The essential oils of plants are composed of several volatile compounds, which may have different concentrations and may be determinant for their toxicity. Thus, in this work, sublethal and lethal effects of the compounds, geraniol and CITRONELLAL on the biochemical and reproductive parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda were investigated. For the geraniol compound the LD30 of 9.42 mg/g and LD50 of 13.65 mg/g was used, while for the CITRONELLAL LD30 of 0.06 mg/g and LD50 of 0.08 mg/g. Pure acetone was used in the control. Third instar caterpillars were treated topically in the prothoracic region by applying 1 ml of the respective compounds with a HamiltonTM 50 ml syringe. After 48 h the caterpillars were macerated in sodium phosphate buffer at a ratio of 4 caterpillars / 5 ml of the buffer, the levels of total protein, total sugar, lipid and glycogen were measured. The daily posture was evaluated in order to determine the periods of preoviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition and egg quantity. The results showed a reduction in the concentration of proteins and sugars for both compounds and concentrations studied. There was no change in lipid concentration. CITRONELLAL increased the concentration of glycogen for both concentrations. The oviposition period and the number of eggs were reduced. However, there was no difference for the pre-oviposition and post-oviposition periods. Thus, it is inferred that geraniol and CITRONELLAL compounds cause alterations in the biochemical parameters that reflect in the reproduction of S. frugiperda.

Effects of vermicompost and plant growth promoting biofertilizers on the essential oil composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) were studied under different irrigation conditions. The study was conducted in a split-split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, at Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands.Treatments included irrigation in two levels (100 and 60% FC drought stress), vermicompost in three levels (0, 5 and 10t/ha) and plant growth promoting biofertilizers in four levels (Pseudomonas fluorescence, Azotobacter + Azospirillum, Azotobacter + Azospirillum + P. fluorescence, and the control). The essential oil components including CITRONELLAL, geraniol, neral, b-caryophyllene and methyl citronellat were studied. The interaction of irrigation × vermicompost showed significant effect on CITRONELLAL at P≤0.01 and on geraniol and methyl citronellat at P≤0.05. Mean comparison of irrigation indicated that the highest and lowest CITRONELLAL, geraniol, neral and b -caryophyllene, were obtained for drought stress and normal irrigation (100% FC), respectively. The highest and lowest methyl citronellat were recorded for the normal irrigation and drought stress (60% FC), respectively. Mean comparison of the effect of vermicompost showed that the highest (47.7%) and lowest (45%) CITRONELLAL were obtained for 10 t/ha vermicompost and control treatments, respectively. Application of 5 t/ha vermicompost resulted in the highest b -caryophyllene (6%). Mean comparison of the biofertilizers indicated that Azotobacter + Azospirillum + P. fluorescence had the highest CITRONELLAL (47.2%) and b -caryophyllene (5.9%); the lowest CITRONELLAL (45.6%) and b -caryophyllene (5.1%) were achieved in the control. Drought stress increased the essential oil compounds. Vermicompost just affected the CITRONELLAL. In addition, PGPR had a positive effect only on CITRONELLAL and b -caryophyllene.

Melissa officinalis L. is a very easily grown plant that habitats in south and Eastern of Europe, Spain and Asia. The plant of Melissa collected from three fields in Fars, Tehran and Semnan provinces. Essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation.The yields of Essential oils of Fars sample (Shiraz), Tehran sample (Karaj) and Semnan sample were 0.14%, 0.25% and 0.26% (w/w) respectively. The oils were analyzed by GC (9A-Shimadzu) and GC/MS (Varian 3400). Seventeen constituents at Fars sample oil, seventeen constituents at Tehran sample oil and fourteen constituents at Semnan sample oil were identified respectively.Major constituents of Fars sample were CITRONELLAL (25.4%), 13- caryophyllene (11.3%), thymol (10.5%), globolol (6.1%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%) and geraniol (5.7%); Major constituents of Karaj sample oil were CITRONELLAL (9.3%), carvacrol (31.8 %), Humulene epoxide (25.4 %) and a-humulene (10.2%). Major constituents of Semnan samples oil were CITRONELLAL (43.8%), l3-caryophyllene (13.5%), thymol (7.9%), globolol (6.8%), neral (5.3%) and geranial (5.0%).Fourteen constituents were common at all sample oil. Major constituent at all samples oil was CITRONELLAL. Four major constituents were common at Fars and Semnan samples oil

Eucalyptus is a growing tree used for agro-forestry, industrial and medical consumptions E. maculata Hook. is one of the most important species of eucalyptus from chemical components and medical applications point of view. The leaves of E. maculata were collected in various seasons from Khuzestan provinces (tropical region station Dezfoul, Safi Abad).Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The highest and the lowest essential oil yields were found in autumn and spring, respectively. Major compositions were 1, 8-cineole (22.5% in winter), CITRONELLAL (15% in spring) and citronellol (35% in summer). The most perfumed compositions were in summer (46%). Also the most compound was citronellol in the whole seasons and citronellyl acetate amount had fixed in the whole year.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), a member of Lamiaceae family, is an important medicinal plant that has many useful properties. Micronutrients are necessary in low dose for the growth and the development of plants. Present research was conducted to study the effects of micronutrients including manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) on morpho-physiological traits and essential oil of lemon balm. Field trials were carried out in 2015 at Shahrekord (50o56/ E 32 o18/ N) South Western Iran.Experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with a factorial layout and three replications.Micronutrients concentrations (Cu and Mn in 0, 150 and 300 ppm) were employed form time of planting to beginning of flowering of plants. Of the two micro nutrients, copper was more effective in stimulating the accumulation of Caryophyllene b, CITRONELLAL, Geranial, Geraniol, Geranyl Acetate, Linalool and Neral. At 150 ppm, micro nutrients enhanced the production of CITRONELLAL, Chavicol. Although combination of Cu2+ and Mn2+ at 300 ppm in some of essential oils like neral, ecaryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide and 14-hydroxy-Z-caryophyllene were more produced than 150 ppm combinations most of essential oils significantly increased in 150 ppm concentration of micronutrients. Trans-piperitone epoxide was upper extracted in 300 ppm concentration of Mn2+ but in much combination this essential oil was not extracted in little concentration. Geranial, Geraniol, (E-) Caryophyllene, Caryophyllene oxide and Neral were the main components in all treatments.

The genus Cymbopogon, a one of Poaceae family, is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The essential oils extracted from this genus used in food, soap, perfumery and other related industries. The C. citratus stapf species was cultivated for first time in the north of Iran. Therefore, recognition of essential oil composition is necessary. Essential oil extracted with hydrodistillation method from fresh leaves, and analysed by GC/MS. From 91.1% of identified components, Citral (49.43%), CITRONELLAL (20.25%) and Geranyl acetate (6.41%) were major components respectively.

In this investigation, the essential oil chemical composition of healthy and infected Bakraei with Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia from Rigan-Bam area has been studied. The branches of flower and roots of this species were collected in spring 2014 and dried in shade (at room temperature) and subjected to volatile fraction were isolated by hydrodistillation using an all-glass Clevenger-type apparatus. The analysis of the essential oils was performed by using GC-MS. In the aerial organs, 39 components of essential oil of healthy bakraei were identified including linalool-L (22. 7%), n-octane (11. 4%), E-caryophyllene (9. 8%), CITRONELLAL (8. 7%), limonene (5. 3%), β-bisabolene (5. 3%) while, 44 components were identified in the essential oil of infected bakraei with major components including linalool-L (14. 0%), n-octane (12. 4%), E-caryophyllene (11. 5%), CITRONELLAL (7. 4%), β-bisabolene (6. 9%), α-sinensal (6. 0%) and limonene (5. 3%). In the essential oil of underground organs in healthy bakraei, 9 components (including major component: elemol (34. 3%), geijerene (11. 3%), n-decane (8. 0%), dictamnol (7. 5 %), pregeijerene (6. 0%), β-eudesmol (5. 2%) and in infected bakraie 12 components (including major component: elemol (39. 5%), geijerene (16. 9%), dictamnol (7. 8 %), pregeijerene (5. 0%). The comparison of the essential oil chemical compositions was showed that α-sinensal compound as one of the major components in infected aerial organs does not exist in healthy bakraei. Also, n-dodecane, α-santalane and seselinee as identified partial components in underground organs do not find in it, s healthy type.

Composition of the volatile oils of the C.bigaradia, C.limon and C.delicosa have been investigated. The plant materials (leaves) were collected in spring 2000 from Corta (The medicinal plants garden) near Tonecabon, North of Iran. The oils were collected by means of hydrodistilation procedure. The yields were 1.4% v/w, 1.1 % v/w and 1% v/w respectively. Subesequently the oils were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The main constituents of C.bigaradia were linallol (38.72%), linalyl acetare (36.52%), ?-terpineol (8.68%), of C.limon were geranial (31.45%), neral (23.16%), ?-pinene (22.39%) and limonenc (6.7%) and of C.deliciosa were sabinene (37.64%), linallol (36.60%), ?-3-carene (4.42%) and CITRONELLAL (3.81%).