PAZHUHESH-E ZABANHA-YE KHAREJI
Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:31|Papers Count:12

This article investigates humankind’s search for what is generally called immortality. Exploring some of the myths and sagas among nations and highlighting the viewpoints of some wise people, the author wonders what we mean by ‘immortality’: physical immortality or spiritual timelessness through love, creativity, wisdom and art. To illustrate these points, the writer casts a glance at Plato, Shakespeare, Yeats, Iranian, Indian and Scandinavian myths and folklore. He, then, focuses mainly on Yeast's At the Hawk's Well and Odin's wisdom in Scandinavian sagas: the former as an example of foolish search for physical immortality and the latter as an instance of quest for timelessness through love and creativity.  

This paper is a comparative study of 63 English translations of Sura Hamd from the Holy Qur'an. This paper aims to examine the approaches of the different translators of this Sura in regard to Word Equivalence in translation of religious texts. The case study of the translations of the Sura Hamd confirms the fact that the translation of the sacred and revealed texts engulfs delicate complications due to cultural differences between the source and the target language. The results of this applied study illustrate the possible solutions to overcome the Word Equivalence challenge, and set an objective paradigm for translators of religious texts.

The magnificent story of Rustam and Esfandiyar with its marvelous abilities in appealing to various readers, who may have different tastes and interests, is undoubtedly one of the best stories of the Shahnameh. However this story and similar stories, with all their high literary value, have not been studied in a theoretical framework, derived from the new sciences. After an in depth and meticulous study of the text, a rigorous structure, like an intertwined warp and weft, is revealed from the story. From an analytical point of view, understanding this structure is definitely dependent on the ideas of structuralisms especially Levis Strauss’ theory- binary of opposition. According to this theory, there are two possible functions for this story, which are dependent on the external and internal cemetery of the main characters, Rustam and Esfandiyar. The first function refers to the narrators of the story and the supporters of both fronts. It is also dependent on the external cemetery of the environment. This function is always considered as mental function and it is more about the ideas that are lying behind this conflict. The second function is about the internal cemetery and the temperaments of these two heroes. This function is considered as the epic function. With a study of the relevant cemeteries in the story by the framework of these two functions, it can be inferred that the main reason behind the tragic death of Esfandiyar lies in the internal motives of these heroes, not the external factors such as Jamasp and Goshtasp.

The double is one of the literary themes in Julio Cortazar’s works. He, as a master of imaginative literature, has explained the double skillfully and has written several stories about it. Nowadays, his stories are famous not only in Latin American Literature but also in world classical literary works. He explains different types of the double related to human identify which is a different type of imaginative literature. This research is a survey about the double in one of his stories “Island in Midday”. In this story Marini, the steward, flies from Tehran to Rome above the Greek Island, Sirus, in the Ezheh Sea. The island attracts the man. While he is looking at the Island, he imagines himself in the island, and the story continues as such.

Among Ibsen works known to Iranians, An Enemy of the People has attracted the vastest number of people via TV or stage performances. What is astonishing among the play’s large audience is their attraction to, and praise for, the ‘hero’ of the play, Dr. Stockman. Tracing this tendency back to the Romantic idealism, the author of this article illustrates that such a view was not very wholesome to Ibsen. According to the author, by deploying modern dramatic stratagems, Ibsen casts a polemical glance at the Enlightenment/modernity and its/their programs for social reform, a fact not taken very seriously among Ibsen’s Iranian readership/audience.  

To achieve a true translation, one must understand the spirit of the literary work. In the film version of the novel Mouchette, by Georges Bernanos, Robert Bresson has been successful in understanding the spirit of the story; both in form, and in content. Bresson has turned the specific literary expressions into cinematic expressions; and has regarded the ideology of Bernanos throughout the way. Searching for God over human pain and sufferings is the common goal of the writer and the filmmaker; so is the lack of psychological aspects in the dialogues. This is how a work of art has been manifested in cinema; a work of art which is an adaptation from the world of literature.  

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics which probes into the audio – sections of language. This area of language is an important concept in the construction of a language; therefore Phonetics has an independent identity in the Field of linguistics. Amongst important research issues in Russian Phonetics, Classification of sound system characteristics is very important. Therefore, it is obvious that more general topics in linguistics like tense and clauses require the application of Phonetics. One of the important Functions of the latter is to determine precisely the phoneme of language, process of change as compared to the past, and explanation of how changes have come about. The Phonetics of language can be evaluated from three dimensions– physical set up and its application towards usage in the structural system of a language. This paper endeavors towards classification of Russian sound system characteristics and its application and a special focus on phonological aspects of this language.  

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics which probes into the audio – sections of language. This area of language is an important concept in the construction of a language; therefore Phonetics has an independent identity in the Field of linguistics. Amongst important research issues in Russian Phonetics, Classification of sound system characteristics is very important. Therefore, it is obvious that more general topics in linguistics like tense and clauses require the application of Phonetics. One of the important Functions of the latter is to determine precisely the phoneme of language, process of change as compared to the past, and explanation of how changes have come about. The Phonetics of language can be evaluated from three dimensions– physical set up and its application towards usage in the structural system of a language. This paper endeavors towards classification of Russian sound system characteristics and its application and a special focus on phonological aspects of this language.  

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics which probes into the audio – sections of language. This area of language is an important concept in the construction of a language; therefore Phonetics has an independent identity in the Field of linguistics. Amongst important research issues in Russian Phonetics, Classification of sound system characteristics is very important. Therefore, it is obvious that more general topics in linguistics like tense and clauses require the application of Phonetics. One of the important Functions of the latter is to determine precisely the phoneme of language, process of change as compared to the past, and explanation of how changes have come about. The Phonetics of language can be evaluated from three dimensions– physical set up and its application towards usage in the structural system of a language. This paper endeavors towards classification of Russian sound system characteristics and its application and a special focus on phonological aspects of this language.  

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics which probes into the audio – sections of language. This area of language is an important concept in the construction of a language; therefore Phonetics has an independent identity in the Field of linguistics. Amongst important research issues in Russian Phonetics, Classification of sound system characteristics is very important. Therefore, it is obvious that more general topics in linguistics like tense and clauses require the application of Phonetics. One of the important Functions of the latter is to determine precisely the phoneme of language, process of change as compared to the past, and explanation of how changes have come about. The Phonetics of language can be evaluated from three dimensions– physical set up and its application towards usage in the structural system of a language. This paper endeavors towards classification of Russian sound system characteristics and its application and a special focus on phonological aspects of this language.  

"Heart of a Dog" has a specific significance among Mihail Bulgakov's works. The novel was written in 1925 but because of its anti-revolutionary themes, it was not published in Russia until 1987. The present article first of all sets about to study issues in the works of Bulgakov, classic writer of the 19th century, and then elaborates on the writer's ideas about severe economic, political, and social crisis which occurred between the years 1920 to 1930. prevailing in the Soviet union after the October 1917 Revolution The character of Professor Pary Abragenski and the new fantasy character of the story, Sharikov who was the outcome of the October 1917 Revolution, are undoubtedly signs of Bulgakov's extraordinary creativity. Studying the behavior of Sharikov, the laboratory man who introduces himself as "work element", and being influenced by Shonder, the representative of the October Revolution and "the defender of the interests of revolution", we find out how conditions of life has become difficult for others, so that they are unable to continue their ordinary life. Among other important issues investigated in this article, is expression of Bulgakov's ideas about the dominant Bureaucracy in Soviet society after the October Revolution which has been analyzed through comparison of different encounters of the two heroes, the revolutionary (Shonder) and the anti-revolutionary (Professor Pary Abragenski).