JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION
Year:2001 | Volume:6 | Issue:1|Papers Count:20

The purpose of this study was to determine the criteria and quality of friendship among children and adolescents (girls). A total of 171 girl students from 2 academic districts of Tehran were selected randomly. This selection was related to middle childhood (N =47), early adolescence (N = 68) and late adolescence (N =56). The results indicated that the criteria of selecting friend change from external, observable and objective to more psychological and abstract specifications. Moreover, the physical proximity of friendship in late adolescence increases remarkably in comparison with middle - childhood.Also the friendship in late period is either more permanent and stable and more reciprocative than middle childhood and early adolescence.As a result the girls in each three developmentalperiods trust in their friends sufficientlyand they satisfied with their relationships, but they are less self- disclosure with. their friencds.

This study was designed to compare the perceptions of cognitive and social competences among three groups of first grade students in elementary schools. Each group included thirty-five students. The first group was low achiever students, the second group consisted slow learner students who were placed in special classes in mainstream schools, and finally the third group was a sample of normal students. In this study the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (Harter and Pike, 1984) was individually administered. This scale contains four separate subscales: cognitive competence, Physical competence, peer acceptance and maternal acceptance. In order to analysis the data the multivariate analysis of variance (MANGV A) was conducted. The results revealed that; a) the low athiever students significantly held lower perceived competence and social acceptance than the normal students, b) the low acheiver students in comparison with the slow learner students only in two subscales of cognitive competence and peer acceptance received significantly lower perceived competence, c) comparing the total mean scores, no significant differences were found between the slow learner and low achiever students.

The Present research has been conducted to evaluate the academic status of the graduate Program of library and information sciences at Tarbiyat Modares University, Tehran University, and Iran University of Medical Sciences. The data collection was done through two different questionnaires. To this end, 26 questionnaires were handed out to the instructors and three questionnaires were also distributed among the heads of three educational departments of library sciences. The indices for bibliography of library sciences, the paper references of a book,library, library sciences, and bibliography of information and communication were cheated in order to gather data on the books and papers which had been published up to March 1995 in the field of library and information sciences. The data was then analyzed thoroughly with respect to the following parameters. The educational records of the instructors of the departments studied show that over 50% of them had begun teaching after the Islamic Revolution of Iran or, in other words, after the adoption of the Present Program. Regarding the research records of the instructors,i.e. authoring and/or translating books,publishing papers, and conducting research projects, their share is insignificant compared to all the research and academic work fulfilled in the field of library and information sciences. Out of an overall number of 543 books and 1362 papers on library and information sciences published in Iran, only 49 (approximately 9%) and 152 (roughly 11%) have been written and/or translated by the instructors of these departments, respectively. This study reveals that the resources and facilities of the departments are greaty dependent on the libraries of their mother universities and other big libraries. None of the three universities enjoys adequate resources, facilities, and tools for teaching practical courses, particularly in the programs of academic and information sciences. The conclusion of this study demonstrates that the library and information sciences departments require an overall reassessment of their programs and facilities and a reinforcement of their faculty members both in terms of quantity and quality.

The present research was a preliminary study for constructing religious orientation scale based on islamic culture. First, the scale with 80 items was constructed relialility and valility of items verified, and then, applied to 470 subject. After these analysis, the scale was reduced to 45 items. The results indicated that, this Preliminary scale is valid and reliable.

This article, which is based on a nation-wide survey, is aimed to provide a summary of findings of a study on Irans current performance appraisal system of government employees with an emphasis on its weaknesses. The findings of this survey indicate that a) the current performance appraisal system of government employees in Iran is not aligned with the realities of weaknesses in terms of its guidelines, evaluation forms and criteria. b) in content area, the implem,entation of instructions, forms and criteria using in performance appraisal of governcment employees has sevcal weakness. The article ends with some recommendations on how to minimize the related issues and weaknesses.

The purpose of the present study was to compare students behavior regarding gender differences in various ages. For he above purpose, 1782 (920 girls and 862 boys) students at elementary and junior high school in Shiraz were selected as the sample. The sample was categorized in 4 age groups (6 to 8 years and 11 months, 9 to 10 years and 11 months, 11 to 12 years and 11 months, 13 years and more). The instrument was Behavior Rating Profile (BRP), students form (1978). This self-rating scale consisted of three sub-scaled in which student evaluated her!his behavior in three situations, home, school and peers. The reliability and validity of the scale were confirmed in the present study. Gender differences in various age groups indicated that the boys reported more behavioral problems for the age group of 11 years and 11 months at home. Also they had more behavioral problelI)S for age 7 to 8 years and 11 month, and 13 years and more at school and between peers. The findings of the study regarding self-report of behavioral problems showed that there were significant differences between girls and boys in three situations (home, school and peer). In other words, the boys reported more behavioral problems in compare with girls. Also, the differencesof means of behavioral problems in various age groups were significant. Finally, the findings of the study were discussed and suggestions were presented.

Tehran Universitys college of Education and psychology is offered six graduate programs. Graduate student along with three academic years. They must complete credits number of graduate work, including a final project. This paper has studied four major disertation research of graduate students: in educational administration, educational planing, educational psychology and special education student during years of 1364-1376. The research findings have indicated that subjects research were more cognetive functions, and social-cognetive factors. Research methods were more descriptive (survey). Populations under study were more students and educational staff from Tehrans educational districts and other cities. Sample size of 69% of samples were 50-200 subjects. Measurment procedures were more Questionnaire. Data analysis are used as descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic, neurotic and disabled making disorder that has considered by psychologists and psychiatrists long time ago. In case that it is not treated on tinie, it becomes chronic and lasts long. In serious cases, the family and social relationships of the person results in disorders. The clients of OCD show the symptoms of anxiety and/ or depression as well. Hence, separatin OCD from basic depression and encompassing anxiety, and to find out relevant theraputical solutions has a particular importance. The most importatnt symptoms in recognizing this disease are as follews: obsessive reflections, impulses, disturbing mental images, repetitive behaviors of mental images that are used for preventing inconvenience or reducing it . In this research, the subjects of OCD are treated through cognitivve - behavior therapy, and cognitive - behavior therappy with medicine therapy. The findings show that the perivious method is more efficient than the latter.

The purpose of the current study was to compare the attitudes of Iranian and American high school students toward the possibility of and how to facilitate friendships between students with severe disabilities and their non-disabled counterparts. Thus, the xesults of the two studies conducted by Hendrickson, Shokoohi - Yekta, Nietupski, and Gable (1996) and Kavoosi (1998) were compared. Overall, data collected from 289 Iranian students and 656 American students were used. Both groups of subjects were in the range of 13 to 19 years of age and were comprised of both males and females. The Student Friendship Perception Survey (SFPS) was utilized. Results indicated that, despite some common perceptions about these friendships, some significant differences exist. Both groups of subjects believed that friendships with students with severe disabilities are possible and that they were willing to make efforts for such friendships to happen. To facilitate friendships, American students emphasized the role of adults in general, whereas Iranian students focused on the role of professionals. At the end, possible explanations of the results are discussed, and applications and suggestions for future research are presented.

According to the human capital theory, the skills transmitted by schooling are held to increase worker productivity. Thus, individuals invest in education in order to raise their productivity and income power. Investment in schooling is a function of the marginal rate of return, and the marginal interest cost of the funds used to finance them. The formal model is developed in a supply and demand framework, in which, the demand curve is downward sloping, that is additional investments yield smaller and smaller returns. The supply curve is upward sloping, under the assumption that cheaper sources of funds are used before more expensive ones. Persons with more favorable social "opportunities" (supply side) tend to invest more in schooling. Individuals with higher "ability" (demand side) also tend to invest more, as they have greater capacity to benefit from these investments. This means that the distribution of incomes is more concentrated the more unequal the distribution of the supply and demand curves. This negative correlation may stem from a positive association between "opportunities"and "abilities". Public policies are designed to alter the dispersions of the supply and demand curves, and the correlation between them. Programs to enrich the educational experiences of childern from poor and deprived families reduce the dispersion in ability.The provision of free public education, and loans for higher education, for students from low-income families also reduce the inequality in opportunity and hence the correlation between ability and access to funds