were different in all experimental treatments, so that the expression of INFγ gene increased significantly in treatment 3 compared to other treatments (P <0. 05). Also, expression of INFα gene in Myxotoxin Binder Toxeat® receiving treatments increased significantly compared with the control group (P <0. 05). In the study of IL6 serum concentration showed a significant difference between treatments (P <0. 05) but there was no significant difference in IL2 serum concentration between treatments (P> 0. 05). Generally, the results of the study showed that diet supplements with Mycotoxin Binder Toxeat® could be effective in controlling the undesirable effects of Aflatoxin, it has an effect on gene expression and production and secretion of cytokines resulting in a reduction in the mortality of broiler chicks by improving the immune response.

The aim of animal breeding is the genetic improvement of traits that have a significant effect on the profitability of livestock units. One of these productive traits is milk production, in which milk and its products are sources of protein and calcium in human nutrition. An appropriate solution for improving these traits is the identification of micro-RNAs that affect milk production and its compounds. Micro RNA is a single stranded and short-chain RNA that has a length of about 22 nucleotides and is present in all cells and body fluids such as blood and milk. In this study, a micro RNA expression profile from the ArrayExpress database was used to study the effect of micro-RNA on the production of milk by samples of bovine mammary tissue. microRNA expression analysis was performed with GEO2R software and then using the miRwalk and targetscan softwares, the target genes for microRNA was detected. After identifying target genes, DAVID software was used to perform ontology analysis and identify the metabolic pathways associated with target genes. Finally, Cytoscape software was used for construction and analysis of the network. In this study, 23 microRNAs with high and low expression were identified whiche were expression regulators of 936 genes. The most important found pathways affecting milk production were TGFβ , WNT, MAPK, mTOR, PI3k-Akt, insulin, and prolactin pathways. Therefore, the results of this study can provide additional information for understanding the relationship between the effective genes and their biological functions in the milk production process.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of regolin with different flushing diets on reproductive performance of the Baluchi ewes in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments of 8 treatments. The experimental treatments consisted of: 1-group (non-vegetable diet and flushing), group 2 (regolin level 1 + flushing diet containing 4% fish oil), group 3 (level 2 regolin + flashing diet containing 4% soybean oil) ), Group 4 (level 1 regolin + Flushing diet containing 4% soybean oil), group 5 (level 2 regolin + Flushing diet containing 4% fish oil). The duration of the flushing ration was considered to be 25 days (10 days before rape and 15 days after rape). In the interval between 70 and 90 days after birth, once the euthanasia was observed, the ewes, the snoring were carried out. An ultrasonographic study was conducted to determine the number of graph follicles and to diagnose pregnancy 34 days after rash. After birth, reproductive parameters such as breeding rates (lambs born to ewes fed) and twin breeding (the number of double-breeding ewes to the ewes) and stillbirth (dead lambs born to the ewes of childbirth) Calculated). The results of oocyte rate, conception rate, mortality rate and lactation rate were significantly different (P<0. 05). The highest oocyte rate (100%), Pregnancy rate (100%) and rate Lambsley (125%) and the lowest immobilization rate (%) were related to the group that had two levels of melatonin and Flushing diet containing 4% soy oil and had a significant difference with the control group (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference between furrowing distance and estrus between treatments. The results of mean number of graph follicles in ovaries in the time of oestrus and the number of corpus luteum 10 days after rabies showed that the use of melatonin outside the reproductive season increased the number of graph follicles during estrus, and with the group Control (no melatonin) had a significant difference (P<0. 05).

The aim of this study was improvement of ram frozen semen efficiency using addition of glutathione antioxidant to freezing medium. In this experiment, semen samples were collected from five Zell rams and add to the extender containing 0, 0. 5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mM glutathione. In sperm quality evaluation, sperm samples were evaluated and motion parameters, membrane integrity, morphology, acrosome integrity, mitochondria activity, viability and lipid peroxidation were assessed. The results showed using 4 mM glutathione resulted in improving of sperm total and progressive motility, membrane integrity, mitochondria activity, acrosome integrity, and viability as well as reduction of apoptosis rate and lipid peroxidation. Using the treatment of 8 mM glutathione caused to reduction of sperm quality after thawing and the antioxidantd did not have any effect on sperm morphology. In conclusion, using 4 mM glutathione in freezing extender could be a suitable method to improve ram sperm reproductive performance after freeze-thaw process.

Small ruminants are one of the main sources of income for rural farmers. Nutrition is one of the most important factors affecting income sustainability in this industry. This study was designed to investigate the effects of different level of Bio-Rumina as a probiotic supplement on performance, growth and blood metabolites of Farahani lambs. Lambs were divided into three groups including: Group 1: control (no supplementation ), treatment 1: one gram of Bio-Rumina supplementation (low level), treatment 2: two gram of Bio-Rumina supplementation (high level). The results of this study showed that high level of Bio-Rumina supplementation had negative effects on serum concentration of liver enzymes (alkaline phosphatase) and glucose. These effects were similar to Hormesis (biphasic) effects which lambs receiving Bio-Rumina in high level had lower average daily gain, final body weight and feed efficiency compared with other groups. However, low level of Bio-Rumina supplementation had positive effects on the final body weight of the lambs. In general, Bio-Rumina supplementation in low level could improve performance and final body weight in Farahani lambs.

Our objective was to determine the changes in expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in adipose tissue at 20 and 42 d in milk (DIM) in Holstein cows. Cows (n= 16) were randomly selected and fed the same total mixed ration (TMR) from calving date to 50 DIM. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) biopsies were collected from the tail-head region at 20 and 42 d relative to calving (d 0) as previously described by Sumner and McNamara (2007). The samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then transferred to a − 80 ° C freezer until analysis. Real-time PCR was conducted in an ABI Prism 7300 instrument (Rotor gene 3000, Corbett Life Science, Concorde, NSW, Australia) and used to measure gene expression related to beta-oxidation (ACOX1= acylcoenzyme A oxidase, CPT1A= carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A), lipogenesis (SREBP1C= sterol regulatory element binding protein, LPL = lipoprotein lipase) and, lipolysis (ATGL= adipose triglyceride lipase, LIPE = hormone-sensitive lipase) by Real-time PCR. Results showed that genes that have role in the control offatty acid oxidation (CPT1A, ACOX1) were affected by time and enhances with increasing days in milk (P< 0. 05). Among those genes significantly increasing in expression were those controlling lipolysis, including ATGL (52%) and LIPE (23%). Genes coding for enzymes controlling lipogenesis significantly decreased, including SREBP1C (− 25%) and LPL (− 48. 4%). Lipid metabolism biomarkers in adipose tissue of Holstein cows affected by different time postpartum.

Oral and dental disorders are one of the most prevalent diseases in small animal practice. Despite considerable importance of malocclusions, information on frequency of these diseases in populations of pet dogs, especially in Iran, is scarce. The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of malocclusion in dogs referred to the veterinary hospital of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. A total of 111 dogs including 58 males and 53 females, aged 6 months to 13 years old of different breeds were analyzed. The oral cavity was examined and malocclusion, type of head, age, sex and breed were recorded. Malocclusion was diagnosed in 29 out of 111 (26. 1%) dogs. The most frequent malocclusion was anterior crossbite, followed by mandibular prognathism. Although no statistically significant differences were observed between age, sex and breed factors, the mean percentage of malocclusion was greater in males compared to females. Small breeds also showed higher prevalence of malocclusion. Our findings emphasize the necessity of dental hygiene, proper dental care and continuous periodical survey for dogs. Considering the hereditary nature of malocclusion, dog breeders should exclude the affected dogs from further breeding.

Imbalance of body fluids can cause numerous problems and diseases including ascites in poultry. Therefore, identifying the mechanisms involved in controlling water intake can help to better understand the pathophysiology of related diseases. NPY is one of the neuropeptides involved in central control of water intake. When deprived of water, the mRNA synthesis of this neuropeptide increases in the hypothalamus. So, this study examines the role of NPY1 and NPY2 receptors in central control of water intake. Two series of experiments were conducted in this study. In the first and second experiments, male broiler chickens respectively received 10 μ l of Evans Blue, 20 μ g, 10 μ g, 5 μ g and 2. 5 μ g of B5063 and SF22 (receptors antagonists NPY) by ICV injection. Then cumulative water intake was measured at 90 and 180 minutes after injection. The results showed that ICV injection of B5063 (20, 10, 5 and 2. 5 μ g) resulted in reduction in water intake compared with the control group (P<0. 05), while none of the SF22 doses had an effect on cumulative water intake compared to the control group (P>0. 05). The results of these experiments showed that the effect of NPY on water intake may be conducted through NPY1 receptor.

Biological pesticides are natural, more environmental friendly, potentially less expensive, and more effective than chemical pesticides, as problems with resistance are less likely to occur. Among biocontrol agents entomopathogenic fungi received major attention in recent years. Several of these fungi cause mortality in the arthropod vectors transmitting diseases between human and animals. One of the most pathogenic fungal species examined for pathogenicity against pests was found to be Metarhizium anisopliae. M. anisopliae is one of major fungal pathogens of insects and its conidial viability may be affected by environmental factors. In this study we examined the effects of three plant extracts Consolida orientalis, Matricaria chamomilla and Adonis vernalis on growth and sporulation of the fungus M. anisopliae in laboratory condition. The extract concentration which was used in herbal formulation consists of 0. 1%, 10% and 20% of C. orientalis, 0. 2%, 0. 5% and 2% of M. chamomilla and 1%, 10% and 20% of A. vernalis. The results showed that significant effect of extracts of 1% and 0. 2% of A. vernalis and M. chamomilla on mycelium growth and sporulation of the fungus M. anisopliae respectively. Given the impact of these extracts in eliminating parasitic arthropods, it is possible to combine these extracts and metarazium mushrooms in the biological control of parasite arthropods.

Recently, herbal supplements have replaced the synthetic ones, due to several advantages. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dried powders of aerial parts of Mentha pulegium L and Zataria multiflora on hematological parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers and antibody titter resulted from Newcastle and Gumboro vaccines. One hundred and twenty 1-day ROSS (308) chickens with 4 treatments and 3 replicates containing 20 birds in each were kept for 42 days. The treatments were: 1) Control (basal diet); 2) Pennyroyal (200 mg/kg Pennyroyal + basal diet); 3) Thyme (200 mg/kg thyme + basal diet), 4) the combination (200 mg/kg+200 mg/kg of both herbal supplements + basal diet). The following hematological parameters were measured in the serum samples using standard assay kits: total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, urea, triglyceride, cholesterol, high, low and very low density lipoprotein. The activities of 3 key antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase as well as malondialdehyde content and total antioxidant capacity were measured as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Vaccination was done based on the regional standards and primary and secondary antibody titters were measured against Newcastle and Gumboro using HI and ELISA methods, respectively, 10 days after the last vaccination. The obtained results showed that the essential oils of the plants contain numerous active biocompounds and herbal supplements could alter biochemical parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers. Generally, the activities of superoxide dismutase was increased but catalase was decreased. Moreover, the activity of glutathione peroxidase remained constant. In addition, malondialdehyde content was declined but total antioxidant capacity was elevated. Furthermore, the secondary titers of the antibodies were significantly increased. The results of this study showed that supplementation with pennyroyal and dill dried powders can improve hematological parameters, enhance the antioxidant potency and immune system of broiler chickens. However, apparently the combination of the both plants has synergistic effects.

One of the most important environmental problems of Miankaleh wetland in recent years was high mortality of wild waterbirds occurrence in 2020. The present study was conducted to perform a comprehensive monitoring of this event and accurate diagnosis of the cause of death, due to the environmental significance of wild waterbirds mortality, through standard passive Surveillance methods and clinical, autopsy and laboratory studies. The estimated death of birds was 38587, during 50 days. The highest losses were related to Common Coot (about 85%) and flamingos (6%). 198 birds were sampled from different species of birds in two areas (Behshahr and Galuogah). Tissue samples included samples of pharyngeal and tracheal swabs, cloaca, whole blood and blood serum of live birds, and brain, tracheal, lung, gizzard and anterior gastric tissues, intestines and its contents, liver, spleen, pancreas and Chest muscle of dead birds. Tests performed on the samples included: influenza serotypes, Newcastle disease, avian Cholera, pasteurella, duck viral enteritis, duck viral hepatitis, differential diagnosis between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, presence of mercury, Arsenic and the remnants of pesticides in tissues and samples, cyanide in water. All tests were negative, except for botulin toxin. According to the results, Clostridium botulinum poisoning is cause of high casualties of waterfowl in Miankaleh Wetland. Laboratory results were shown that the physicochemical properties of alluvium and water create favorable conditions for the production of biotoxins and if it will be not managed, they may recur in the coming years.

Aflatoxins are chemical toxic metabolites which are produced by Aspergillus species. This study was designed to investigate the aflatoxines cytotoxicity effects on mice T lymphocyte. In this work, four different standard and feed derived strains of A. parasiticus and A. flavus were selected. The levels of G1 and B1 aflatoxins were determined by TLC and HPLC methods. For evaluation of cytotoxity effect, the different concentration of aflatoxins were mixed by mice T cell line (EL4) on different time and the percentage of cell death were been evaluated by MTT assay and flowcytometry (FCM) method. Among different strains, the standard A. parasiticus and feed derived A. flavus have highest levels of G1 and B1. The most cytotoxity effect were seen on 1/10 concentration of A. parasiticus extracted aflatoxins. These results shown feed derived Aspergillus could produce G1 and B1 aflatoxins which have considerable cytotoxicity effect on mice T lymphocytes.

Osteology is one of the most important parts of anatomical studies, so that we can find useful information about animal's biological properties by examining their skeletons. The aim of this research was to study morphometric characteristics of skeleton of wing and pelvic limb of male and female Eurasian Teal (Anas crecca). Six pieces of wings, os coxae and pelvic limbs of males and females Eurasian Teal were X-rayed and cleaned. First the morphological characteristics of the bones and then the morphometric characteristics such as length, curvature index, weight of wings and pelvic limb and their ratio to total body weight were evaluated. The results were analyzed by SPSS software and independent samples T-Test (P < 0. 05). the anatomical features of skeleton of wing of Eurasian Teal was similar to the other ducks (Anatidae), but in the pelvic girdle, the size of the pre-acetabular and post-acetabular parts of the ileum was approximately equal, in addition there weren't any significant change in width of the pubis after passing the caudal border of ischium. Unlike most members of the duck family that the shortness of femur is compensated by doubling the length of the leg, in Eurasian Teal the leg was only 1. 5 times more elongated than the femur. The length of fibula was 3/5 of the tibiotarsal bone, and the number of longitudinal ridges on the tarsometatarsal bone was 3. Moreover, there was no significant difference in morphometric characteristics of wings and pelvic limbs in male and female birds.