PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:33|Papers Count:15

In Russian language, the difference between sentences as a syntactic unit depends on the combination of words, predicate or the message of it. The subject and predicate as the main structure of the sentence carries this message, which should be in the appearance of at least one of the sentences. The syntactic relation between subject and predicate can be determined by the type of subject in the sentence. If there is a grammatical subject in the sentence, the coordination and accordance relation will be in the sentence. In this relation, the predicate is a conclusion of subject and follows it in the gender, count, and person. But if the subject is not grammatical, there will be no relation between the subject and predicate. A case in which the subject is logic in a sentence, its relation with the predicate will be syntactical conduction. In this case, the predicate determines the grammatical type of subject and this time the subject follows the predicate.

Oscar Wilde is considered today as one of the most influential writers of the last decade of the nineteenth century, and it is practically impossible to speak about this important period in English literature without mentioning his name. However, the fact is that Wilde was a relatively obscure literary figure at the time of his death in 1900, and had it not been for the untiring devotion and measured editorial activities of his first editor, Robert Ross, his name would have been left to us not as the classic writer that he is but probably as a controversial cultural figure of the fin-de-siecle. Taking advantage of the powerful publishing medium of the nineteenth century collected edition and through the adoption of calculated editorial techniques, Ross was able to rehabilitate his friend’s name against all odds and put it on the literary ‘classics’ map of his time and era; textual criticism would thus play a significant role in Wilde’s gradual rise to fame and ultimate canonicity in the twentieth century. The present article deals with the effect of the editorial strategies employed for Wilde’s first collected edition on his public perception for a large part the previous century.

вид, translated most often in Russian linguistic texts as aspect, is one of the grammatical categories of verbs in the Russian language. вид manifests the process of an action from the resultative or inresultative, continuity or incontiuity and so on point of view. вид is formally expressed by some morphological instruments such as suffixes and prefixes inside the finite form of verbs. In the Russian language аспект, being a functional-meaningful category, just as вид may express the process of an action However, it is able to be expressed not only by morphological instruments but also by other instruments such as syntactic instruments, lexical meaning.

Learning progress tests are considered as important tools, as far as the evaluation of language skills is concerned. These kinds of tests, which are developed for the measurement of progress or regress of learners in the learning of particular tests as well as recognizing possible problem areas, has been illustrated and carried out, relevant to the aim of learning and being familiar with teaching methodologies. The available contribution is concerned with development and application of learning progress tests in the virtual area on the basis of the German-Language webpage Passwort Deutsch.

The study of world literary schools and their comparison with Persian literature is one of the ways which guides the researcher towards comparative literature. In this article, some of the aspects of the Baroque School are traced in Khayyam's Rubaiyat. The principal themes of the Baroque art, such as movement and animation, instability of life and of the world, making the most of the ephemeral instants of life, revolt and the theme of death have a bewildering tie with the thoughts and poems of Khayyam. A considerable number of Khayyam's Rubaiyat which have been gathered in this research are centered on the above themes.

Plot is one of the chainlike and dynamic elements of story, drama and poetry. The elements of story are dynamic when they are part of the plot. Among the different aspects of narration, plot is one of the most important and also the most constant one.The purpose of the writer is to represent some simple rules by the help of which the reader could identify the plot. For this purpose, language as a communicative medium is used, because language is the basis of the formation of story and its structures. In fact, it is the language which is seen everywhere in the story and linguistic discussions are applied to narration. Chomsky proved that complicated sentences or structures are derived from simple ones and this principle is also used in narration. It will also be shown how it is possible to go from the complicated structures of a text to its simple elements, i.e. only to the elements of the plot.

This paper is an attempt to introduce “Barbey d’Aurevilly”, the French moralist author of 19th century and to study his masterpiece “Diaboliques”. He takes benefits from psychology and has created an immortal masterpiece which unfortunately because of its complexity of language was hardly noticeable by Iranian translators. This story tries to explain the tragic life of a group of people who have been embodied with a satanic spirit and are far away from human existence. The Anti-heroes of this story mostly are these miserable women who are trying make ends meet in society and are trying to find a way out through the pleasures of this world.

The first few paragraphs of a novel, or any other masterpiece, form one of the key elements of the text: the decisive threshold by which the reader enters the imaginary world and the author passes between silence and discourse. French critics use the term "incipit" to refer to this part and study it from different points of view. After briefly looking at the evolution of this term and putting forward a relevant Persian equivalent, this paper insists on the particular importance of "the First Part of a Text". The paper then recalls its particular roles and how to determine its limits, as well as analyzing concepts such as "Essential Principles of Imaginary World", "Para- Textual Elements" and "Reading Contracts". It should be noted that some examples of Persian novels and short stories will be cited while explaining the above topics and analyzing the said concepts in order to facilitate understanding and grasp of the subject matter.

Galileo is the most distinguished Italian intellectual figure of the 17th century. He tried to enlighten the scientific culture of medieval ages, influenced by Greek and Latin cultures. Contrary to the medieval language, he dedicated himself more seriously to using a language which enabled him to communicate better with people. He chose a dialogue and a language which was neither technical nor scientific. In this article the researcher takes into account the Enlightenment Movement of the 18th century which in some respects imitated Galileo's tradition and created a language comprehensible for people.

Galileo is the most distinguished Italian intellectual figure of the 17th century. He tried to enlighten the scientific culture of medieval ages, influenced by Greek and Latin cultures. Contrary to the medieval language, he dedicated himself more seriously to using a language which enabled him to communicate better with people. He chose a dialogue and a language which was neither technical nor scientific. In this article the researcher takes into account the Enlightenment Movement of the 18th century which in some respects imitated Galileo's tradition and created a language comprehensible for people.

Comparative Literature, with an encompassing view to all literary works of different cultures, has always endeavored to credit a deep common understanding among different literary works. The present study is an attempt to put to practice this idea by referring to both the similarities and differences in The Divine Comedy by Dante and Mantegh-o-Teir by Atar. The discussions presented are not restricted to the themes only, but have attempted to expose the other elements of these masterpieces like the style, narration and typical language-in-use so that, with recourse to form, it could offer a better vision beyond the horizon of content-saturated challenges.

Contrastive Linguistics maintains that students of foreign languages make certain systematic errors in the process of learning that are the result of the interference of structures and patterns of their mother tongue. Comparing and contrasting languages, therefore, will help language teachers and those developing teaching materials to draw the student’s attention to differences between the two languages and make them aware of the errors they make unconsciously in the process of learning. Moreover, using data gathered through contrasting languages or their subsystems, foreign language teachers will be able to put emphasis on those linguistic features which are different in the two languages. This study aims at contrasting suprasegmental features of Persian and Japanese languages.