Prenatal Risk Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Congenital Visual and Hearing Loss: A Case-Control Study

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Mansournia Mohammad Ali; Nakhostin Ansari Amin; Shayestehfar Monir; Memari Amir Hossein

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Journal Paper

Paper Information

Journal: IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY Year:2025 | Volume:19 | Issue:4 Page(s): 53-59

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Title

Prenatal Risk Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Congenital Visual and Hearing Loss: A Case-Control Study

Author(s)

Mansournia Mohammad Ali | Nakhostin Ansari Amin | Shayestehfar Monir | Memari Amir Hossein | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

autism spectrum

disorder congenital hearing loss

congenital visual loss

risk factors

Abstract

Objectives: Relations exist between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and visual and hearing loss (VL/HL). This study evaluated the prenatal risk factors specific to ASD compared to VL/HL. Materials & Methods: This case-control study recruited individuals with ASD to compare with individuals with VL/HL as controls from special schools. Parents completed a questionnaire containing questions about demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, family history of neurological or psychological disorders, and problems during the pregnancy. Results: Five hundred thirty-six participants were enrolled in the study, of which 238 (44. 4%) had ASD, 198 individuals had HL (36. 9%), and 100 had VL (18. 7%). Seven (2. 9%) participants in the ASD group were male, significantly (p<0. 001) lower than the proportion of males in the HL/VL group (99, 33. 2%). In the final regression model, higher educational levels of parents and gestational hypertension were associated with a higher risk of ASD (p<0. 05). However, female gender, parents not living together, and cousin marriage were associated with a higher risk of HL/VL (p<0. 05). Conclusion: This preliminary study determined the factors more associated with ASD than HL/VL. Believably, the study’s results could shed more light on the exclusive risk factors of ASD.

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