MEDICAL JOURNAL OF TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Year:2007 | Volume:28 | Issue:4|Papers Count:30

Background and Objectives: Learning disorders including dyslexia result in various aspects of life failures specially students academic situation and low self esteem, or physical, psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioral problems. Dyslexia is a disorder that one is unable to acquire language reading, writing and spelling skills appropriate to his or her intellectual capability, in spite of usual instructional experiences. Investigating this disorder and identifying factors related to it can prevent its consequences and help to solve physical and psychological problems.Materials and Methods: In this ex post facto designed research the motor skills of dyslexic and normal students was studied. In this regard 24 dyslexic (12 person of 2nd grade and 12 of 3rd grade) in the form of accessible and 24 nondyslexic (12 person of 2nd grade and 12 of 3rd rade) as random samples were selected from primary schools. Then they were administered by Lincoln- Ozeretsky battery of motor skill tests. Data were analyzed finally using dependent, independent t student and chi square tests.Results: The findings indicate that there was significant difference between dyslexic and non dyslexic overall and fine motor skills and latency in motor development, but there wasn’t such a difference between their IQ and gross motor skills. There was intragroup significant difference between fine and gross motor skills among dyslexic subjects as well.Conclusion: According to scientists, motor capabilities form the basis of later learnings. Some learning disabled children are slower than non disabled ones in motor development in spite of their normal IQ. It seems they have poor cognitive components in acquiring motor skills because these skills specially fine motor skills require some degrees of activity in cognitive area; this is why some people may learn or develop motor activities slowly. Many researchers suggest it is due to some minimal brain damages. But regardless the causes, modification of those motor difficulties is necessary before beginning other skills training.

Background and Objectives: The widespread use of medicinal herbs among the general population gives rise to the possibility of therapeutic or toxic effects in patients that use these plants. The effects of Thymus vulgaris (TV) hydroalcoholic extract on the contractile responses of the isolated guinea-pig ileum were investigated.Materials and Methods: Male guinea pigs that were starved for 24 hours were decapitated after cervical dislocation, and terminal ileum were removed. Segments were fixed at a resting tension of 0.5 g in an organ bath containing in Tyrode solution at 37° C, which was bubbled with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. The effects of the Thymus vulgaris extracts at six concentrations ranging form 0.02 to 6 mg/ml. Each segment served as its own control. Paired Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. p<0.05 was considered to be significant.Results: Thymus vulgaris inhibited the contractile response in a dose-dependent manner in 0.6mg/ml concentration decreased the amplitude of the mucles up to 60% (t=-5.67, P<0.02). This inhibitory activity was blocked by Granisetron and inhibited the contractions induced by acetylcholine, the activities of this plant may be due to the anticolinergic effect and block of serotoninergic pathways. Regression analysis had shown that with increasing in extract concentration the effect of extract was increased (r=0.96, p<0.001). The coefficient of extract dose was 0.089 mg.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that extract prepared from the plant of Thymus vulgaris inhibited electrical induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum when tested in vitro. This effect is dose dependent and reversible.

Background and Objective: Effects of exercise and physical activity on function of different organs of body like heart, lung and muscles have been the focus of interest since many years ago. During the recent years more attention is paid to the effects of exercise on nervous system and memory. The role of exercise on memory consolidation is a controversial issues. So we decided to examine the effects of treadmill exercise on memory consolidation by passive avoidance learning.Materials and Methods: In this study thirty male Wistar rats (3-4 months old) randomly were divided into three groups was of ten.Control group were trained in passive avoidance box and was tested in 10 min and 24 hours intervals. Two experimental groups exercised in treadmill for 10 days and 3 months respectively and then were tested same as control group.Results: Obtained results showed that both short and long – term exercise trainings had significant (p<0.05) effects on memory consolidation in compare with control group.Conclusion: Our results showed that physical activity may enhance learning and memory consolidation significantly.

Background and objectives: status epliepticus is a true medical urgency with high mortality. This study was surveyed etiology, management and early outcome of children with status epilepticus Materials and Methods: Patients with status epilpeticus who admitted to emergency ward of Tabriz Children's Hospital between 1381 and 1384 were reviewed cross-sectional and analytical study on seizure type and etiology, its management and outcome at discharge from hospital.Results: Among 123 patients with status epilepticus, 50 patients (40.7%) were afflicted with refractory status epilepticus and 73 patients (59.3%) had non – refractory status epilepticus. The most common etiologies in patients with status epilepticus in order of decreasing frequency were related to be prolonged febrile seizure (40.7%), remote symptomatic (28.4%), acute symptomatic (16.2%) and idiopathic (14.6%).there was significant correlation between age and etiology (P=0.007). The most common type of seizure was generalized seizure in 70.7% of patients. The median of duration of status epilepticus was 60(37-146.25) minutes. In 28 patients (22.7%), diazepam with phenytoin or phenobarbital was used. In 40 patients (32.5%), diazepam with phenytoin and phenobarbital and in 50 patients (40.7%), midazolam were used. In 4 patients (3.25%), thiopental was used. Using midazolam, in 82% of patients with refractory status epilepticus lead to control of seizure. 85.9% of patients returned to their condition before status epilepticus. 8.26% of patients died, and in 5.7% of patients a new neurological sequel was established after status epilepticus. There was statistically significant correlation between patient’s outcome and etiology of seizure (p=0.001). The lowest rate of the mortality and morbidity was seen in prolonged febrile seizure (4%) and the most was in acute symptomatic (45%).Conclusion: Prolonged febrile seizure was the most common etiology in status epilepticus.The highest mortality rate was seen in patients with acute symptomatic etiology. In most cases, intravenous midazolam infusion terminated the refractory status epilepticus.

Background and objectives: Asthma attacks can result in respiratory alkalosis and decreased level of Ionized calcium and cerebral Vasoconstriction.Different studies indicate that Alkalosis and decreased level of CO2 can increase convulsive activities and neuronal excitability.This condition may increase level of Dopamin and risk of convulsion.This study was conducted to survey the relationship between asthma and epilepsy.Materials and Methods: in an Analitical- cross sectional study 400 Asthmatic patients who were reffered to outpatient clinic of tabriz university of Medical sciences from janury 2004 to july 2006, were concurrently surveyed for Epilepsy too. The results analyzed with Z test for one proportion.Results: Number of patients who had two disease of asthma and Epilepsia concurrently was 12 which 7 of them were male and 5 female respectively. Mean age of patients was 5±2/3 with confidence interval (Ci=3/5–6/5).Comparison of Asthmatic patients who were epileptic with Normal population was significant (P=0/009).Conclusion: Considering epilepsy prevalence rate of %l in normal population and %3 in asthmatic patients and risk of respiratory alkalosis in asthmatic it is strongly recommended to have special attention to Asthma attacks, in epileptic too.

Background and Objectives: Iron and zinc are essential micronutrients for human health.Deficiencies in these 2 nutrients remain a global problem, especially among women and children in developing countries. Many studies indicate the low zinc intakes among premenopausal women, and avoidance of meat intake is characterized as one of the main causes.However, it seems dietary zinc reduces iron biochemical indices including ferritin, Hct, Hb, MCV, Transferrin Saturation.Material and Methods: This study is an analytical cross - sectional survey, and the sample concluded 170 premenopausal women, and was a subgroup of the population that was studied in "Evaluation of intervention methods to preventing of Iron deficiency Anemia Research". The data on demographic and food consumption were gathered by related questionnaire. Serum zinc was measured by atomic absorption, and other iron related biochemical parameters were measured by their specific related kits. Data was analyzed by food processor2 and SPSS windows10.Results: Mean of dietary intake of iron and zinc was 24.51 and 3.45 mg/day, respectively.Mean of daily calori intake was 1708.55 Kcal among subjects.Serum zinc was significantly correlated with hematocrit and hemoglobin (P was 0.027 and 0.02 respectively). Analysis of regression between serum zinc and dietary factors including calori, protein, iron, fiber, zinc, vitamin C also showed the significant correlation between serum zinc and dietary vitamin C (r= 0.30 , p= 0.026). Among the iron biochemical indices, hematocrit and hemoglobin were significantly correlated with dietary zinc (p was 0.03 and 0.02, respectively).Mean of serum zinc was significantly different between anemic, and non anemic groups, but normal, anemic and iron deficient anemic groups did not show significantly difference about serum zinc.Conclusions: Our results indicated that mean of dietary zinc is lower than RDA among the women, and this is confirmed by the NHANESII results. At the other hand, the significant relationship between zinc and Hb, Hct, vitamin C would explain the role of vitamin C in enhancing their bioavailability.

Background and Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration usually affects people 50 years of age or older and is a most common cause of central visual loss. In this study the alterations in the levels of plasma lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] a Homocysteine (Hcy) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were investigated, and their serum Levels qua age related macular degeneration risk factors compared between patient and control groups.Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, 44 dry type AMD patients from Nikookari eye hospital of Tabriz and 54 normal subjects, were studied. The serum levels of Lp(a) were assayed by immunoturbidimetric method, serum Hcy was analyzed by ELISA method. MDA and lipid profile concentrations were determined by tiobarbituric acid and spectrophotometric methods respectively.Results: Levels of Cho, TG, LDL-C, Lp (a) and Hcy were significant and higher in patients than in control group (p<0.05 in all cases). Level of TG, HDL-C and MDA were not significant and similar in the two groups (p>0.05 in both cases).Conclusions: Increased Lp (a), Hcy, MDA and lipid profiles seems to be associated with AMD and may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, alterations af serum level of these factors may effectual way for prevention and progression of AMD.

Background and Objectives: Infectious due to Shigella spp. cause substantial morbidity worldwide. The possibility that shigella strains develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs necessitates a continuous program to determine the sensitivity. The study was carried out to determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella species among patients with acute diarrhea.Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial resistance patterns of shigella strains isolated from children with acute diarrhea were studied during 2002-2004 in Children Hospital of Tabriz. Iran.Results: A total of 43 isolaled shigella strains, shigella flexneri (39 cases) was the most prevalent species, followed by shigella sonnei (4 cases). The shigella flexneri isolates were highly resistant to ampicilin (89.6%) and trimetoprim – sulfamethoxzol (89.1%). Multidrug resistance was in 67.8% cases. Almost all shigella sonnie exhibited resistance to ampicilin and 75%to trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazol. All isolates were suseptible to third generation cephalosporins and nalidixic acid. Suseptibility to gentamicin, amikacin and chloramphenicole was observed in 89.8%, 82.5% and 69% respectively.Conclusion: These results suggest the shigella flexneri is the important species in this region with high resistance to commonly used antibiotics (Ampicilin, Cotrimoxazol). Therefore its better to prevent unnecessary usage of antibiotic in children diarrhea to avoid more bacterial resistance.

Background and Objectives: Gentamicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin and ofloxacin are synthetic antibacterial agent belonging to the family of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolones antibiotics with a very broad spectrum against of microbial pathogens, especially Gram-negative and urinary tract infectious diseases which in nowadays have good effect in diseases treatment in more countries in world-wide. The aim of this study was to see the effects of this drugs inducement, in Spermatogenesis cycle in rat.Materials and Methods: The fifty male wistar rat were selected and randomly divided into five groups; control (n=10) and test (n=40). The test groups was received 5mg/kg (IP) Gentamicin, 50 mg/kg(IP) Neomycin, 40 mg/kg (IP) Streptomycin, and72 mg/kg (PO) ofloxa cin daily for fourteenth day; however the control group just received vehicle (IP). In fourteenth day the testis tissue of Rat in whole groups were removed and sperm was collected from epididymis then prepared for analysis.Results: Light microsopic Obervation Showed that sperm cell count and viability as compared with compared with control group decreased significantly (p<0.001). When compared with control group, percentage of sperm motility decreased significantly in all experimental except ofloxacin group (p>0.05).Conclusion: Since in our study ofloxacin had only effect on sperm population and viability and hadn’t any effect on sperm motility percentage, so it seems that using this antibiotic is safest more than others on sperm health parameters.

Background and objectives: Infection with hepatitis B virus is one of the most common causes of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatic cell carcinoma in IRAN. Thirty percents of Iranian population are the carriers of hepatitis B virus. Forty percent have history of previous contact with this virus and three percent of them will have chronic hepatitis. The common routes for transmission is blood transfusion and it's products, feto- maternal route and sexual contact. To compare response of premature and full term infants to hepatitis B vaccine this study was performed.Methods and Materials: The immunginicity of hepatitis B vaccine was assessed. In 70 preterm infants immunized soon after birth, and compared with that in 80 term infants. Hepatitis B surface antibody (antiHBS) was measured at three months after the third dose of vaccine (1 year). The significance of differences between the term and preterm groups was determined using routine statistical test.Results: Similar proportion of infants in both preterm and term groups attained protective titers of hepatitis B antibodies (98/7% vs 97/1%, p=NS). Mean antibody level to hepatitis B surface antigen in preterm infants was 217.6±244.2 mIU/mL and in term infants was 235.8±207.1 mIU/mL. Independent T test did not exhibit statistically significant difference in two groups of infants.Conclusion: The antibody response of preterm infants was similar to that of term newborns. Hepatitis B vaccination can be initiated on the first day of life in preterm newborns, following the same shame recommended for term newborns. However, anti HBS titers should be monitored in one year old. It may be advisable to determine the immune response before school age and repeat the vaccine if it is necessary.

Background and Objectives: A remarkable number of out patients referred to physical medicine, orthopedic, neurologic clinics are the ones with the chief complaint of sensory-motor dysfunction in the distribution of median nerve on hands and upper limbs. Usually, it is thought these symptoms & singns are due to carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) existence. However, in the majority of cases symptoms are not eliminated in spite of the most invasive treatments (e.g. surgical release of median nerve at wrist). Further studies such as electrodiagnosis confirm radiculopathy in these patients. Several studies in past years have estimated the synchronous prevalence of CTS and Radiculopathy to be 22 to 70 percent. On the basis of these the double crush syndrome theory has been suggested. Estimation of synchronous prevalence of CTS and radiculopathy is a way to confirm this theory.Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive study. The patients studied were persons with the numerous complaints in the upper limb and cervical area that had existence of radiculopathy in them been confirmed by several means such as physical examination and Electrodiagnosis. 183 patients were entered in the study and they considered from the aspect of synchronous prevalence of CTS.Results: from 183 patients entered in the study, due to bilateral radiculopathies in both upper limbs in some patients, the total number of upper limbs studied was 264. Among them the existence of synchronous CTS in 96 upper limbs was confirmed (36.6%). Percentages of different roots radiculopthies prevalence were as following: C6; 75%, C7: 93.75% and C8: 3.12% Conclusion: According to 36.6% prevalence of synchronous CTS in patients with cervical radiculopathy, this rate is less than that of previous studies but more than that of recent studies.Although frequency of involved roots in this study doesn’t fit with previous studies but match with electrodiagnosis texts.

Background and Objectives: Saliva contamination of dentin surface during restoring teeth is one of common problems in restorative dentistry that may affect the shear bond strength of adhesive. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of saliva contamination on shear bond strengths of two kinds of common one-bottle adhesives in Iran - “Excite” and “Single Bond” during different bonding procedures.Materials and Methods: Ninety extracted sound human premolar teeth (closed apex) with prepared flat dentinal surfaces were randomly divided into three groups of thirty as control group (without saliva contamination), Group with saliva contamination after etching and Group with saliva contamination after cured resin; and each group was randomly divided into two groups of fifteen for each adhesive. Composite via plastic mold was mounted on specimens and specimens were thermocycled. Finally shear bond strengths were measured. One way ANOVA test was used to compare shear bond strengths of different groups and Tukey test was used for 2 by 2 comparisons of bond strengths between groups.Results: No statistically significant difference was found between different groups (P=0.673), and between two kinds of “Excite” and “Single Bond” adhesives,, (p≥0.05).Conclusion: Saliva contamination of dentin after etching and after cured resin had no adverse effect on shear bond strengths of “Excite” and “Single Bond” adhesives, and no significant difference was found between shear bond strengths of “Excite” and “Single Bond” adhesives too.

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, posts are widely used in the restoration of severely damaged teeth. They are considered resistant restorative features. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of immediate and delayed post space preparation with two different methods on apical microleakage.Materials and Methods: A total of 96 one-rooted extracted human teeth were used in this study. The crowns of the teeth were resected at the CEJ. Canal preparation was carried out by the step-back technique, in which file#35 was chosen as MAF and the canals were flared up to file#60. The canals were obturated with Gutta-percha and AH26 sealer using the lateral compaction technique. Then the teeth were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups, each containing 20 teeth and two positive and negative control group, each containing 8 teeth. In group A, a peeso reamer was used to prepare the post space immediately after canal obturation.In group B, the post space was prepared with a peeso reamer one week after canal obturation. In groups C and D a heat carrier was used to prepare the post space immediately and one week after canal obturation, respectively. Dye penetration technique was used to evaluate the microleakage. The liner measurement of dye penetration was carried out under a stereomicroscope and the data were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and LSD tests.Results: The results of the study showed that group B (peeso reamer with delay) and group C (heat carrier with immediate) had the greatest and least dye penetration, respectively, demonstrating a statistically significant difference (p=0.03). There was no statistically significant difference in dye penetration among other groups (p>0.05).Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the most appropriate time and procedure for post space preparation is immediately after canal obturation using a heat carrier.

Background and Objectives: C-reactive protein is a chronic inflammation factor and a strong predictor of atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. The studies have shown that increased levels of intact parathyroid hormone in uremia may cause to lipid metabolism abnormalities, involved in accelerated atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. We survey relation between iPTH & high sensitive CRP and carotid intima-media thickness in hemodialysis patients.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, serum levels of high sensitive CRP, iPTH, lipoprotein α, cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein, calcium, phosphor, carotid intima-media thickness of 30 hemodialysis patients with ESRD were evaluated.Results: Mean of high sensitive CRP in males was 4.65 mg/dl and in females was 6.4mg/dl, mean of iPTH in males was 65.7 pg/dl and in females was 74.03 pg/dl. Significant difference was not found between mean of intima media thickness of right and left carotid in two sex (P>0.05). But, significant correlation was found between high sensitive CRP, iPTH and intima media thickness of carotid (p<0.001).Conclusion: Attention to these findings, especially using of high sensitive CRP could result in early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, it will be decrease of mortality of these patients.

Background and objectives: Mumps is a predominant disease of young children recognized by fever and parotitis. Meningitis and meningoencephalitis are the most frequent complications of the disease. Mumps live vaccine is available in many countries. In Iran routine 2 dose administration of MMR was launched in 2004. Vaccine produce a subclinical and noncommunicable infection but in part of Europes, Canada and Japan where different vaccines have been used, rates of vaccine-induced aseptic meningitis have been high. The purpose of this study is to survey the occurrence of Aseptic meningitis as an adverse effect of MMR vaccination and to determine its clinical and laborabry characteristics.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study during 2004-2005 cases of Aseptic meningitis who was admitted in Infection and neurology wards of Tabriz Pediatric Medical center were studied. Sex, age, clinical manifestations, lab data and duration between vaccination and appearance of symptoms were recorded and analyzed.Results: In 44 cases of aseptic meningitis there was history of MMR vaccination within 30 days (average: 21.7 days). Seventy five percent of patients were male. The mean age of patients was 31 months. 40.9% of cases were 13 months old. Febrile seizure (54.5%) and meningeal signs with parotid enlargement (29.5%) were the most clinical manifestation. The mean Total and lymphocyte cell count in cerebrospinal fluid were 674.43 and 550.2/mm3, respectively. The mean glucose and protein levels were found to be 54.3 and 48.34 mg/dl, respectively. Conclusion: The results of our study show the occurrence of aseptic meningitis after immunization with the MMR vaccine which is being used by the health services in our country. According to Presence of wild virus Strains within community and to rule out the role of other viruses, PCR is recommended despite of its complexity and limitations. This complication must be considered important and followed up precisely in spite of its complete cure without any Sequela, because all of these cases occurred within 30 days after vaccination.

Background and objective: Recently infections caused by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci have increased and is one of the commonest cause of nosocomial infections.These infections are more common in patient with shunt or catheterization, immune deficiency and neonates. The purpose of present study was to investigate the blood cultures and antibiogram of infections caused by coagulase negative staphylococci in patients admitted in Pediatric Hospital.Material and Methods: During 2 years we studied 270 samples of positive blood culture of coagulase negative staphylococci in patients clinically suspicious of septicemia in Pediatric Hospital laboratory of Tabriz regarding the sepsis and antibiogram.Results: 54.4% of patients were male and 45.6% were female. Mean value for age was 28±10 month (minimum one day old and maximum 10 years old). 213 from 270 samples had real septicemia and 57 (21.1%) were contamination. In 7 cases (2.6%), there was resistance to vancomycin.Conclusion: Special attention to clinical, paraclinical and repeated blood cultures are important in diagnosis of septicemia caused by coagulase negative staphylococci. Vancomycin is drug of choice for coagulase negative staphylococci septicemia.

Background and Objectives: Anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) is a polyclonal antibody to surface markers of human lymphocyte that is produced in rabbit. ALG is one of the immunosuppressive agents which have been used to prevent organ allograft rejection, treatment of aplastic anemia and some of autoimmune disorders. ALG causes elimination of human lymphocytes from the peripheral blood circulation, regulation of cytotoxic activities and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to produce ALG in country.Materials and Methods: At the first lymphocytes of 20 healthy people were mixed together after separating with Ficol-Hypaque (D=1.077). About 4x109 lymphocytes were injected to rabbit via marginal vein. Following repetitive immunizations of the animal, ALG was produced and, then its purification was performed using simple, rapid and inexpensive method, ion exchange chromatography. Serum of the immunized rabbit was precipitated with ammonium sulfate in the final concentration of 50%. The precipitant rich in immunoglobulin (ALG) was rewashed with 50% ammonium sulfate, dialyzed against phosphate-buffered saline and applied to ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose 6B. ALG riched fraction was eluted with Tris-Phosphate buffer (pH=8.1) in the first step. Then second fraction containing residual ALG was exited from the column applying stepwise concentrations of 50 mM NaCl.Results: The efficiency of 1/40 dilution of the produced ALG was proved by histocompatibility assays in compare with standard ALG. Also its purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE in reduced conditions.Conclusion: Hence even 40 times diluted produced ALG can act like standard ALG, so it could be used as positive control in histocompatibility assays, indicating production of ALG is more economical and in the benefit of self sufficiency. In addition purified ALG can be prescribed as immunosuppressive medicine.

Background and Objectives: Neural tube defects, resulting from failure of the neural tube to close during the fourth week of embryogenesis, are the most common severely disabling birth defects in most populations.Material and Methods: We assayed alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in serum samples of pregnant women during 15 to 20 weeks of gestation using immuno-enzymatic method (Eliza) in east Azerbaijan/Iran. The results obtained from the first 100 samples were used to calculate the median levels of maternal serum AFP in our ethnic population and the resulted Multiple of Median (MOM) were employed in Prisca software to obtain the likelihood ratio for each pregnancy.Results: Among the 300 pregnancies which were screened for Neural Tube Defects (NTDs), 9 were detected as screen positives. The following targeted ultrasonography revealed fetuses affected by open neural defects in two pregnancies, polyhydraminous with no NTDs in two others and bilateral cleft lip in the one. The screening results were confirmed by clinical examination of the aborted fetuses or newborns. The outcome of the last pregnancy showed bilateral cleft lip+cleft palate and congenital pyloric stenosis at birth. The newborns resulted from two other screen positive pregnancies were normal. No information was obtained from the two remaining pregnancies after the ultra-sound scanning. The median weight of pregnant mothers in sample population was 63.34±10/66, in screen positive patients 61/11± 11.92 and in screen negative patients 63.30±10.63.Conclusion: The results obtained from antenatal maternal serum screening in the present study compares favorably with the results from reference centers using similar screening strategies. The method employed in this research is reliable and can be readily applied for screening of a large population of pregnant women for open NTDs.

Background and objectives: Accuracy of the delivered dose to the patient is one of the most important and effective factors in radiotherapy. In vivo dosimetry is used to evaluate the accuracy of delivered dose in radiotherapy. Therefore, in this study the accuracy of delivered dose to the patients was verified using in vivo dosimetry in radiotherapy department of Tabriz Imam Hospital.Materials and Methods: Entrance doses of 320 fields treated by Cobalt-60 machine and linear accelerator including head and neck, trunk, pelvis, and extremities were measured using in vivo dosimetry system. Difference between measured entrance dose and prescribed dose for each field was determined. For all fields and also for each specific group of fields, average error and standard deviation of its distribution were determined.Results: For whole fields, the average error of 1.34% with standard deviation (SD) of 7.12%, for 60Co fields the average error of -0.17% with SD of 5.98% and for Linac fields, the average error of -3.56% and 7.17% were seen. In head and neck fields, the average error of -0.37% with SD of 4.73%; for trunk fields the average error of %-1.88 with SD of 7.27%, and for pelvis and extremities, the average error of -2.49% with SD of 7.79% were seen.Conclusion: The results show an acceptable systematic error in radiotherapy department.But standard deviation of 7.12% is slightly higher than the recommended value of 5%. It is possible to lower the uncertainty in delivered dose to recommended value by optimization of Linac function, regular quality control, and workload reduction.

Background and Objectives: Blast in peripheral blood and bone marrow is a diagnostic factor in acute leukemia. the percentage of blasts will be also important in patient management, particularly after chemotropy. Although conventional study of the cells by light microscopy is an essential step, however, it is time consuming and the obtained results may vary from one to other. The H1 system that not only able to automatically differentiate all blood leukocytes, it is also calculate the percentage of blast cells. To evaluate the accuracy of results by the H1 on blast, the study was set to investigate that issus in comparison by CD45 dimly expressed cells (blasts) that computed by flow cytometry.Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 17 patients with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and 31 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) simultaneously were studied by H1 and flow cytometry using anti-CD45 and CD45/RALS gating. Blood samples from 50 patients with chronic lymphocyte leukemia (CLL) were used as negative controls.Results: The mean values of H1-blasts for B-ALL, T-ALL and AML were 16.3%, 27% and 49.6%, respectively. These figures were 66.6%, 79.7% and 87% by flow cytometry. Both systems were not identified any blast in CLL cases.Conclusion: Analysis of blood samples by H1 in cases with CLL is trusty, but in cases with acute leukemia is unreliable. In comparison to flow cytometr, H1 is identified significantly (p<0.05) lower number of blast in acute leukemia.

Background and Objectives: Zinc and iron content of agricultural soils as well as wheat grain and bread are lower than standard levels. This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of flour fortification on the serum zinc and iron level of the bread consumers.Materials and Methods: A study on the effect of fortification and improvement of the quality of bread on the health of consumer subjects was carried out on the total personnel (17 battalions at 3 bases) of Moghadam Mersad Military Station in the 3 provinces of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Khorasan. After 4 months from the commencement of the study, blood samples were collected from the subjects who had spent 4 months at the Baghin and Ravar Aboozar study sites. Fortification of the wheat flour was carried out at the Baghin Martyrs Station, by adding, 80 mg Zn; 50 mg Fe; 10 mg vitamin B1; 2.5 mg Vitamin B2; and 5 mg vitamin B6 per kg of flour. Likewise substituting yeast for baking powder as well as allowing for fermentation (30, 60 and 150 minutes) in relation to the quality of bread was evaluated.Results: None of the persons examined showed concentrations of Zn or Fe above normal limits in their serums. In places where bread was not fortified, the average level of Zn in the blood serum of individuals was measured to be 72 μg/deciliters; whereas, the serum Zn of the test subjects consuming fortified bread for a three-month period averaged 89 μg/deciliters (P<0.01). While the number of people using stomach-problem-related-medicines at the Beghin Martyrs Station during a 4-month period before the experiment was figured to be 1615, it was reduced to 1375 cases after the test; or a 15% decrease during a 4-month period.Conclusion: The results showed that there was a significant relation between the use of high quality bread and the increase in the amount of Zn and Fe in blood serum. As a result, the incidence of stomach related problems was reduced due to replacing low quality bread with fortified bread in a 4-month period and eventually the use of drugs for stomach ailments and colds decreased in the study subjects and the slogan that prevention is worth more than the cure was realized in this one respect.

Background and objectives: Foreign body swallowing is a common problem in adults and because of its complications, it is an emergency case. The rate of mortality due to foreign body swallowing has decreased by medical developments. Because of its complications, it requires be diagnosing and treating earlier and this is provide by history, physical examination, radiological studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate pharyngeal and eophageal foreign bodies in Adults in Tabriz Imam Khomeini Hospital.Materials and Methods: This study has been done on the base of medical documents of patients in the hospital. 210 patients hospitalized in Tabriz Imam Khomeini hospital with foreign body swallowing during 10 years (1373-1383) have been studied.Results: In this study there were 210 patients, 100 women (47.6%) and 110 men (52.3%), ranging in age from 19 to 79 years. The most symptoms were Dysphagia (76.1%) and odynophagia (68.06%). The most involved site was the proximal of esophagus under cricopharyngeal muscle and occurred in 137 (65.2%) cases. The most common fareign body was bone in this study, 4.2% of cases had underlying esophageal disease. We found that delay in diagnosis or the reference of patients cause many complications such as perforation of esophagus, mediastinitis or abcess that occurred in 2 (0.9%) cases. The complications related to endoscopy occurred in 3 (14%) cases that were the vascular injuries, pneumothorax and mediastinitis.Conclusion: Our study has some similarities and differences with other studies carried out in the developed countries. We found that rigid endoscopy is reliable and cost- effective technique. The early references of patients, necessary facilities and more attention in special techniques such as endoscopy cause to decrease the secondary complication such as perforation of esophagus. We expect that physician select the true and sufficient way to treat patients with foreign body swallowing.

Background and Objectives: Adjustable sutures as a new method used to increase the success rate of strabismus surgery. There is no consensus regarding appropriate time of adjusting suture. In this study we compare the results of adjustable sutures 8 hours versus 24 hours.Materials and Methods: In a clinical trials study 25 patients in each group (8 patients with esotropia and 17 patients with exotropia) underwent strabismus surgery and sutures adjusted 8 hours (group 1) and 24 hours (group 2) after surgery. Minimum follow up was 6 months.Results: In exotropias mean preoperative deviation were 39.8 and 35.2 and 6 months after adjustment were 2.3 and 3.4 prism diopter in groups 1 and 2 respectively. There was not statistically significant difference between two groups. In esotropias mean preoperative deviation were 46.2 and 43.1 and 6 months after adjustment were 2.3 and 2.2 prism diopters in groups 1 and 2 respectively. There was not statistically significant difference between two groups.Conclusion: Adjustable suture technique was an effective method in strabismus surgeries. Adjusting sutures at 8 hours and 24 hours after surgery were comparable and surgeon can be full free in adjusting sutures at that period.

Polyorchidism is a rare congenital anomaly of the urogenital tract defines as the presence of more than two testes. We report the case of a 65 years- old man associated with right sided hydrocele and review the embryology and surgical management of the polyorchidism.

Background and Objectives: Abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs as a result of chronic degenerative change in arterial wall. Less than 5% mortality rate has been reported for elective infra renal aortic aneurysm surgeries, however, ruptured aortic aneurysms operations have still remained as a main medical problem with a mortality rate of 30% to 70%. In this prospective study we intend to evaluate multifarious signs and factors in prognosis of 31 patients with abdominal aortic aneurism in Imam Hospital during the years 1379-1384.Materials and Methods: In this analytic-descriptive study, 31 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm evaluated during the years 1379-1384 in Imam Hospital. These patients divided to 3 groups: 1. Elective patients (10 cases), 2.Unstable ruptured aneurysms (9 cases), 3. Stable ruptured aneurysms (12 cases). All the patients sustained transperitoneal operation.Early mortality (less than 30 days), post operative morbidity and other prognosis impressive factors were documented.Results: Mean age was 67.1±8.9 and male to female ratio was 22.9. Early mortality occurred in 77% of unstable ruptured aneurysm group, 25% of stable aneurism group and 10% of elective group. We found no specific relation between sex and mortality. Significant relation found between mortality and systolic blood pressure at the time of admission and presence of renal disease. Mean hospital and ICU stay were 9.1±5.6 and 4.1±2 respectively. In alive patients distal embolism and renal failure were the main postoperative complications.Conclusion: Elective surgery increase survival in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms.However, high rate of rapture decreases the life expectancy. Mortality rate of elective surgeries was 10%. Considering 77% of mortality rate in ruptured and unstable group, it seems evaluation for early detection and in due time operation to be an extremity.