JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION
Year:2001 | Volume:5 | Issue:2|Papers Count:20

Deficiency in legislator"s expression, in ascertaining the senses of illicit action and it"s punishment, clearly, has faced execution of this article to numerous problems. Legislator by incorrect interpretation of principle 167 of constitutional law and generalization of permission of reference to source of islamic jurisprudence in criminal law suits creation of criminal titles and ascertaining of punishment has broken the principle of legality of crime and punishment. To rely on this principle, creation of crime and punishment is exclusive authority of legislative power. Reference to sources of islamic jurisprudence, the distinction of senses of illicit action and ascertaining of punishment for these actions, automatically leads to creation of crime and punishment, and this affair is contrary to the principle of separation and independence of powers and principle of legality. Islamic jurisprudence legislations concerning to illicit actions, so long as they have not been approved and declared in the frame of statuts have no legal credit and execution ability in courts. Also on the basis of islamic law, the mentioned legislations have not passed through allowance and exemption trilateral stages of religious commandments (legislation, inference, declaration) and also principles of confirm that individuals in face of religious commandment which have not expressed in criminal status, have not any indecency of punishment without responsibility, and regarding to unknown obligations in this article, relying on the rule of expression, execution of punishment is indecent. The ambiguity of mentioned article, allowes the judges violate the individual"s rights and freedom by strict interpretation. In this research, has been tried by reference to the sources of islamic law, principles of s criminalization and advise if the legislator constitutional law and criminal law and doctrine, to consider the style of legislator as an offence, senses of this title must be stated clearly and expressively in this article, and before intends to present illicit action s correction, it is necessary for judges to assist principle of legality and rely on the principle 37 of constitutional law, sentence to it innocence of accused.

This article is based on analytical research method. The data have been collected through library studies and field research; and inductive reasoning has been used to analyze them. Samples have been taken from 30% of vice chancellors of research in universities and also presidents of resarch centers in Iran. The hypothesis of this research is based on role of the mangers of research centers in reinforceing and/or preventing the researchers. To verify the hypothesis, identification of effective factors that help to inhance the quality and quantity of research as well as identification of the most preventive factors and policy making methods have been focused. Noticeable specification of this survey is looking into research management from the viewpoint of managers themselves who mostly are the faculty members and researchers, too. The result of study affirms the hypothesis and emphasizes the necessity of structural advancement of management methods and procedures in universities and research centers.

The causality is a basic and living issu of philosophy and philosophers have dealt with it in details but Ebn Arabi as a mystic has no obligation to discuss this matter independently because the object of mysticism is monotheism and monotheist-i.e., perfect human being. Therefore, we must search his words and gather their consequences to write on this matter. In this article which aims at determining the Ebn Arabi"s view about acceptance or rejection of the causality, so this manner is followed. That is why we refere to his most important books i.e. Fotuhat Makkiyeh and Fosus Al-hikam and also his commentators" writings such as Geisari, Jami and Sharani. After gathering the statements about the causality, analysing, classifying and extracting the rational - logical consequences of them, the finding is that Ebn Arabi rejects any kind of causality in the nature (Alame Shahadah) but he accepts the causality between God (Hag) and creature (khalg) although he calls it emanation, manifestation and determination.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, islamization of the all bases of the Islamic system was a prevalent thought which wasrevealed as a cornerstone of the society. Accordingly, establishment of the Islamic Judicial system, based on Islamic jstic which consists of judges who are both just and knowledgeable with respect to all Islamic provisions, which has been provided as a main object in Iranian constitutionl law. Consequently, the first legislation of the newly established Islamic system, i.e, the Islamic Revolution council made very important changes in both substantive and fromal laws. This trend has been continued by the Islamic parliament after being stablished. Unfortunately the changes with respect to formal provisions of law particularly on the ground of principals of the criminal procedure and juditial review of the court"s decisions have been so deep and imprecise as ths legislator who has to pass a new law with completely different and opposite contents, very soon after any change the situation has been continued up to now and still the legislator does not follow any spesific and stable priniciple with regard to the foregoing changes. Sometimes the law passed by the parliament considers judicial review of a court"s decision against the unlawfull while later on the parliament may change the law so as it legalize such a review of the aforegoing decision in a way that one may think it is improbably of a court to pronounce a binding verdict. Accordingly, it is necessary to clarify whether these changes are in accordance with common law and whether in which circumstances a court"s decision may be quashed. On this bases, firstly article trys to distinguish between the judges under the cammon law and those who work in the ministy of justice and second to discuss the issue of the reveiw or\and quashing of a judge"s decision under the Imamian school of law to find out clear and basic principals of this school concerning the aforesaid issues. Finally, the article will compare these principals with the provisions of the law at current status to indicate that any change concerning of criminal proccedure after Islamic Revoltion was based on misunderstading of the principals of the Imamian school of law. Passing various legislations by the parliament is a clear evidence in this respect and Islamic jurisprodence not only agrees with the review of unlawfull decsitions of a court but also agrees with other principals on this basis.

During the past two decades many countries have made special efforts to improve quality of higher education. In doing, they have applied evaluation approaches. Among these approaches, internal evaluation has such a characteristics that would lead to continuous quality improvement. In the Iranian higher education system a pilot internal evaluation project was conducted in six departments at three universities of medical sciences. On the basis of data from the pilot project, this article first reviews the theoretical framework of internal evaluation, then the need to conduct internal evaluation in higher education is discussed. Furthermore, based on the results of the pilot project, an appropriate approach to internal evaluation in the universities of medical sciences is presented. Finally, the article concludes with an operational process to conduct internal evaluation in higher education.

The purpose of this study was to investigate predictive validity of two measures of intelligence: Raven Progressive Matrices and Goodenough-Harris draw a person tests, in a group of (133) first and second grade Azarian children in Oromieh. In general, the results revealed that IQs of the Raven Progressive Matrices and the Goodenough-Harris draw a person tests are not signigicant predictors of school achievement except Raven Progressive Matrices for prediction of achievement in girls. Signigicant mean score differences in boys and girls, in two scales based on parent"s education does not support the culture fair"s scale in this group of Azarian children.

The present research was conducted to evaluate the master"s theses on library and information sciences in three universities: Tehran,Tarbiyate Moddares, and Medical Sciences. The data collection was done through a questionnaire handed out to 26 instructors, and also the direct study of 158 Masters" theses. The data was subsequently analyzed with respect to the topics, research method, references, academic statues of advisers.The results indicate 13% of the theses did not have advisors in library sciences and the references used were old. The topic"s variety of the theses also shows that they are not based on the needs, issues, and problems of library and information sciences in Iran. The research method had been all respected in the universities of Tarbiyate Moddares and Medical Sciences.

The co morbidity of psychological disroders within psychiatric patients often exist in the clinical settings. Many of patients with eating disorders also meet criteria for personality disorders. The relationship between eating disorders and personality disorders is important for both theoretical and clinical implications. The impact of personality disorders on treatment outcome in eating disordered patients were studied. Fifty-eight consecutive female referrals to the Maudsley Hospital Eating Disorder Clinic and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy Unit (in London), were included in this study. An extensive pre-treatment evaluation was made of the patients by independent researchers. Patients then were randomly allocated to either family therapy, individual focal psychoanalytic psychotherapy, cognitive analytic therapy, or a control treatment, supportive therapy for up to one year. The results of this study demonstrate that 46.5% of the patients with eating disorders met criteria for at least one personality disorder. The bulimic patients tend to fulfil the criteria more than the anorexic patients. The most common diagnoses in the anorexic and bulimic were groups anxious and histrionic personality disorder, respectively. Personality disorders were found to be associated with poor response to treatment in eating disorders.

The purpose of the present study was designed to compare non-verbal intelligence of hearing impaired and hearing students in three age groups of 6, 9 and 12 years old. All three groups of subjects were selected by cluster sampling method. Each group included 60 students. The Leiter International Performance Scale and the Goodenough Draw-a-man Test were administered in this study. For analysing the data One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOY A) and Scheffe post-hoc method were applied. The results revealed that: (a) in the group of six years old between hearing and non-hearing students there were no significant differences, (b) in the groups of nine and twelve years old, between both groups found significant differencces on two tests, (c) between severely hearing impaired and profoundly hearing imparied students were found no significant differences.

This research was conducted to examine the kind and the frequency of damages done to school"s building and equipment as well as effective factors influencing this phenomenon. The sample was selected among students of the primary, guidance and sceondary schools of Tehran. It was comprised of 962 students and 356 school personnel (Heads, depmty heads and Teachers). For the collection of data two questionnaires (student"s and school"s personnel) and an observational scale were used. The research finding shows that according to the student"s view, the level of damages to the classroom"s equipment is more obvious, while teachers report that dameges are more evident on classrooms"s equipment, and its environment. The technical- architectural factors are seen by the students as more effective on school"s damages than the behavioural factors. School personnel see family, architectural, student"s and school factors as the elements causing damages to schools. Significant relationship is found between the level of damages and the age of the students", in higher level of schooling, damages are more frequent. The gender does not seem to have significant effect on the school"s damages. The results on the architectural aspect shows that very few schools are situated near cultural or green areas and the building of 1. of 1/3 schools are not suitable as such. Findings also reveal that few schools are kept in excellent conditions and that half of the school buildings need repairing. The authors review the important factors which can prevent or diminish damages to schools as seen by the students and school personnel. By classifying important architectural standards and principles for designing, constructing, equipping and maintaing schools, the authors suggest different solutions for a safe and favourable environment

The aim of this study was to compare the inter and intraperson perspective taking in preschool children. The sample included 70 boys and girls aged 3-7. Participants answered to three tasks (doll"s house, candy, beads). The results of the study revealed that the estimation of children"s in perspective taking depend on the kinds of task. In the other words if the task be related to children"s experiences, he/she will response to better (at this manner children take the other"s perspective easily). Also the results show that children in some tasks are not egocentric, and they can take the other"s perspective.

One of the most important topics in education is the question of values and goals. Both these questions are philosaphical since they are related to the education of the ideal man that every school of thoughts aimes at producing. Regarding these facts, every system of education should consider its philosophy of education, since lack of such investigation results in anarchy in the whole system. Therefore considering the views of the philosophers of education can be of great help in finding out advantages and disadvantages of existing philosopy of education. The aim of this article is to give an introductory knowledge about J. H. Newman who is the most prominant advocate of Educational Liberalism. The reason for choosing him is that he claims that his Ideal man has gained a kind of insight and wisdom which will become a part of him or her for ever, as his second nature. Analyzing his ideas can help us in reconsidering our value systems and objectives.