GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2005 | Volume:37 | Issue:51|Papers Count:14

RIVER resembles an uncovered canal having particularities cross section area length profile and slop that is due to such as metamorphoses overtime, these changes depends on rate of flow, bed rivers materials, sediment discharge, and some other variables that are under shadow the river. THE bed of most conduits and rivers despite of their differences in term of size and geometrical and hydraulic specifications, they seldom appear as direct streams or said to be kind of direct conduits. But along way they don’t have regular twists but symmetric conditions possibly viewed referred to as meander. Regarding to the field studies on MINAB rivers in the view of geomorphological and erosion it was know that sediment discharge, quantity and its type, the bed materials and different models for the plan of this river can indicate many dynamic and morphological particularities. THE geometry of the river, the interval of Minab Bridge to “Doo Doo” village is a big Meander, to which most of activities in Hormozgan province and even Persian Gulf neighbor countries depend on sand and gravel extract from this meander. This river from under the bridge has curves to the right. This arch within 300-400m downstream Minab’s bridge stretches to TOMBANOO then embraces small meander on the left border of “ Doo Doo” village. AS the river is considered as a system, dynamic environment, so it is attempted in the paper that meander analyses in the river of minab as one of erosive phenomena affects this alluvial system.

One of the first steps in Natural resource management & Development Planning, is the recognition of susceptible area to Mass Movements & landslides Events. These Phenomena occur under influence of many natural & human factors that evaluation of Their offects have significant role in forecasting of Probability of Mass movements. in this survey the occurred Mass movements & landslides has beenrecognized in sarkhoun watershed (in Ardal shahrestan of Chaharmahal – O – Bakhtiari Province) by the interpretation of aerial Photoes & field observations. Based on the results, the dispersion Maps of different kinds of Mass movements have been Provided.Also, other environmental characteristics of the area Consisted 19 qiantitative and 4 quqlitative variables have been studied & the relevant Maps have been Provided in Geographic in formation system (GIS). In order to modeling three Methods in volves of logistic Regression Model, Linear Regression Model, & Probit Model hsve been Used in this survey & finally some equations have been Built for forecasting & Mapping of  Probability of Mass Movements events. Afterward the final Maps Classify the watershed in to Two Zones: High risk (or Probability) & low risk, & the Percentage of Modelling accuracy have been evaluated. The results show that model – making based on the logistic Regression Model has the Maximum accuracy for forecosting. The maps of forecasting & Zonation of the probability of Mass Movements events can be used widely in different local & reginal development Planning.

The interior of  the Iranian high land encloses a central area of irregular shape consisting of a very large number of basins. The Dasht-e-Kawir or Kawir-e-Bozorg (great Kawir) is a collection of these basins (Bobek, 1959, P6).The Dasht-e-Kawir occurs between 32˚50΄N and 50˚E. the extent of Dasht-e-Kawir is about 2910 km2 and is bordered by  marginal villages and towns. Eleven towns are located at the edge of  Dasht-e-Kawir, Kashan region is one of them, which is Located at the west. There is no doubt that carpet weaving is not a new phenomenon in the Kashan region. Edwards has described in his book, “The persian carpet” a carpet which was woven in Kashan in the middle of sixteenth century, now it is to be seen in the Austrian Museum for Art and Industry, Vienna. The carpet woven has developed over the last 30 years. In the area unlike the rest of the rural area in Iran, high quality carpets are woven. In the national market it is known as the Shad-Sar carpet which in design, material and quality (40×40 Knot's) are approximately similar. The carpet have been produced mainly, by the majority of households in the area.  Based on to estimate, a pair of standard size Shad-Sar carpets has 2,252,800 knots which will be woven in 468 days, on average 5.94 m2 of carpet are woven by a skilled weaver in 468 days. The total production was calculated from the above estimate to be about 7676 m2 for 2003. On average the coefficient of potentiality for increasing production was calculated for 2003 at about 27.2%. There are a few basic reasons for the cause of decreasing potential production. Also, in order to reach potential production in the area, the following suggestions are made. a. To advise and help the people to organize and supply good working conditions, materials and strange design, based on market demand.b. To establish carpet cooperatives for financial help facilities. c. To make certain health and social services are available for weavers.

The climatic factors effective on agriculture is very important subject especially in dry-farming conditions. In dry farming the date of cultivtion is the start of first effectivenes Autumn rainfall. For determining the most suitable cultivation time in Ilam provience, the investigation have done for 7 stations which have maximum coverage with 18 years daily data. The suitable time for dry-farming wheat was done by calculating 75 and 50% of probaility.  Based on introduced defenitions the best start time for dry farming cultivation wheat in Ilam provience are as follow: The start of rainy time and subseqently the dry farming cultivation time is after 25th of september that receives 5 milimitere rainfall if it will not be more than 15 dry days.  Based on above defenition the best starting dry-farming time in Ilam provience is second decades of November. The best method for maximum benefit or farming lands is a suitable farming this and also using adapting swing to climate of each region

Tehran is one of the polluted cities in the world. Despite the effective acts of the city authorities there is not yet sign of improvement. Because the main factor, that is, the pressure distribution is not considered. This research is undertaken to analyze the relation between the pressure changes and the pollution concentration of Tehran and identify the effective pressure patterns.  For this purpose the polluted days of Tehran according to CO, NO2, SO2, and TSP were extracted from the daily pollution data of Villa station, located in the central part of Tehran, during 1984-2001 period. The NCEP 00 GMT daily pressure data of the pollution days at 2.5 degrees apart grid points within the 20°N to 47.5°N and 35°E to 67.5°E window were used.        Through the use of Principal Component Analysis and Clustering methods the pressure distribution of pollution days were classified into six groups and then the composite pressure pattern of each group was mapped. Each composite map was assigned as a weather type. These weather types are as: Northwestern Anticyclone, Caspian Low, Siberian Anticyclone, Western Anticyclone, Khorasan Low, and the Zonal type. Most of the types were frequent in fall. The Khorasan Low is the dominant type during the short period pollution runs whereas the Zonal type is dominant during longer pollution episodes.     The relation between the pressure changes and the pollution concentrations were studied through the use of the daily pressure of the Mehrabad station and pollution values of Villa station. The results showed positive relation between the Mehrabad grid point pressure and pollution concentration of  CO, NO2, and  SO2, but negative relation with the concentration of TSP.

In this research work an attempt has been made to study different factors and characteristics affecting industrial city site selection and environmental effects of selected sites on Arak city. For this purpose, physical structure and human factors affecting the selection of industrial city have been analyzed. The results are: For the purpose of industrialization of Arak city, national program have more weight than local programs. Topographic structure and wind direction make an inversion effect on air quality and make more air pollution in this city Industrial production units such as Aluminum production factory, has more sharing in air pollution such that over 99 per cent of this pollution is from these units.  Location of this industrial city in upper corner of Mighan desert basin and agricultural fields at north Arak, has made this closed basin more sensitive. It is concluded that the industrial site selection for this city was not suitable and it has a lot of negative effects on environmental conditions of Arak city. It is recommended that for the next site selection it all the above-mentioned factors should be considered.

The climatic factors effective on agriculture is very important subject especially in dry-farming conditions. In dry farming the date of cultivtion is the start of first effectivenes Autumn rainfall. For determining the most suitable cultivation time in Ilam provience, the investigation have done for 7 stations which have maximum coverage with 18 years daily data. The suitable time for dry-farming wheat was done by calculating 75 and 50% of probaility.  Based on introduced defenitions the best start time for dry farming cultivation wheat in Ilam provience are as follow: The start of rainy time and subseqently the dry farming cultivation time is after 25th of september that receives 5 milimitere rainfall if it will not be more than 15 dry days.  Based on above defenition the best starting dry-farming time in Ilam provience is second decades of November. The best method for maximum benefit or farming lands is a suitable farming this and also using adapting swing to climate of each region

 Inclement weather creates a chronic hazard on Mountainous roads in Iran. Past studies indicate that road collisions rate increase during precipitation & road frosts. The goal of the current study is assessment of spatial & temporal distribution of slipperiness and road frost in Haraz and Firuzkoh roads (that are stretches between Tehran and northern provinces by crossing Alborz mountains) by using Statistical Methods and GIS techniques due to analysis of 5 synoptic weather stations. All of the stations have different situations and climates: Abali, Aghdasieh, Hammand Absard, Firuzkoh and ghrakhil Ghaemshar. The study has 2 interrelated objectives:(1) To explore any Monthly & Yearly different probability of weather conditions (Np1-Np9) and regress analysis with elevation.(2) Identification of spatial and temporal distribution of Them in the case studies. The result show that the spatial patterns for different types of road slipperiness and frost are significantly related to local parameters such as elevation and screening effects.

Multi- temporal remotely sensed data is a useful information source for the detection of surface changes. Land cover changes, due to human activities, are the main subjects of regional planning. Changes detection is a major application of remotely sensed data. In this study, which carried out based on visual –and digital procedures, various changes are identified, and were detected during 23 years for three times. The digital images of MSS (20 July, 1977), TM (7 Sep., 1988) and ETM+ (20 July, 2000) were used. The three multi-source images were geometrically and radiometrically calibrated to each other and then the different methodologies, such as overlaying, images differencing and post classification comparisons were applied.  The obtained results have shown that during 23 years, drastic changes occurred in relation to desertification and 68% of the occurred changes are in between 1985-2000. Based on the obtained results we concluded that Landsat MSS, TM, and ETM+ data are powerful to map the changes. From the obtained results we concluded that extensive fieldwork are necessary to map the occurred changes for the study period.

Total mass of water vapor in a particular location from the surface to the end of atmosphere which is called precipitable water is a parameter that is used to estimate the precipitation. In this paper the data in Mehrabad station has been analyzed from 1982 to 1995. And in this station for all the months of the year, the precipitable water , mean temperature and atmospheric refrectivity has been computed and by adding the STD to the mean and subtracting it from the mean , the very dry and wet periode and also very cold and warm period has been classified. Also, the examination of mean precipitable water and temperature and atmospheric refrectivity on January , 1999 shows that the precipitation in this month is normal and iv as a cold to very cold period. And the examination total precipitable water and precipitation shows that without considering the flux humidith , only 7.6 % of precipitable water has been precipitaed.

The coastal zones are kinds of natural ecosystems that have important roles in our life. Those are naturally balancing by reaction to sea level fluctuation and water rising. The reaction of sea and land naturaly changes feature of coastal land use. In addition, the feature of land uses changed by human activities. They have owned coastal zones and have converted them to cottages and buildings. These activities were cased Eco-environmental crises in these zones. In recent years, The Caspian southern coastal zones have severely changed by human activities and sea level fluctuation. The determining and computing of rates and kind of changes that Caspian Sea was rising in southern Caspian coastal zones are our goals in this study. In order to change detection of coastal zones at 1360-1373 duration, a small area (about 320 ha in 10 kilometers of coastal zones) was selected in Nour coastal zones by aerial photographs and GIS. The photos of both years were scanned and georefrenced by GCPs methods. They were mosaiced by their spatial coordinates. The both land-uses and the sea rising boundaries were extracted. The results showed that the rates of feature land use changing was very fast and sever, so that the most of free coastal zones have transformed to cottages, sea gardens, buildings and so on. The sea rising is cased that about 85 ha of free coastal zones was covered by sea. Some natural forest and vegetation area about 13.5 ha which were detected at 1360 photos, changed and decreased to 4.4 ha. Also, about 107 ha of land uses were changed so that the rates of buildings and structures increased to 35 ha. The results also showed that rate of feature changes of zones by human activities are more than the sea level fluctuation. Then the coastal management should be done for preventing Eco-environmental crises.

Marchers cooperative was active from pastime traditionally and beginning from 1965 formally in Iran. In despite of creation the laws structures because of administrative- executive limitation that can’t earn its roll in the national economic. These cooperatives establishment after the Islamic republic Revolution in Sistan and Balochestan province. Now there are 32 cooperatives with 8 Billion Rails capital in this province, its exports was about 31 Million dollars in 2000.Its share was lesser than one percent in unoil exports of country in that years. According to result of this Research, the roll of cooperatives is distributive and must go towards to productive. As well as have to omit the limitation in the export and import. For developing of cooperative activities has necessary improvement following items: - Increase allocation of foreign currency - Improvement of methods - Sustainable of laws and provisions - Decrease taxes - Omit the waste bureaucracy - Creation harmony between the organizations.

One of the important issues in spatial and regional planning is identify suitable regions for location of facilities and services. The rapid expansion of geographical science; special, geographical information system (GIS), feasible modeling and analysis of spatial data. The objective of this paper is using AHP to spatial modeling in Torghabeh district. Procedures of zoning include data collection, input, selection criteria, spatial modeling and overlay has done in GIS. Finally, district of Torghabeh ranked to some region from ‘very suitable’ to ‘unsuitable’.