Anatomical Sciences Journal
Year:2005 | Volume:3 | Issue:3|Papers Count:10

Purpose: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Cd on cellular and subcellular aspects of cerebellar Purkinje cells in developing rats.Materials and methods: forty adult female Wistar rats served as subjects in this experiment. The animals were assigned randomly to four groups: control I, control II, experiment I and experiment II. The experiment group I and II were injected intraperitoneally with 3mg/kg cadmium chloride solution on day 8 and 16 of pregnancy. Whereas the control group I and II were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline on day 8 and 16 of pregnancy, respectively. After delivery, the four-day postnatal (PN4) neonate rats of different four groups were perfused intracardially with 2.5% fixative glutaraldehide solution. After appropriate procedures, the histological slides were examined by light and electron microscopy. Then the number of Purkinje cells was counted; cellular and subcellular characteristics of Purkinje cells were evaluated.Results: Our quantitative data showed that there is a significant reduction in the number of cerebellar Purkinje cells in experiment group I and Comparing with control group I (P1<0.000) and (P2<0.005) Also, the number of Purkinje cells significantly diminished in experiment group I comparing with experiment group H (P<0.005).On the other hand, the qualitative microscopic assessment of the specimens showed considerable changes such as Purkinje cells deaths, heterochromatin nuclei, unclear nucleolus, deterioration of mitochondrial membrane and cristae, formation of numerous abnormal vacuoles in mitochondria and separated particles of cytoplasm with cellular components in experiment groups.Discussion: The present experiment clearly identifies cadmium as a toxic metal poison in rat embryos. Our findings lead us to conclude that presence of cadmium during pregnancy period; not only induces negative growth effects on neonate rat, but also causes degenerative changes and diminishes the number of Purkinje cells in cerebellum.

Purpose: In this study, TEM was used to asses the ultra structural effects of Cd on Photoreceptor and Ganglionic cells of mouce retinal layer.Materials and Methods: 30 mice hi1Vebeen used in three groups (experimental I, II & control). On 9th day of gestation, experimental groups have received a single IP injection of Cadmium- chlorid (Cd C12) solution in saline, 3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg respectively and control group received only distilled water. The mice were euthanized on day 15 of gestation. Specimens for TEM were prepared.Results: External fragment shortness of photoreceptors, apoptotic nuclei, heterochromatic nuclei, deletion of nucleous membrane, invisible nucleolus, and mitochondrial changes in apoptotic cells were observed in experimental groups.Conclusion: Cadmium exposure causes apoptotic changes in Photoreceptors and Ganglionic cells.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of uterus after ovarian induction using pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in normal and pseudopregnancy during implantation periods.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 240 female NMRI mice with the age of 6-10 weeks were selected and divided into control and hyperstimulated groups. These mice were rendered normal or pseudopregnant. Five mice per each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on the first day to sixth day of natural or pseudopregnancy. For biochemical assay, the samples were obtained from the uterin horns then were hemogenated using tris HCI buffered salin (pH 8.3) and centrifuged with14000 g. The activity of enzyme was determined using paranitrophenyle phosphate as substrate. Then specific activity of enzyme was calculated according to the total protein. The data were evaluated with Mann whithney test. For histochemistry the samples were cryosections (5mm thickness) and the ALP activity was determined by azo-coupling technique using alphanaphtole phosphate as substrate.Results: The pattern of ALP activity in the biochemical and hisotchemical study was the same in each group. The activity of the endometrial ALP increased during early pregnancy in the control and hyperstimulated natural pregnant groups. The endometrial ALP activity increased until 4th day in control and hyperstimulted pseudopregnant groups. The enzyme activity was observed on the apical border of surface and glandular epithelium and limina propria.Conclusion: Thus ovarion hyprstimulation alters the endometrial ALP activity during early pregnancy. This alteration may influence the endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. However, it needs more investigation with complementary technique.

Purpose: The aim of this study was cloning the Gba enzyme in pUCBM21 plasmid, and making frame mutation on it and sequencing it.Materials and methods: mRNA was extracted from mouse spleen and glucocerebrosidase cDNA was synthesized and amplified by PCR with specific primers. cDNA was cloned in pUCBM21 and analyzed by restriction enzymes. A fragment of its sequence was deleted using MscI restriction enzyme .Then frame mutation was prepared and sequenced.Results: glucocerebrosidase cDNA was synthesized and amplified by PCR. Then cloned in pUCBM21 and confirmed using restriction analysis. An in frame mutation was done and confirmed by sequencing.Conclusion: The successful sequenced Gba cDNA compared with other researchers results.

Purpose: The aim of this research was to study the properties of factors secreted from astrocyte cells in suspension medium in direct differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neural cells.Materials and Methods: Royan B1 mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were used in this experiment. For differentiation of Es cells into the neural cells, the astrocyte-condition medium (ACM) of mouse fetus hippocampus astrocytes was used. The process that differentiated these cells was based on forming embryoid bodies (EBs). These EBs were treated with retinoic acid (RA), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ACM within 4 days (2+4d) under suspension condition in 7 groups. Then differentiation of these EBs was promoted on poly-l-lysine. With the use of immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR methods, the markers indicating the neural and cardiac differentiated cells from ES cells were studied.Results: In this experiment EBs cells were differentiated within 5 days (2+4+5d) into different neural cells including neurons, astrocytes, and cardiac cells. However, The statistical analysis of EBs differentiated percentage showed that under ACM effect, ES cells did not differentiate into neural cells and only their cardiac differentiation rate were decreased. But under RA effect, more than 50% of the Es cells showed 40% nueral differentiation and ES cells under effect of bFGF did not differentiate into cardiac cells.Conclusion: Findings of this study revealed that ACM probably don't play role in direct differentiation of Es cells into neural cells and only decreases differentiation into cardiac cells. RA as a strong inducer also causes differentiation of ES cells into neural cells.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of D-Penicillamine in reducing lead induced morphometric changes in rat testis.Materials and Methods: Male adult rats were exposed to 0.4% lead acetate in drinking water for 8 weeks. After this period, 6 rats sacrificed and testes were removed to evaluate the effects of lead intoxication. The remained lead exposed rats were divided into two groups: one group received distilled water and the other group received 25-35 mg/kg/day of oral D-p treatment for six weeks, after one week of recovery. Testis morphometric changes were studied in H&E stained sections.Results: Width of germinal epithelium and number of sertoli cells were decreased after 8 weeks of lead intoxication (P<0.05). These parameters were still significantly lower than control group after both of recovery and treatment periods (P<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that subchronic oral lead intoxication induces some changes in adult testis which are not reversible even after D-P administration.

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the histopathologic changes of rat liver while all of the experiments were exposed to formaldehyde for 18 weeks.Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 28, 6-7 week postantal allbino wistar rats. The rats were divided into 3 case groups (E1: 4h/d, 4d/w; E2: 2h/d, 4d/w; E3: 2h/d, 2d/w) and 1 control group. The liver specimens were sectioned at 6 mm and stained with H&E technique for histopathologic study.Results: In group E3, some cells showed eosinophilic cytoplasm and oncocytic view, while others showed focal ground glass view as well as sinusoidal and portal artery dilation. In group E2, sinusoidal dilation and congestion were seen. Mononuclear cell infiltration and regeneration of hepatocytes in priportal space were seen among cases of group E1.Conclusion: The results of this study show that formaldehyde vapor in the concentrations similar to our study, can make histopathologic changes which could be detectable by light microscope. But there is no direct relationship between the duration of exposure to formaldehyde vapor and the intensity of histopathologic changes in the liver.

Radial artery is a muscular artery that normally aroses from brachial artery in the elbow.The radial artery is increasingly being used as a coronary bypass graft. The aim of this paper is to report details of rare multiple variations in the radial artery of a male Iranian cadaver. In routine dissection, it was observed that the right side radial artery arose from brachial artery in the arm. It then desended toward elbow by passing under biceps brachii tendon and leaned toward lateral side of the forearm and went toward the wrist.It then curled posterolateraly round the carpus went beneath the abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, and brevis crossed anatomical snuff box. In the proximal end of the first intermetacarpal space, radial artery had a branch for deep palmar arch, but the main trunk of artery continued toward the first web .Ultimately, by passing under the first dorsal interosseous muscle, it entered the palm and then divided into two branches that median artery had formed an anastomotic ring like a rhomboid. From this anastomotic ring two branches had separated, one for thumb and one for index finger. This variation in the route of the radial artery in hand, is the fist time to be reported and is not reported in the available data.