JOURNAL OF PLANT PROCESS AND FUNCTION
Year:2019 | Volume:7 | Issue:27|Papers Count:21

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) as stress proteins have vital roles in plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. These proteins expressed in almost all kinds of stresses and are well known to be contribute in protection of cells. Among them the HSP90, HSP70 and smHSPs have significant roles in cell. In this study, the gene fragments of smHSP, HSP70 and HSP90 from Capparis spinosa L. plant were cloned into the tobacco rattle virus vector, pTRV2 to heterologously suppress the corresponding endogenes of N. benthamiana. Silenced plants were exposed to salt stress (100 mM NaCl) for 3 weeks and Chl a fluorescence induction kinetics was analyzed. Compare to smHSP and HSP90, silencing of HSP70 was found to have stronger negative effect especially after salinity on some parameters related to the donor site of electron in PSII [Fv/Fo] and, the parameters dependent on the acceptor site of the electron such as φ Eo, φ Ro, ψ o and ψ o/(1-ψ o. ) It was also represented that simultaneous silencing of the HSP70 gene and salinity treatment resulted in a significant decrease of Sm/t Fm and the Performance Index (PIABS) and an increase of dissipation per active reaction center (DIo/RC). So these results reflecting among the HSPs tested in the present study, HSP70 silencing cause severe injuries in reaction centers of PSII especially after salt stress.

In order creation tolerant stimulate signal to drought stress in Peppermint, experimental for factorial in a randomized completely design by three repeat in was conducted researcher greenhouse Faculty Agriculture University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2015. Treatments include drought stress in three level (85, 55 and 35 percentage of field capacity) and spraying H2O2 in four level (0, 2. 5, 5 and 7. 5 mM) and characteristics including photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total and b/a), pigments auxiliary (carotenoids, anthocyanin, flavonoids and phenolic compounds) and pigments fluorescence index (Fv/F0, Fv/Fm, F′ v/F′ m, qP, qNP and ˚ PSII), SPAD and dry weight plant. The result showed, main effect drought stress and H2O2 had effected significant in examined characteristics. Stress cause reduce photosynthetic pigments, pigments auxiliary (except carotenoids), increased fluorescence index (except Fv/F0 and qP) and decrease dry weight plant (25%). Generally can say stress because reduce plant photosynthetic capacity and reduce production biomass, spraying concentrations of moderate H2O2 also can be used as a signal to improve photosynthetic systems operate.

Recent studies showed that salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) functions as an essential endogenous plant signal molecule. In this study, the regulatory role of NO and SA during the flower senescence of Polianthes tuberosa L. was surveyed. Exogenous application of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and SA could delay flower senescence processes. The flowers were cut and kept in a vase solution of 150 mg/L salicylic acid or 10 mM SNP to examine SA effects on flower development and senescence, increase/decrease of carotenoids, solute carbohydrates, proteins amounts, peroxidation of lipids and activity of an antioxidant enzyme. All of these attributes were positively affected by SA and SNP treatments. The vase solutions containing SA showed a significant decrease in solute carbohydrates (21%) and significant increase in CAT (9%) and APX (39%) activity. Generally, lipids peroxidation activity in flowers increased during the flower senescence with the lowest activity at petal SA treatments. However, SNP retarded the decrease of lipids peroxidation activity during senescence both in flowers compared to the water control. Postharvest SA and SNP application prolonged vase-life in cut Polianthes flowers by improving the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity related to CAT and ASX activity and by better regulation of solute carbohydrates and total proteins disintegration.

Silicon is not an essential element for plant and commonly recognized as "quasi-essential" elements, however its beneficial effect on the plants growth has been well known. In present study the effects of 0, 0. 2, 1, 2, 4 and 6 mM of Si on the 5-weeks old maize plant under hydroponic condition were investigated and the data was analyzed by heatmaps. The results showed that the application of Si 1 and 2 mM increased the growth rate and pigments content of plant. Increases of pigments contents of plant by Si may be contributed to the improving of plants growth rate. Application of moderate concentrations of Si also increased the antioxidant enzymes activity (CAT, SOD and APX) of plants, but decreased its proline content. A positive correlation was observed between K content of plant and its biomass, and therefore Si probably improved the growth rate of maize by increasing of the potassium absorption. Silicon also may regulate the iron absorption by plant.

Salinity is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth in natural ecosystems. Glycyrrhiza glabra is an important Fabaceae (perennial plant) that its root and rhizome extracts are used in food, health, medical and pharmaceutical industries. To assess the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salinity on licorice, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. Accordingly, plants were exposed to the concentrations of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for five weeks, 24 h after foliar application of 0, 50 and 100 µ M MeJA. In our experimental condition, a significant decrease in shoot dry weight, shoot and root fresh weights, plant height, leaf relative water content (RWC), Ca concentration of shoot and root and root Mg concentration were observed at 300 mM NaCl, while total chlorophyll, chl a and chl b concentrations and carotenoids were not affected significantly by salinity. Also, NaCl at 300 mM caused a significant increase in proline and total soluble sugar contents, Na+/K+ ratio and dry weight of roots. Results showed that exogenous application of MeJA at 50 µ M level improved plant tolerance to salinity up to 200 mM NaCl and increased growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugar and proline content of shoot and root in comparison with control. Moreover, the application of MeJA caused a significant increase in Mg concentration of the shoot and root of control plants.

This greenhouse experiment, consisted of a completely randomized factorial design, was conducted to investigate the changes in antioxidant enzyme activities of lettuce plants cv. Syahoo inoculated with Piriformospora indica fungus under different levels of zinc (0, 2. 5, 5 and 10 mg l-1) in the research laboratory of Maragheh university in spring 2016. Fungal treatment was added at two leaf stage of seedling on the lettuce roots in the sandy substrate. The plant samples, at 35 days after sowing, were measured for dry and fresh weights of shoot, total soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), and catalase (CAT). The results revealed that the effect of P. indica and zinc application on dry and fresh weights of shoot, total soluble protein and activity of SOD were significant at P≤ 0. 01. The main effect of zinc on MDA concentration, activity of GPOX and CAT was significant at P≤ 0. 01. Highest amount of dry and fresh weights and total soluble protein, and maximum activity of SOD were obtained in presence of P. indica under 10 mg L-1 Zn. Maximum activity of CAT, GPOX, and MDA concentration were observed in treatments without zinc application. Results from our research showed that inoculation by P. indica and zinc application (especially at 10 mg L-1) have an important role in enhancing the growth parameters and modulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes in lettuce.

A major concern on the application of sewage sludge in agricultural lands is relatively high cadmium (Cd) concentrations in these wastes which might be toxic to the plant and causes oxidative damage. Much higher Zn concentration in sewage sludge in comparison with cadmium may affect oxidative damage induced by cadmium. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of various concentrations of zinc (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mg kg-1 soil) on oxidative damage caused by sewage sludge containing different levels of cadmium (0. 75, 1. 5 and 3 mg kg-1 of soil) on lettuce. The results showed that increasing the concentration of cadmium, in addition to increasing malondialdehyde concentration (MDA), generally increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX). Declining malondialdehyde concentration by increasing zinc concentration in sewage sludge indicates the role of this element in reducing oxidative damage caused by cadmium toxicity in the plant. Generally, by increasing zinc concentration in the sewage, the activity of SOD, CAT, APX and POX decreased. According to the results, it seems that lower activity of antioxidant enzymes the plant treated with high Zn sewage sludge is at least in part due to reduction of oxidative damage caused by cadmium in the plant.

In order to evaluate of the photosynthetic traits of lentil cultivars under water deficit conditions an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications in pot cultivation with four cultivars including Gachsaran, Kimia, Ziba, Robat and four stress levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity. Results showed that in all three phenological stages increasing water stress levels (25 and 50% of field capacity) leads to a significant decrease in lentil cultivars in terms of chlorophyll content, CO2 interacellular, net-photosynthesis, Fv/Fm and transpiration rate. Under 75 and 100% of field capacity, Robat and Gachsaran cultivars in all phenological stages had the highest photosynthetic traits. Under conditions of 25 and 50% of field capacity, Robat cultivar in comparison with Kimia and Ziba had a significant increase in photosynthetic traits, especially in seedling and flowering stages but at podding stage, there was no significant difference between cultivars for most traits. In physiological traits, it was observed that Robat and Gachsaran cultivars in all water stress levels had a significant increase in the relative water content (RWC), membrane stabaility index (MSI), consenteration of Ca, K in root and leaf. Under all stress levels, Kimia cultivar had the lowest chlorophyll content, CO2 interacellular, net-photosynthesis, Fv/Fm, transpiration rate, RWC, MSI, consenteration of Ca, K in root and leaf but there was no significant difference with the Ziba cultivar. According to the physiological and photosynthesis characteristics of pot cultivation, the results of this study showed that Robat and Gachsaran cultivars compared with the Kimai and Ziba cultivars are more tolerant to water deficit condition.

Priming is one of techniques to improve the physiological and biochemical efficiency that can enhance seed germination under stressful conditions such as salinity. Therefore, for seeds produced in the years of 2012, 2013 and 2014, three separate experiments were conducted based on completely randomized design with two factors of seed priming and salinity stress. first factor was priming treatments in 4 levels involving priming in Ascorbic acid 200 mg. l-1 at 20° C for 24h; in NaH2Po4 1% at 20° C for 24h; in NaH2Po4 1% at 4° C for 24h; for 2012 and 2013 seeds and priming in GA3 100 mg. l-1 at20° C for 12h, in GA3 100 mg. l-1 at 20° C for 24h, in GA3 200 mg. l-1 at 20° C for 24h for of 2014 seeds, non-primed seeds of each three years used as priming control. The second factor was salinity stress imposed by sodium chloride (NaCl) at four osmotic potentials of 0,-3,-6 and-9 bar. The results showed that with increasing stress levels, seed germination characteristics, soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT, POX and APX decreased in all seeds produced in different years, but priming treatments in all levels effectively improved them. In 2012 and 2013 seeds, priming with NaH2Po4 1%-20° C-24h and in 2014 seeds, GA3100 mg. l-1-20° C-24h had greater germination indices and antioxidant activities. The overall results of this study showing that priming increase germination of cumin under salinity by improving seed quality and anioxidant enzymes activity.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) belongs to Lamiaceae and is relatively sensitive to salinity. Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting crop production. This study was conducted in a three-replicate completely randomized factorial design to comparative investigate the effects of different concentration of silicon (SiO4-2) application [control (without Si), 1 and 2 mM] and ascorbic acid [control (0), 25 and 50 mM] on membrane stability index (MSI), lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide production (H2O2) and the antoxidant capacity (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, proline and soluble sugars content) of Basil under three levels of salinity (0, 100 and 200 mM). Although proline and soluble carbohydrates content of Basil were increased by external silicon treatment under salinity, application of ascorbic acid could play an important role in reducing the lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content in the situation of salinity stress. The results showed that the activities of all examined enzymes increased at high level of salinity, but the use of silicon and ascorbic acid lead to a further and significant increases of enzyme activities in leaves. Based on the results of this survey, ascorbic acid and silicon consumption as external treatments could boost the immune system of Basil and would be good candidates to reduce the detrimental effects of salinity on the survival and growth of the plant.

In order to investigating the effects of composts containing the natural zeolite-and the Mg-modified zeolites-(CNZ and CMZ, respectively) on some morphological and physiological traits, greenhouse experiments as a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications were performed. The results showed that the using compost especially containing Mg-modified zeolites increased plant diameter, plant height, root volume, root dry weight; stem dry weight, leaf dry weight in comparison to the compost free zeolite. With using CMZ amended soils, shoot dry weight increased 11. 8% in comparison to the CNZ amended soils. The amount of nitrogen from CNZ-and CMZ-amended soils was approximately 34. 68% and 54. 47% higher, respectively than that of the free zeolite compost. Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, total Chlorophyll and Carotenoids in CNZ-amended soil increased by 29. 22, 44. 29, 32. 14 and 19. 77% respectively, in comparison to the free zeolite compost. While in CMZ, they increased by 34. 88, 76. 45, 42. 94 and 29. 58%, respectively. Chlorophyll a, b and total Chlorophyll of leaves increases as the N supply increases. Correlation between nitrogen and chlorophyll content was about 80%. Overall, the use of MSW compost containing modified zeolite would be an efficient method to improve some morphological and physiological traits of corn plant.

In order to study the effects of hormone and hydroprimng on seed germination, growth and antioxidant enzymes activity of borage seedling, an experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2015. The Experimental treatments were seed priming with gibberellin (50, 100, 150 ppm for 12, 24, 48 hours) and salicylic acid (2, 3, 4 mM for 24, 48, 60 hours) hormones, hydropriming (12, 24, 48 hours) and control. The results showed that the percentage and rate of germination, seedling dry weight, vigor index and peroxidase and catalase enzymes activity of seedling from primed seeds were higher than those of control seeds. The highest germination rate was obtained with hydroprming for 48 hours and 4 mM concentration of salicylic acid for 60 hours, which was significantly higher than that of control seeds and other primed seeds. Vigor index and dry weight of seedling from hydroprimed seeds for 48 hours were about 6. 8 and 6. 5-fold higher than those of control seeds, respectively. The highest activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were obtained from seeds primed with 150 ppm gibberellin for 48 hour, which was significantly higher than those of other treatments. This treatment caused about 1. 4 and 2-fold increase in activity of these enzymes. In general, application of hydropriming and priming with 150 ppm gibberllin for 48 hours and 4 mM salicylic acid for 60 hours is recommended for obtaining the highest germination and seedling growth.

To evaluate laser irradiation effect on salinity tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) at the germination phase and seedling, a CRD experiment in factorial arrangement experimental type was conducted at Tehran University, college of Abouraihan, in the year 2011. Experimental factors were four barley genotypes (Reihan, Afzal, Fajr30 and Nosrat), two radiation levels (no laser and laser irradiation in 780 nm wavelength for 15 minutes) and five levels of salinity (0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 mM of sodium chloride). In this research, physiological traits (Na+ content, K+ content, K+/Na+ ratio and proline content) and biochemical traits (ATP content and alpha amylase activity) in all genotypes were significantly affected by increasing salinity and laser irradiation (P<0/01). There was a reduction in ATP content and alpha amylase activity and K+/Na+ ratio. However, this reduction for treatment without radiation and salinity level of 160 mM in Afzal, Reihan, Fajr30 for ATP were 28%, 30% and 18% and for K+/Na+ were 80%, 82% and 86%. In this treatment Nosrat genotype was destroyed. The results showed that the laser pre-treatment caused an increase of ATP content and K+/Na+ ratio. In salinity level of 160 mM in Afzal, Reihan and fajr30 the increasing of ATP content were 12. 8%, 6. 9%, 8. 2% and 18% and for K+/Na+ratio were 66. 6%, 47. 8%, 29. 2% and 100%. Overall result showed that Laser irradiation treatment can be effective to increase crop tolerance to salinity.

The influence of endophyte fungus piriformospora indica on characteristics of the growth, water status, photosynthetic pigments concentration, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence of tomato plants under salt stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) was studied in the greenhouse. Under salt stress, mycorrhizal tomato plants had higher dry weight of shoot and root, higher height, higher carotenoid and chlorophyll content, better water status (increased water use efficiency, relative water content and water potential), higher gas exchange capacity (increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, and decreased intercellular CO2 concentration), higher non-photochemistry efficiency [increased non-photochemical quenching values (NPQ)], and higher photochemistry efficiency [increased the maximum quantum yield in the dark-adapted state (Fv/Fm), the maximum quantum yield in the light-adapted sate (Fv′ /Fm′ ), the effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion of PSII (∆ Fchr('39')/Fchr('39')m) and the photochemical quenching values (qP)], compared with non-mycorrhizal tomato plants. All the results indicated that endophyte symbiosis alleviates the deleterious effect of salt stress probably via improving photosynthesis and water status of tomato plants.

In order to study the effect of steroidal progesterone hormone on seedling growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, and also on callus induction from leaf explants of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L. ), an experiment was conducted out based on completely randomized design with three replications using MS medium containing different concentrations of progesterone hormone (0, 0. 01, 0. 1, 1, and 10 mg/l) alone or with in combination of steady concenteration of 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Benzylaminopurine (BAP). The results showed that this hormone at low concentrations (0. 01 mg/l) increased seedling length, seedling and root weight and also increased peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in concentrations of 0. 1, 1 and 10 mg/l and at concentrations of 0. 1 and 1 mg/l increased catalase activity. Although, leaf explants responded to induction of callus after one to two weeks in all media, but its growth were different depending on the presence of phytohormones and concentration of progesterone hormone. The highest callus fresh weight from leaf explants was achieved at 0. 01 mg/l concentration of this hormone when used in combination with NAA and BAP phytohormones. This hormone was capable of callus induction from leaf explants when used in the absence of BAP and NAA phytohormones, but growth rate of callus was far lower than that was used in combination with BAP and NAA in the culture medium. The results of this study show that this hormone can be used in optimizing the in vitro growth conditions of plants.

In order to improve plant growth of Niger )Guizotia abyssinica (L. F) Cass( under drought stress, an experiment was conducted on its seeds as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications at the research greenhouse of Shahrekord University in 2015. The first factor was different magnetic field intensities including: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mT (in 5 minutes period of time) as physically pre-treatment and the second factor was drought stress (2, 4 and 6 day irrigation intervals). The results showed that the effect of the interaction effects of different levels of magnetic field intensity and drought stress were significant on all of the evaluated characteristics. The minimum membrane electrolyte leakage and the maximum ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes activity and relative water content in 200 mT field intensity under 2 days irrigation intervals, the maximum catalase activity in 100 mT field intensity under 4 days irrigation intervals, the maximum leaf dry weight and root volume in 100 mT field intensity under 2 days irrigation intervals and the maximum flower and root dry weight in 150 mT field intensity under 2 days irrigation intervals were observed. The most evaluated traits showed decreasing trend by increasing irrigation intervals in different magnetic field intensities. Generally, 150 and 200 mT fields intensity for 2 days irrigation intervals, 100 and 150 mT fields intensity for 4 days irrigation intervals, 100 and 200 mT fields intensity for 6 days irrigation intervals were the most effective intensities for improving and increasing the performance of characteristics under drought stress conditions.

Dianthus barbatus is an important ornamental bedding plant in temperate regions with traditional medicinal applications. Water shortage and drought stress are major limitations for landscape development and plant medicine production. Callogenesis is the key step for modern plant breeding techniques and in vitro drought stress study defines the mechanisms of plant response to stress. Therefore this research focused on a) callogenesis optimization by different explants (leaf, stem and root) and plant growth regulators (BAP, NAA and 2, 4-D) and b) effect of osmotic stress (-1,-3,-6,-9 and-12 bar) induced by polyethylene glycol on D. barbatus calli. For callogenesis optimization, various criteria such as callogenesis percentage, calli colour, tissue type and growth besides chlorosis and necrosis were observed. In the second part, total protein and glycine-betaine content besides the activity of some free radical scavenger enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase were also measured during stress at various levels. Results indicate leaf as the most suitable explant and both 2µ M BAP + 4µ M NAA and 2µ M BAP + 6µ M NAA as the most suitable media supplements for callogenesis. As calli were subjected to osmotic stress, growth and weight of stressed calli decreased by osmotic stress increment. As osmotic pressure decreased (osmotic stress increased), total protein content decreased while glycine-betaine osmolyte increased. The activity of some free radical scavenger enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase also increased by osmotic stress increment.

In the present study, response of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L. ) on nitrate reductase activity, some biochemical characters and ions accumulation to salinity were evaluated. Salinity treatments (0, 75, 150 mM NaCl) and potassium nitrate (0, 10, 15 mM) were imposed and sampling were done 100 days after treatments. Results indicated that sodium chloride at 75 mM plus 10 mM potassium nitrate resulted in the greatest nitrate reductase activity in leaf of salt-stressed plants and sodium chloride at 150 mM plus 10 mM potassium nitrate or sodium chloride at 150 mM resulted in the least nitrate reductase activity, and nitrate reductase activity did not differ in other treatments. Salt-stressed plants treating potassium nitrate (10 or 15 mM) had higher leaf nitrate content than those not treated with potassium nitrate. Potassium nitrate significantly increased root nitrate content in salt stressed plants. Total amino acids in leaf decreased with NaCl treatments, but this was not the case for the plants treated with 75mM NaCl without potassium nitare. At each salinity treatment, addition of 10 or 15 mM potassium nitrate reduced total amino acids in roots of pistachio seedlings. The contents of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) were significantly affected by sodium chloride treatments as well as the potassium nitrate treatments. The results suggested that the nitrate uptake and assimilation in leaf or root of pistachio seedlings were significantly affected by continuous applied of potassium nitrate via irrigation.

Water shortage is one of the most important limiting factors for crop production, that affected growth and yield by changing physiological conditions. This study was carried out to investigate effect of oxidative stress on antioxidant defense mechanism in Research greenhouses of Birjand University in 2014. A factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design (Due to the lack of uniformity of light) with four replications was used. The studied factors were drought stress with three levels including 100, 75 and 50 percent of plant water requirement (non-stress, moderate and severe stress respectively) and millet genotype with three levels (including Bastan, promising lines KFM5 and KFM20). . Malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage and membrane stability was measured in 30 and 45 days after stress and yield in maturity. Antioxidant activity (including SOD, CAT and APX) was measured in 30 days after stress. The results showed that antioxidant activity increased as intensity of drought stress increased in all three genotypes. Bastan had the highest antioxidant activity under sever stress that showed it had best antioxidant defense system and better scavenge reactive oxygen species than another genotypes. The malondialdehyde content (MDA) was low in Bastan compared to other genotypes and was less affected by increasing drought stress that showed this genotype was less affected by oxidative stress. Seed yield decreased as intensity of drought stress increased in all three genotypes and had negative correlation with antioxidant activity.

Low temperature stress are the most important environmental stresses that limit the growth and yield of tomato plants. In this study, two tomato varieties, Peto Meck and CaljN3 were exposed to cold stress (8 oC) after four weeks of growth and sampled at five times of 2, 5, 24, 72, 144 hours after treatments. The expression of transcription factors SlNAC1 and CBF1 with Real-Time qRT-PCR method as well as the Fv/Fm index, soluble and insoluble sugar content and electrolyte leakage index were measured. Soluble and insoluble sugar content increased and decreased respectively under cold stress in the CaljN3, while no significant change was recorded in the Peto Meck. Also the Fv/Fm index decreased in both cultivars. Real time PCR data analysis results showed that gene expression SlNAC1 was increased 7. 5 and 3. 5 times respectively in Peto Meck and CaljN3 varieties in five hours of cold treatment, while CBF1 gene expression increased only in the CaljN3. Also the increase and decrease trend of electrolyte leakage correlated with the rise and fall in transcription factors versions. These results suggest that change of genes expression including transcription factors SlNAC1 and CBF1 associated with cold tolerance and the results showed that CaljN3 variety of defense mechanisms better and more efficient than the Peto Meck variety and therefore are more tolerant to cold stress.

This study the effect of seed preparation (priming) with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on the anatomy of the flag leaf and spike two wheat genotypes( Cross Sabalan ( bread wheat) and Saji(durum wheat)) and its relationship with grain yield, under dry land farming system condition, Experimental design was factorial, arranged in randomized complete block. Results showed that the number of grains per spike, grain yield, grain weight per spike 4-8, leaf area, number and length of stomata and the anatomic characteristics of flag leaf and spike studied in this research affected by seed preparation with hydrogen peroxide. Seeds of plants that were pre-treated with hydrogen peroxide more leaf area and stomata length, area and diameter of xylem and phloem, mesophill, bundle sheath, the upper and lower epidermis of the flag leaf, As well as influenced by hydrogen peroxide, anatomical features of spike including area xylem and phloem, the vascular bundles was greater than control. also, the seed treatment with hydrogen peroxide through a positive impact on anatomical features thereby increasing the number seeds per plant, grain weight per spike 4-8 and grain yield in both wheat genotypes. Finally seed priming with concentration of 80 Mm hydrogen peroxide than other concentrations positive impact on anatomical characteristics of flag leaves and spike because increased grain yield in both cultivars of wheat.