GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH QUARTERLY
Year:2005 | Volume:36 | Issue:50|Papers Count:13

The mountainous regions in the west of Orumieh Lake are subject to variety of mass movements. Each of the falls and topples, debries avalanches, earth flows, mud flows, slumps and complex landslides play a role in this mass wasting. Falls and topples spread over most of the region, but as for the frequency, intensity and the damages, slumps are more significant. Falls occur in regions where limestone dissolves from beneath and Conglomerate with 4 meters depth and graded bedding is decayed in the lower parts. For mud flow and debries avalanche to occur, however removed vegetation cover plays a part, this removal in the debries avalanches zone is usually attributed to the previous removals. Despite the causes we cited to be responsible for the said mass wasting, in the occurrence of slumps and debries flow, the role of human factor is more prevalent in reducing the threshold of sliding.  Although the kind and infiltration rate of the superficial deposits, the slopes and precipitation are the main factors accounting  for the distribution of slumps and debries flows, human activities such as constructing irrigation canals, roads, buildings, cultivation of land, and installing water pipes has largely increased the sensitivity of the material.      

The daily expansion of airport industry sets up the necessity of appropriate airport construction plans, the site selection and designing of which, requires a comprehensive study of climatic element in relation to aviation. One of the decisive factors in climatic studies is the heat element which is regarded as the main aspect in all Climatic studies, as its influence is regarded to be the most important environmental parameter in such studies. On the other hand, the freezing phenomenon that is caused by the fall of heat, has more significance in aviation, because the occurrence of freezing conditions not only generates dangers and threats for the aircraft take offs and landings but also for its bulk and its ordering controls. In this research, we have paid attention to two factors of heat and freezing as the main influencing climatic factors in airport foundation because of the predictable construction project of a multipurpose airport for solving the increasing general demands in the area, in Mianeh in the East Azerbijan.The main concentration of this paper is on the parameters such as heat and the number of freezing days in Mianeh synoptic station based on 1987- 97 records. Firstly, the heat has been analyzed and the results indicate that on the basis of the mean, the maximum and minimum temperatures , Mianeh experiences warm to very warm summers and cold to very cold winters in successive years and the range of temperature changes being 67.4 C seems to be very high. The matching of temperature return period using the normal distribution method proves that there is a possibility for the occurrence of a maximum temperature of 42.46 C in the next 40 years. Subsequently, analyzing the records with respect to the number of freezing days and the standard deviation for the 13 days with a 95% confidence level, postulates that the approximate date for the beginning of freezing days occurs in October, and in January reaches to its maximum of 28 days. The analysis was followed by applying the mean and maximum daily temperature for the calculation of the reference temperature of the airport. The correction was accomplished for the length of the flight take off zone of each zone in the airport site. The final section of the paper contains the policies and recommendations proposed.    

Coastal zone of Sistan & Baluchestan Province is composed of several sedimentary units, which related to desert, river, coastal and shallow marine environments. Coastal dunes as the most important units, due to interaction of land and marine processes were formed. The main forms of coastal dunes in study area are Barkhan, longitudinal (Seif), Transverse, Draa, Shadow sand (Nebka), Dome shaped and sand plain (Sand sheet). Coastal Desert Changes of Sistan & Baluchestan Province were transforming of dunes to each other, occurrence of other ones and complete or partially losses of some dunes. The Qualitative and quantitative investigation of Coastal desert changes were scopes of this research. So to approach to these propose we used two period aerial photos (1967 and 1993) of study area. This area has 636123 (ha) distributions and comprises 300 km of Oman sea coastlines. By using GIS method, all data were investigated and analyzed. Preparation of desert unit maps for two periods of aerial photo and determination of changes were the resultants of this research. Coastal dune fields in 1967 have been 45600 (ha) areas, which rich to 50867 (ha) at 1993. Increases of transverse, sand shadow, draa dunes and sand sheet areas were due to sediment interchange between sea and land, sediments accumulations at toe of desert bush, dune movements to desert center and transforming to other types and erosion of dunes. In the other hand, deflation and movements of dunes were caused in longitudinal, Barkhan and dome shaped dunes areas.      

Variety is the inherent characteristic of our country. Geomorphologic studies leads us to use natural environment in its logical and optimized way, by finding reasons for physical environment variety, and this helps us by recognition of stable and unstable areas and identification of the type of the activities.Being mountainous, sharp declivity slopes, active faults, high average of rainfall, variation of temperature in high elevations, rich vegetation and existence of permanent rivers with high yearly discharge are considered as the physical characteristics of the investigated area. Talesh mountain erosion activity divides into two neighbor regions. First, subglacials over 2000m altitude including superiority of mechanical functions, overcoming of morphogenesis on pedogenesis , and Second, frost region which starts form the lowest border of subglacial region and extends to the hillside by hegemony of physico-chemical activities and the overcoming of pedogenesis on morphogenesis. In this region, landslide is the most geomorphological phenomena, which emanates from human mismanagement and highly influences mountains sensitive and unstable circumference and finally results economical and natural damages. Rivers erosion system is an active morphogenesis system and the most important factor of sediment transportation. Young rivers have a highly effective erosion activity at the bottom of V-shaped valleys-which erodes bedrock and shapes the shore by its transportation.      

The study and recognize of rural areas, and analyse of their, s potentials and difficulties are important in process of rural development. The determine and analyse of development levels of rural areas by quantitative methods can be effective in this process. This paper determines and analyses the development degree of rural areas in the Zanjan province by “Mortis Method” and using 27 indicators and variables in contexts of economic, social and physical. The results indicate high disparities in development levels, so that 12 counties in all contexts of economic, social and physical are deprivated or less developed, and only 11 counties are developed relatively. The distance from cities, development points and pivots and industrial zones have effective role in development levels of counties. Therefore, enforcement of local centers include towns, rural centers and creating new development points and pivots in deprivated areas were necessary for integrated and balanced development of rural areas.    

This article investigates the process of special development and Landuse of Ein 2 Neighborhood in Ahvaz city during 1335-75. The study shows that the political decisions on the economic growth during 1950 to 60 in Iran in relation with the war between Iran and Iraq had a direct effect on the manifestation of marginality in Ahvaz. On the other hand, the formation of the primery townships with regard to landuse in this area shows a big gap in the indicators’ standard.      

Sistan & Baluchestan province is located in the south east of Iran. This area has had the lowest level of development among the provinces, both before the Islamic Revolution or after that. There have been 16 urban centers in the provinces in 1365, by 1379 it's urban centers increased to 30. The creation of urban centers and their impact on the regional development have been the matter of many questions. In order to understand the above question, this paper has surveyed the role of urban centers on regional development in this area. The study have based on some related theory and results that in spite of many  serious structural limitations the urban centers in this area have an important role in organizing and encouraging  the regional development, so supporting of their functions is a basic need in the development of the area.      

Earth landscape generally covered by soil and every deposit soil is a dynamic natural material composed of fine particles in which plants grow, and which contain both mineral fragments and organic matter. Soil erosion is the important problems in this time, Human intervention has a major impact in soil. Farmers in most area learned to plant slopes at the same elevation not vertically up and down the slope. Planting on the contour prevents water from flowing straight down the slope and thus reduces soil erosion.     The aim in this article is researches for surveying of erosion in east and north basins of Hormoz striate. The rivers in this area are Mazabi , Gaz , Haivi , Shoor , Minab , Jalabi , Jamash and Hasan Langi , tools of this research are every maps for example topographic and geology maps , soil and fertility maps, vegetation and other maps . Farther statistics advantages of hydrometers and meteorology stations and aireal photos and remote sensing and other techniques. The M.Pesiac model is an important tool for analyse of erosion in this basins. For this work, the nine parameters in farther steps examined. Advantages show the quantitative of erosion is 25435/95 tone in per square kilometer and deposit is 5458/48 tone in square kilometer in these basins. The maximum of erosion is in Jask – Sirik basins.       

One of the most important rural functions is economic function that has Fundamental role in the settelment location and sustainable, economic product, subsistence, income and creating employment. Despite effective role agriculture in the rural economic, but those is not doing agriculture activity alone. Today villages movement in direction diversity of job, subsistence and income is unavoidable. In this way, geographical conditions and potentials every rural is influence on the program of economic development. This paper investigates feasibility innovation in the economic function on the Khorgam district of Rudbar township. The study concludes that to rely on geographical potentials any rural region to be involved background economic move in the villages.      

National interests 'Delimitation of maritime boundaries is related to littoral states, strife in delimiting of their sea boundaries 'the coastal states, Therefore, the subject of maritime boundary delimitation in the Persian is quite meaningful. At these were brought to fore at the mid of 1960's, Gulf, for the first time agreed (as responsible of foreign affairs of the Arabs) years Iran and Britain on adopting the median line of the Persian Gulf as sea border between Iran and Saudi Arabian maritime boundary was the first offshore southern Emirates other three maritime borders, later on boundary of Iran in the Persian Gulf Iran's maritime boundaries with Bahrain and Oman were delimited with Qatar Iran and Kuwait and United Arab Emirates have not been delimited as yet, Iraq has not followed the process of boundary delimitation in the Persian Gulf Iran and Kuwait maritime because many problems have over shadowed it, seriously boundary negotiation began in early 1960's and lasted adecade but has not as many problems including determination yet resulted in any comprehensive agreement  have postponed maritime boundary delimitation of mutually acceptable base line  the new round of negotiation between two countries, After three decades here  Iran-United Arab Emirates maritime boundary delimitation has begun from December 2000 is partly resultant of unlawful claim of UAE against the three Iranian islands. Since more than half of the Persian Gulf belongs to Iran in the Persian Gulf in order to protect national interests in the exiting common fields and in maritime boundary delimitation between, the common fields which may be discovered in the future. Iran and the above mentioned three states is necessary, Maritime boundary, Geopolitics, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, Persian Gulf.      

Rural management and quality of it has several century antecedents. Evaluating this antecedent, we can understand important points about methods of villages management and according to past experiences, we can know various challenges, specially for future use. One of the important points of management method in Iranian villages is the multi level approach that include of approaches of after and before revolution. We can say, before the Islamic revolution, thoughts of rural management were based on thoughts of governors and governments and law enforcement of them. But after it, rural management is based on villager thoughts and rural society, hence, villager cooperation to governing villages organized and shaped from past decades in law frame. Specially, after 1377 and after establishing parts of governing villages in same villages, this parts that are related to village are responsible to governing village. According to this description, each of two levels is evaluative according to method of enforcing programs, top to down and down to top. Practically, there are challenges and successes and we evaluate them in present paper.      

Reclamation project of Lamerd plain was started in 1995 with seeding, seedlings and protection in an area about 8000 hectares using resistant species to drought and salinity such as Atriplex sp., Prosopis juliflora and Acacia tortilis. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of this project of soil and vegetation characteristics. For this purpose, five profiles were dug within each site. Physio-chemical soil characteristics such as texture EC, pH, lime, organic matter, gypsum, soluble ions (Na, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-) and SAR were measured. In addition, vegetation characteristics such as percentage of canopy cover; condition and trend of vegetation and yield were determined. The results showed that soil have high salinity. Soil salinity was increased specially in the protective area comparing to the first year of the project and expansion of protective area within seedlings area was considerable. One of the important reasons which cause decay in seedlings after project performance (in spite of considerable growth at the first year of project) are: stopped additional irrigation, limitation of plant roots penetration because hard pan caused by lime in 30-60cm depth, shallow water table, water salinity and damaging of plant roots because of severe crust caused in surface layer of soil in the study area.