CONGRESS OF IRANIAN GENETICS | Year:2014 | دوره:1 |Papers Count:40

THE GENUS OF THE XANTHOMONAS IS COMPOSED OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIAL SPECIES THAT CAUSE DISEASE IN DIFFERENT CROP PLANTS, RESULTING IN SIGNIFICANT CROP LOSSES WORLDWIDE. EACH SPECIES INFECTS SPECIFIC HOSTS. IN ADDITION TO CAUSING DISEASE IN CROPS, MOST OF THE SPECIES PRODUCE XANTHAN GUM VIA AN AEROBIC FERMENTATION PROCESS. XANTHAN GUM IS AN IMPORTANT BIOPOLYMER AND IS USED IN THE FOOD, PETROLEUM, AND COSMETIC INDUSTRIES. MANY STUDIES HAVE USED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES WITH DIVERSE XANTHOMONAS SPECIES TO SHOW HIGH LEVELS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY (POLYMORPHISM) IN THE GENUS AS WELL AS WITHIN SPECIES. ON THE OTHER HAND, PATHOVARS FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES HAVE SHOWN STRONG SIMILARITIES, RESULTING IN A TOTAL RECLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS. IN THIS STUDY BIODIVERSITY OF XANTHOMONAS SPP. WAS ASSESSED BY ERIC PCR. IN FACT FAMILIES OF SHORT INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN BACTERIA, I.E., ENTEROBACTERIAL REPETITIVE INTERGENIC CONSENSUS (ERIC) SEQUENCE. SEQUENCE DATA FOR ERIC ELEMENT HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED ONLY FROM GRAM NEGATIVE ENTERIC BACTERIA AND CLOSELY RELATED TAXA. IN THIS STUDY, WE ASSESSED PROFILE OF 15 XANTHOMONAS STRAINS. FIRST TOTAL BACTERIAL DNA EXTRACTED BY PHENOL-CHLOROFORM METHOD. PRIMERS TO ERIC SEQUENCES HAVE BEEN USED IN POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS DESIGNED TO AMPLIFY REGIONS BETWEEN NEIGHBORING REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED BACTERIA HAVE DIFFERENT PATTERN OF BANDS ON THE GEL AFTER ELECTROPHORESIS. SOME BANDS ON THE ELECTROPHORESIS GEL WERE THE SAME AMONG THESE STRAINS AND OTHER BANDS WERE DIFFERENT. THIS METHOD SHOWED UNIQUE PROFILE FOR EACH STRAIN. THAT MEANS THESE BACTERIA HAVE DIFFERENT GENOTYPES AND EXHIBIT SOME LEVELS OF POLYMORPHISMS. IN FACT ERIC- PCR IS USEFUL AND RAPID METHOD FOR DIFFERENTIATION AMONG XANTHOMONAS SPECIES.

RECENT PROGRESSIVE ADVANCES IN FUNGAL PHYLOGENY HAVE INTRODUCED MANY APPROACHES THAT CAN CHALLENGE THE CONVENTIONAL WAY OF CLASSIFICATION. THE ANALYSIS OF CONSERVED GENES, TOTAL AND PARTIAL SECONDARY METABOLITES ANALYSIS AND CELL WALL CHEMOTAXONOMY ARE AMONG THE VERY WELL-KNOWN NOVEL APPROACHES THAT HAVE BEEN USED FOR DEEP CLASSIFICATION OF VARIOUS TAXA. IN THIS STUDY SMALL SUBUNIT (18S) RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE (SSU) AND INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER (ITS) SEQUENCING WAS USED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF 19 ASCOMYCETES BELONGING TO THE VARIOUS ORDERS OF EUROTIOMYCETES AND DOTHIDEOMYCETES. THE IDENTIFIED SPECIES BELONG TO PENICILLIUM PURPUROGENUM, PENICILLIUM OXALICUM, PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM, PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTI, PENICILLIUM CRUSTOSUM, ASPERGILLUS TERREUS, ASPERGILLUS SCLEROTIORUM, EMERICELLOPSIS PUSILA, PHOMA LEVEILLEI AND CHAETOMIUM GLOBOSUM SPECIES. GENE BANK NUCLEOTIDE DATABASE WAS USED FOR ALIGNMENT AND TREE DESIGNING USING GENEIOUS AND MEGA5PACKAGES. IT WAS SHOWN THAT THE ALIGNMENT OF SSU SEQUENCES IS NOT HIGHLY RESOLVING BECAUSE IT IS HIGHLY CONSERVED IN DIKARYA AND THE SSU FRAGMENT CAN BE RECOMMENDED ONLY FOR RESOLVING HIGHER TAXA (ORDER TO GENUS). BUT THE ITS SEQUENCING IS A VERY POWERFUL RESOLVING AND STATISTICALLY PROVED APPROACH THAT IN SOME CASES CAN BE USED FOR SUBSPECIES DETERMINATION (GENUS TO SUBSPECIES). TO DESIGN A MULTIGENE PHYLOGENY APPROACH BY SEQUENCE-BASED POLYPHASEC IDENTIFICATION, AFTOL AND GENE BANK DATABASES WERE STUDIED FOR FINDING NEW CONSERVED FRAGMENTS AND IT WAS DECIPHERED THAT TOGETHER WITH ITS FRAGMENT, THE PROTEIN CODING EF1 AND RPB2 FRAGMENTS AND SPECIALLY RPB1 GENE AS THE BEST CANDIDATES CAN BE USED FOR SPECIES DETERMINATION AND DEEP TAXA IDENTIFICATION THAT CAN RESULT IN NOVEL DATA OF EVOLUTIONARY AND PHYLOGENIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH A CONSIDERABLE RESOLVING POWER.

ZUCCHINI YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS (ZYMV, POTYVIRUS) IS ONE OF THE MOST DAMAGING ‘EMERGING’ VIRUSES OF CUCURBITS .ZYMV WAS FIRST ISOLATED IN 1973 AND DESCRIBED BY LISA ET AL. IN 1981, IS THE CAUSE OF ONE OF THE MOST ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASES OF THE FAMILY CUCURBITACEAE, NATURALLY INFECTING PLANTS IN MORE THAN 50 COUNTRIES. ZYMV BELONG TO THE POTYVIRUS GENUS AND POTYVIRIDAE FAMILY THE SYMPTOMS OF ZYMV IN DIFFERENT CUCURBITS INCLUDE STUNTING, YELLOWING, MOTTLING, SEVERE MOSAIC, LEAF AND FRUIT DEFORMATION, BLISTERING AND SHOE STRING. SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED FROM SEX MAIN CUCURBITS CULTIVATION REGIONS OF KHUZESTAN PROVINCE NAMELY SUSH, SHUSHTAR, MOLASANI, HAMIDIEH, DEZFUL, DASHTE AZADEGAN. TOTAL RNA WERE EXTRACTED WITH PHENOL-CHLOROFORM METHOD. FOR RT-PCR, REVERSE PRIMER(R-DAG) WITH THIS SEQUENCE “GCGTGGCAATGACAT” WHICH IS LOCATED IN 8735-8749 OF GENOME OF ZYMV. THE FRAGMENTS WITH 458 BP LENGTH WERE AMPLIFIED IN EACH ISOLATES. THE FRAGMENTS OF ISOLATES WERE SEQUENCED FROM BOTH DIRECTIONS. SEQUENCES OF SEX ISOLATES WERE COMPARED USING CLUSTALW ALGORITM USING MEGA4 PROGRAM. NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE DATA WERE ANALYZED USING BLAST PROGRAM AT NCBI WEBSITE. PHYLOGENETIC TREE ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT USING THE NEIGHBOR-JOINING METHOD WITH BOOTSTAP1000 OF MEGA4 PROGRAM. AFTER COMPARISON OF 400 NUCLEOTIDE SEX ISOLATE SEQUENCE, THE SAME SEQUENCE IN THIS REGION (NIB-CP) WERE OBSERVED. SHUSH ISOLATE WAS SELECTED AND WAS RECORDED IN NCBI WITH THIS ACCESSION NUMBER (FJ270312). SHUSH ISOLATE SEQUENCE WAS COMPARED OTHER SEQUENCE USING BLAST IN NCBI WEBSITE. THIS ISOLATE WAS CLOSED CALIFORNIA ISOLATE WITH 97% MAX IDENTITY. PHYLOGENTIC TREE WAS DESIGNED USING 63 ISOLATE FROM SEVERAL COUNTRIES. SHUSH ISOLATE SEQUENCING BLAST IN NCBI WAS SHOWED SHUSH ISOLATE WAS CLOSER ASADABAD ISOLATE (HAMEDAN) WITH 98% SIMILARITY THAN IRANIAN ISOLATES. AND ALSO BLAST SEQUENCE OF THIS ISOLATE WAS ILLUSTRATED SHUSH ISOLATE MORE CLOSELY CALIFORNIA STRAIN (97%).

FOLLOWING SOME BASIC STUDY IN THIS CASE (ACCORDING TO REFRENCES, OBSERVING BIG LEAF (FERULA PERSICA VAR. LATISECTA) AND SMALL LEAF (FERULA…VAR. PERSICA) IN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FOREST AND RANGELANDS AND COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO VARIETY, FIELD ACTION BEGAN IN 1997. INCLUDING REGIONS SUB MANAGEMENT OF DOE IN TEHRAN MAZADARAN PROVINCE OR OUT OF DOE REGIONS IN QAZVIN PROVINCE.AS A RESULT, REFERRING TO TOPOGRAPHY MAPS 1/250000 AND DISTRIBUTION OF VARIETY ACCORDING TO (FLORA IRANICA, APIACEAE & RED DATA BOOK OF IRAN) LEFT TO THE CONSIDERED REGIONS, SELECTING SITE, ACCORDING TO THE ADDRESS, POPULATION DIVERSITY, BY USING (GPS) GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATE (LATITUDE, LONGTITUDE & ALTITUDE) HAS BEEN RECORDED.FOLLOWING, ACCORDING TO PHENOLOGICAL CONDITION (FERULA PERSICA) IN DIFFERENT SEASONS, HERBARIUM SPECIMENTS, VEGETATIVE, SEED AND NON-PRESSED SPECIMENTS HAS BEEN COLLECTED.MEANWHILE, HERBARIUM SPECIMENTS OF PLANTS WITH FERULA PERSICA COLLECTED. HERBARIUM SPECIMENTS AND VEGETATIVE THAT COLLECTED AFTER DIFFERENT PROCESS OF DRING AND PRESSING HAS BEEN DETERMINATE.IT IS NOTIFIABLE THAT THE DIFFERENT BETWEEN TWO VARIETY ACCORDING TO REFERENCES RELATED TO DIFFERENT IN LEAF. IN OTHER WORDS, SEGMENTS OF WIDTH (DISTAL PARTS), IN FERULA PERSICA SMALL LEAF ABOUT 3 MILIMETER AND IN FERULA PERSICA BIG LEAF IS ABOUT 6 TO 10 MILIMETER.AS THESE SPECIES ARE OBSERVED IN ARANGE AND NAMARAK IN CENTRAL ALBORZ ON SEVERAL PLANTS OF FERULA PERSICA, BOTH SIZES OF THEM HAS SEEN. IT LOOKS LIKE ABOVE MENTIONAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO LEAF DIVERSITY AND FERULA PERSICA HAS ONLY ONE SPECIES (FERULA PERSICA WILLD.).AS A RESULT, FOR MAKING COMPLETE SURE, IT IS NECESSARY TO USE OTHER METHODS OF DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS MORPHOMETRIC AND CHEMICAL TAXONOMY IN ORDER TO SEPARATE TWO VARIETY.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE NUMBER OF DISCRETE GENETIC STOCKS OF PERSIAN STURGEON (ACIPENSER PERSICUS) IS NECESSARY FOR MANAGEMENT OF THIS COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES. DISOMIC DNA MICROSATELLITE MARKERS ARE AMONG THE BEST TOOLS FOR DETERMINING STOCK STRUCTURE IN FISHES. HOWEVER, BECAUSE OF THE POLYPLOID ANCESTRY OF ALL STURGEONS, MOST LOCI EXHIBIT MORE THAN TWO ALLELES PER INDIVIDUAL, PROHIBITING THE USE OF POWERFUL ANALYTICAL METHODS THAT ASSUME DISOMIC INHERITANCE. WE SCORED PRODUCTS FROM 37 SETS OF MICROSATELLITE PRIMERS DEVELOPED IN LAKE STURGEON (ACIPENSER FULVESCENS) AND ONE SET OF ATLANTIC STURGEON (ACIPENSER OXYRINCHUS OXYRINCHUS ) TO DETERMINE WHETHER THEY WOULD AMPLIFY DISOMIC LOCI IN PERSIAN STURGEON. THIRTY SIX LOCI (95%) WERE SUCCESSFULLY AMPLIFIED IN PERSIAN STURGEON. WE SCORED ONE MONOMORPHIC LOCUS, 12 AS BEING DISOMIC, 19 TETRASOMIC, THREE OCTOSOMIC, AND ONE AS AMBIGUOUS. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF DISOMIC SINGLE-LOCUS DNA MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR PERSIAN STURGEON. THESE LOCI COULD BE USED TO CHARACTERIZE VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL POPULATIONS OF THE PERSIAN STURGEON IN THEIR NATIVE ECOSYSTEM SUCH AS THE CASPIAN SEA.

THE SALINITY AND UNUSUAL HYDROCHEMISTRY OF TEMBI RIVER IS MAINLY RELATED TO THE GROUND WATERS THAT STREAM IN THE GACHSARAN FORMATION, THE GYPSUM AND EVAPORITE BASED CAP ROCK OF ASMARI OIL RESERVOIR. THERE ARE SEVEN SULFUR AND SULFIDE SPRINGS AT GOLGIR REGION THAT INTRODUCE IN TO THE TEMBI RIVER AND RESULT IN A DETECTABLE HYDROCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOECOLOGICAL CHANGES AS OUR RESULTS SHOWED. ALSO, XRF ANALYSIS OF THE SEDIMENTS OF THE SPRINGS CONFIRMED THE HYDRO GEOCHEMISTRY RESULTS. MOST PROBABLE NUMBER COUNTING OF DISSIMILATORY SULFATE REDUCING, DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCING AND OXIDATIVE SULFUR BACTERIA ON A DEFINED NACL CONCENTRATION GRADIENT SHOWED THAT THERE IS A VERY DIFFERENT MICROBIAL COMMUNITY IN SEDIMENT AND WATER SAMPLES OF THE UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE GOLGIR SPRINGS INTRODUCTION POINT. SUCH A DIFFERENCE IS HIGHLY RELATED TO THE HYDRO GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE GOLGIR SPRINGS AND OF COURSE THE LOCAL SHALLOWNESS OF ASMARI OIL RESERVOIR AT THIS REGION THAT CAUSED NATURAL OIL SEEPAGES INTO THE GROUND WATER IN GACHSARAN FORMATION. SUCH SEEPAGES ARE VERY COMMON IN GACHSARAN FORMATION AS GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES SHOWED. H2S THAT IS PRODUCED MAINLY BY MICROBIAL SOURING IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF MICROBIAL METABOLISM DEVIATION TO THE SULFUR BASED REDUCTIVE AND OXIDATIVE REACTIONS IN GOLGIR SPRINGS. DUE TO THE GYPSUM DISSOLUTION THE GROUND WATER RECEIVES CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE (0.09-0.1 M). MOREOVER, SEEPAGE OF ASMARI OIL RESERVOIR RESULTED IN THE HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION AND REDUCTIVE NATURE OF THE GROUND WATER. SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA ARE ENRICHED IN THE GROUND WATER AND ALSO IN THE VICINITY OF ASMARI OIL RESERVOIR AND THEIR SULFATE REDUCTION RESULTED IN H2S PRODUCTION. HIGH H2S CONCENTRATION RESULTED IN TEMBI WATER TOXIFICATION AND THE ATTENUATION OF O2 AND NO3- BASED RESPIRATION AND ALSO PRECIPITATION OF METAL BASED SULFIDES. SUCH SPECIFIC MICROBIOECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES TOGETHER WITH A LONG SALINITY GRADIENT (10-261G/L NACL) INTRODUCED THE TEMBI RIVER AS A SPECIFIC ECOSYSTEM FOR BIODIVERSITY AND GEOMICROBIOLOGY STUDIES.

THYMUS DAENENSIS IS A MEDICINAL, AROMATIC PLANT ENDEMIC TO IRAN. AMONG THESE SPECIES T.DAENENSIS IS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN WESTERN IRAN AND HAS EXTENSIVE PHARMACEUTICALS APPLICATION. THIS STUDY WAS AIMED TO EVALUATE GENETIC DIVERSITY AND DIFFERENTIATION AMONG POPULATION OF T.DAENENSIS FROM DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF IRAN USING RAPD MARKERS AND TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE GENETIC DISTANCES AMONG THE ACCESSIONS ARE CORRELATED WITH THEIR GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS. SIXTEEN PRIMERS WERE USED TO AMPLIFY 145 BANDS OUT OF WHICH 127 (87%) WERE POLYMORPHIC. CLUSTER AND PRINCIPLE COORDINATE ANALYSIS (PCA) SHOWED THAT MOST GENOTYPES WERE GROUPED BASED ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. PCA WAS PERFORMED TO VISUALIZE THE ASSOCIATION AMONG ACCESSIONS IN MORE DETAIL. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE FIRST THESE PRINCIPAL COORDINATE EXPLAIN 22.86% OF THE TOTAL VARIATION, AND THEY CORRESPOND LARGELY TO THE RESULTS OBTAINED THROUGH CLUSTER ANALYSIS. ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR VARIANCE (AMOVA) REVEALED THAT THE DIFFERENCES AMONG POPULATIONS ONLY ACCOUNTED FOR 18.12% OF THE TOTAL VARIATION, WHEREAS DIFFERENCES WITHIN POPULATIONS WERE 81.87%. GENETIC DISTANCES AMONG 4 IRANIAN POPULATIONS SHOWED THAT THE MINIMUM GENE DIVERSITY OVER LOCI WAS OBSERVED IN CHARMAHAL POPULATION (0.2062), WHILE THE HIGHEST GENE DIVERSITY WAS FOUND IN ISFAHAN POPULATION (0.35).THE INFORMATION OBTAINED HERE COULD BE VALUABLE FOR DEVISING STRATEGIES FOR CONSERVATION OF THIS MEDICINAL PLANT.

PACLITAXEL IS AN EFFECTIVE ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT, WHICH IS MAINLY PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF TAXUS. A MAJOR LIMITATION TO THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF PACLITAXEL IS THE SUPPLY OF THE COMPOUND FROM ITS NATURAL SOURCE, THE BARK AND NEEDLES OF LOW-GROWTH TAXUS SPECIES. RECENTLY, A FEW STUDIES HAVE INTRODUCED HAZELNUT (CORYLUS AVELLANA L.) AS SOURCE OF PACLITAXEL- (AND RELATED TAXANES). IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE PRODUCTION OF PACLITAXEL IN CELL CULTURES OF HAZELNUT AND COMPARE IT WITH THE TAXUS, THE INDUCTION OF CALLUS FORMATION FROM SEEDS OF HAZEL USING MS MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED BY 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4-D) AND BENZYLADENINE (BA) AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND RATIOS WAS STUDIED. SUSPENSION CELL CULTURES WERE ALSO ESTABLISHED IN MS MEDIUM ADDED WITH 2, 4-D (1 MG/L) AND BA (0.5 MG/L). CALLUS INDUCTION AND CELL GROWTH RATE WERE MEASURED AND GROWTH CURVE WAS ALSO DETERMINED. CELL-ASSOCIATED AND EXTRACELLULAR PACLITAXEL WERE QUANTIFIED IN SUSPENSION AT 10, 12 AND 14 DAYS AFTER SUBCULTURE WAS DETERMINED BY HPLC SYSTEM. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT ON THE GROWTH CURVE BASIS, A COUPLE OF WEEK WAS DESIRED FOR SUBCULTURING IN SOLID AND LIQUID MEDIA. OVER A PERIOD OF ABOUT 6 MONTHS, THE GROWTH RATE IN SOLID AND LIQUID MEDIA WAS ABOUT 5 AND 15 G/WEEK RESPECTIVELY. THE CONTENT OF CELL-ASSOCIATED PACLITAXEL FOR DAYS 10, 12 AND 14 AFTER INOCULATION WAS 1.67, 2.96 AND 4.25 (MG/G DRY WEIGHT) RESPECTIVELY. THE EXTRACELLULAR PACLITAXEL CONTENT FOR ABOVE-MENTIONED DAYS WAS 12.52, 16.16 AND 22.25 (MG/L) RESPECTIVELY. IF WE COMPARE THESE RESULTS WITH THOSE MADE USING TAXUS SHOWS THAT HAZELNUT IN ADDITION TO WIDELY AVAILABLE AND GROWS AT A MUCH FASTER RATE THAN TAXUS, ITS CELL CULTURES ALSO SHOW A GREATER EASE OF GROWTH AND A SIMILAR PRODUCTION IN LESS TIME, SO THAT OPTIMIZATION OF THE CULTURE MEDIUM MAY PROVIDE A GOOD SYSTEM FOR THIS NEW NATURAL SOURCE OF PACLITAXEL.

OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ALL AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HAS EXPLODED GLOBALLY– PRIMARILY DUE TO RULES PRESCRIBED BY THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION’S TRIPS AND BY BILATERAL/REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS. THE TRIPS AGREEMENT OBLIGATES ALL WTO MEMBER COUNTRIES TO ADOPT AND ENFORCE MINIMUM STANDARDS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. THE TRIPS AGREEMENT REQUIRES MEMBER COUNTRIES TO MAKE PATENTS AVAILABLE FOR INVENTIONS, WHETHER PRODUCTS OR PROCESSES, IN ALL FIELDS OF TECHNOLOGY WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION, SUBJECT TO THE STANDARD PATENT CRITERIA (NOVELTY, INVENTIVENESS AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY).DURING THE NEGOTIATIONS ON THE TRIPS AGREEMENT, CONSENSUS WAS NOT REACHED ON THE CONTROVERSIAL AREA OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS. THE UNITED STATES AND SOME OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES PUSHED FOR NO EXCLUSIONS TO PATENTABILITY, WHILE SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRY MEMBERS PREFERRED TO EXCLUDE ALL BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY-RELATED INVENTIONS FROM IP LAWS. FOR MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE PATENTING OF LIFE FORMS AND EXCLUSIVE MONOPOLY PROTECTION ON BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES THAT ORIGINATE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (OR THAT ARE BASED ON TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE) CONTINUES TO BE CONTROVERSIAL.THE MAJOR GENETIC RESOURCES ARE IN THE SOUTHERN STATES AND SO, MANY COMPANIES ARE SEEKING TO ACCESS TO GENES, MICROBES, PLANTS, ANIMALS AND EVEN NATIVE HUMAN POPULATIONS TO SEIZE THEM AS A MONOPOLY PRODUCT. CRITICS CALL THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS TO THESE RESOURCES FOR THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES BIOPIRACY AND KNOW THE OBLIGATION OF DEVELOPING NATIONS TO PAY ROYALTIES TO WEALTHY INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTS THAT OBTAINED FROM THEIR OWN GENETIC RESOURCES AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE " BIOLOGICAL COLONIALISM". PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES ARE THE BIGGEST THIEVES OF GENETIC AND NATURAL RESOURCES AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL. THIS IS THE THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES' RESPONSIBILITY WHILE PRESERVING THEIR VITAL RESOURCES AND RESERVES, ENSURE OPTIMAL USE OF THESE NATURAL BLESSINGS.

LACCASE IS ABENZENEDIOL: OXYGEN OXIDOREDUCTASE, (EC 1.10.3.2) BELONGING TO THE MULTINUCLEAR COPPER-CONTAINING OXIDASES; ITCATALYZES THE MONO-ELECTRONIC OXIDATION OF VARIOUS AROMATIC SUBSTRATES AT THE EXPENSE OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN. IN ADDITION TO PLANTS AND SOME BACTERIA, THE ENZYME HAS ALSO BEEN FOUND IN VARIOUS BASIDIOMYCETOUS AND ASCOMYCETOUS FUNGI. FUNGAL LACCASES CARRY OUT A VARIETY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES INCLUDING MORPHOGENESIS, FUNGAL PATHOGEN/ PLANT HOST INTERACTION, STRESS DEFENSE AND LIGNIN DEGRADATION.YEAST STRAINS WERE ISOLATED FROM SOIL SAMPLES ON YPG MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED WITH ANTIBIOTICS. DIFFERENT INDICATOR COMPOUNDS INCLUDING CRYSTAL VIOLET (2.5MG/ML), GUAIACOL (0.01%) AND TANNIC ACID (0.5%) WERE INDIVIDUALLY ADDED TO THE SEPARATE APPROPRIATE SOLID MEDIA IN ORDER TO DETECT YEASTS PRODUCING LIGNINOLYTIC ENZYME. THOSE ISOLATES SHOWED POSITIVE RESULTS ON MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA WERE SELECTED AND CHARACTERIZED BIOCHEMICALLY AND IDENTIFIED BY SEQUENCING OF D1/D2 REGION OF 26S RDNA.A TOTAL OF 107 ISOLATES WERE STUDIED AND AMONG THOSE70 ISOLATES (65%) SHOWED POSITIVE RESULTS WHEN CRYSTAL VIOLET WAS USED AS THE INDICATOR. USING EACH OF GUAIACOL AND TANNIC ACID INDICATORS, 37 ISOLATES (34%) AND 21 ISOLATES (19%) SHOWED POSITIVE RESULTS, RESPECTIVELY.SIX ISOLATES SHOWED POSITIVE RESULTS FOR MORE THAN ONE INDICATOR WERE BIOCHEMICALLY AND MOLECULARLY IDENTIFIED AS MEMBERS OFCRYPTOCOCCUSSPP. AND RHODOTORULASPP. I IT WAS SHOWN THAT PLATE-TEST SCREENING BASED ON POLYMERIC DYE COMPOUNDS IS AN EFFICIENT WAY TO TRACK NOVEL LACCASE PRODUCERS.EFFICACY OF EACH SCREENING METHOD WAS VERIFIED AND THE IMPORTANCE OF CONCURRENT USAGE OF DIFFERENT PROCEDURES WERE DISCUSSED.

DNA POLYMERASES ARE A FAMILY OF ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR REPLICATION, MAINTENANCE AND TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION IN ALL ORGANISMS. BOTH PROKARYOTES AND EUCARYOTES HAVE SEVERAL DNA POLYMERASES; A NUMBER OF THEM ARE INVOLVED IN DNA REPLICATION BUT OTHERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR REPAIR AND OTHER ACCESSORY PROCESSES. DNA POLYMERASE HAVE BEEN USED EXTENSIVELY IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL, SPECIALLY IN TWO IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGIES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: PCR AND DIDEOXY DNA CYCLE SEQUENCING. SINCE THE DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST THERMOSTABLE DNA POLYMERASE –TAQ POLYMERASE - AND ITS APPLICATION IN PCR, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLY EXPEDITED AND SEARCH HAS BEEN DIRECTED FOR OTHER THERMOPHILIC DNA POLYMERASES WITH MORE REFINED QUALITIES. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE POTENTIAL BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES OF IRANIAN THERMOSTABLE DNA POLYMERASES FROM VARIOUS THERMOPHILIC EUBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM A HOT SPRING IN ARDABIL, IRAN. BIOCHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THEY BELONG TO THE GENUS BACILLUS AND GEOBACILLUS. APPROPRIATE PRIMERS FROM HIGHLY CONSERVED DOMAINS OF THIS GENE IN THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS WERE DESIGNED. FROM THE NINE ISOLATES EXAMINED, FIVE WERE SELECTED FOR FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GENE.

IN ORDER TO EVALUATE PHYTOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY OF BACHTIARIAN SAVORY (SATUREJA BACHTIARICA BUNGE) AERIAL PARTS WERE COLLECTED AT FULL BLOOMING STAGE FROM FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF ILAM PROVINCE, IRAN. THEIR ESSENTIAL OILS WERE OBTAINED USING HYDRO-DISTILLATION METHOD BY A CLEVENGER APPARATUS. ESSENTIAL OILS COMPOSITION DETERMINED USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – MASS SPECTROMETRY TECHNIQUES, TO CHECK CHEMICAL VARIABILITY. 27 COMPONENTS WERE IDENTIFIED IN THE OILS AND THYMOL (39.28-87.30%), P-CYMENE (0.15-30.63%), GAMA-TERPINEN (2.04-14.71%) AND CARVACROL (0-8.41%) WERE THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ALL ACCESSIONS. POPULATIONS WERE GROUPED USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS. CLUSTER ANALYSIS BY WARD ALGORITHM LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THREE CHEMOTYPES. PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN THYMOL AND EACH OFF COMPONENT CARVACROL PERCENTAGE, P- CYMENE AND GAMA-TERPINENE AND SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN P-CYMENE AND GAMA-TERPINENE. THE RESULTS REVEALED EXISTENCE OF HIGH PHYTOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY AMONG ECOTYPES OF SATUREJA BACHTIARICA.

IN PRESENT STUDY, GENETIC DIVERSITY AND DIFFERENTIATION IN PASSER DOMESTICUS POPULATIONS SAMPLED FROM SANANDAJ AND BEHBAHAN CITIES WAS INVESTIGATED USING (TG) 9A-ISSR AND (TG) 9C-ISSR MARKERS. 89 SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM SIX SUBPOPULATIONS DURING JUNE TO SEPTEMBER 2010. (TG) 9A AND (TG) 9C PRIMERS AMPLIFIED 30 AND 22 FRAGMENTS, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS INDICATED CONSIDERABLE GENETIC VARIATION AT THE SPECIES LEVEL (PERCENTAGE OF POLYMORPHIC BANDS (PPB) = 90.0%; SHANNON’S INFORMATION INDEX (I) = 0.383 AND NEI’S GENETIC DIVERSITY = 0.234). A DENDROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED USING THE UPGMA METHOD. THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM GENETIC DISTANCE WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN TASHAN AND GHESHLAGH DAM SUBPOPULATIONS FROM SANANDAJ AND SALAMN FARSI AND ASADABAD SUBPOPULATIONS FROM BEHABAHAN RESPECTIVELY. THE MEAN COEFFICIENT OF GENE DIFFERENTIATION (GST) WAS 0.045, INDICATING THAT 95.5% OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY RESIDED WITHIN THE POPULATION. ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR VARIANCE (AMOVA) INDICATED THAT 2% OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG THE POPULATIONS WAS ATTRIBUTED TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION WHILE 92% WAS ATTRIBUTED TO VARIATIONS WITHIN THE INDIVIDUALS INSIDE THE POPULATIONS. AN OVERALL VALUE OF MEAN ESTIMATED NUMBER OF GENE FLOW (NM) WAS EQUAL TO 0.377.

THE DRAFT GENOME OF THE AEROBIC, GRAM-POSITIVE, CHEMOORGANOTROPH AND HALOPHILIC NESTERENKONIA SP STRAIN F CONSISTS OF 2,812,133 BP CHROMOSOME (AFRW01000000 ACCESSION NO.). THE GENOME PROJECT DATA IS ALSO AVAILABLE AT GENBANK UNDER THE GENOME PROJECT ID 68173.NESTERENKONIA IS AN AEROBIC, GRAM-POSITIVE, CHEMOORGANOTROPH, CATALASE POSITIVE, MESOPHILIC AND HALOPHILIC GENUS FROM MICROCOCCACEAE FAMILY. NESTERENKONIA SP STRAIN F WAS ISOLATED FROM ARAN-BIDGOL HYPERSALINE LAKE IN IRAN AND CHARACTERIZED TO PRODUCE THE HALOPHILIC AND ORGANIC SOLVENT TOLERANT Α-AMYLASES. DESPITE OF ITS HIGH POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCING THE VARIOUS NATURAL COMPOUNDS AND SPECIALIZED MECHANISMS FOR ADAPTION TO EXTREME CONDITIONS, THERE IS A LITTLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE GENETIC AND GENOME FEATURES OF THE NESTERENKONIA GENUS.GENOME SEQUENCING OF NESTERENKONIA SP STRAIN F WAS PERFORMED USING 454 GS-FLX TITANIUM. WE OBTAINED A TOTAL 201,320 RANDOM READS, COVERING A TOTAL OF 44,347,672 BP. THE APPROXIMATE COVERAGE OF NESTERENKONIA SP STRAIN F GENOME WAS 16 FOLD. THE SEQUENCE READS WERE ASSEMBLED INTO 138 CONTIGS USING NEWBLER ASSEMBLER SOFTWARE V. 2.3. THEN, THE RAST ANNOTATION PIPELINE WAS USED TO ANNOTATE THE DNA SEQUENCE.THE G+C CONTENT OF THE DRAFT GENOME WAS 71.5% THAT WAS SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS REPORT BY STACKEBRANDT ET. AL. THE SUM OF 138 LARGE CONTIGS SIZE OF NESTERENKONIA SP STRAIN F IS 2,812,133 BP. THE DRAFT GENOME CONTAINED 2484 GENES WITH 1794 NON-HYPOTHETICAL AND 690 HYPOTHETICAL PROTEIN CODING SEQUENCES AND 50 STRUCTURAL RNAS.ANALYSIS OF ANNOTATED GENOME SEQUENCE OF NESTERENKONIA SP STRAIN F REVEALED THE PRESENCE OF GENES INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF Α-AMYLASES INCLUDING MALTODEXTRIN GLUCOSIDASE AND ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE.NESTERENKONIA SP STRAIN F COMPRISES CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPR), WHICH GRANTS AN EFFECTIVE MECHANISM AGAINST FOREIGN GENETIC ELEMENTS AS AN ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM (4). THE CRISPR-ASSOCIATED HELICASE CAS3, RECB FAMILY EXONUCLEASE CAS4B AND CRISPR-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN CAS1 HAVE BEEN DETECTED USING CRISPRFINDER ONLINE PROGRAM.

CYANOBACTERIA ARE CLASSIFIED AS BACTERIA (LACKING A MEMBRANE-BOUNDED NUCLEUS) THEY ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND ARE INCLUDED AMONG OUR ALGAL COLLECTIONS. CYANOBACTERIA PLAYED A DECISIVE ROLE IN ELEVATING THE LEVEL OF FREE OXYGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE EARLY EARTH. CYANOBACTERIA CAN CHANGE REMARKABLY IN APPEARANCE, DEPENDING ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND SOME THE CURRENT STUDY IS CONTINUES OF PREVIOUS STUDY IN CASPIAN SEA THAT TOOK PLACE ON THE FEEDING OF MNEMIOPSIS AND CHANGE ON CYANOBACTERIA. THE SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM 6 LINES LISAR, ANZALI, SEFIDROOD, NOOSHAHR, BABOLSAR, AMIRABAD THAT EVERY LINE HAVE 4 STATIONS(A, B, C, D)AND WATER FOR ANALYSIS HAVE TAKEN FROM DIFFERENT DEPTH(0, 10, 20, 50, 100) METERS IN SOUTHERN OF CASPIAN SEA, THAT, TRANSFERRED TO THE CASPIAN SEA ECOLOGICAL INSTITUTE LABORATORY. IN SOUTHERN CASPIAN SEA ALONE RECORDED 45 SPECIES OF CYANOPHYTA, ACCORDING TO THIS STUDY. IN COMPARISON AFTER MNEMIOPSIS ARRIVAL, PHYLUM OF CYANOBACTERIOA INCREASED SHARPLY IN TERMS OF SPECIES PERCENTAGE AT THE SAME TIME BY MNEMIOPSIS ARRIVAL THE DOMINANT SPECIES OF CYANOBACTER IN SOUTHERN CASPIAN SEA WERE ANABAENA SPIROIDES, ANABAENATENUIS, OSCILATORIA LIMOSA, OSCILATORIA GEMINATA, APHANOTHECE ELABENS, MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA, MICROCYSTIS SP, MERISMOPEDIA PUNCTATA, ANABAENOPSIS CUNNINGTONII. IN CASPIAN SEA WATERS, BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS AS DIFFERENT SEASONS, RIVERS, CIRCULATION, POLLUTION AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS SPECIAL MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI OBSERVED CHANGING IN DIVERSITY CYANOBACTERIA IN DIFFERENT TIMES AND AREAS SPECIALLY IN SOUTHERN OF CASPIAN SEA.

THE GENUS POPULUS IS IMPORTANT MEMBER OF SALICACEAE. IN THE WORLD HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED MORE THAN 20 SPECIES OF SALIX AND 50 SPECIES OF POPULUS. IN ADDITION HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED HUNDREDS OF VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS. SINCE THE TREES ARE AMPLIFIED IN NATURAL METHODS (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION) AND ALSO IN SHOOT CUTTINGS METHOD, BECAUSE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN THEM, IDENTIFICATION IS VERY DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY. POPULUS CASPICA IS NATIVE IN HYRCANIAN FORESTS AND THEY USUALLY GROW IN LIGHT-MOISTURE IS REGIONS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS INDENTIFICATION OF CHLOROPLAST GENOME BASED ON THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF THE NON-CODING REGIONS CPDNA (TRNL-F) IN THE P. CASPICA POPULATIONS AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER POPULUS IN THE NCBI GENE BANK. TWO SAMPLES FROM SEVEN SITES OF P. CASPICA, WERE COLLECTED. TOTAL GENOMIC DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM FROZEN LEAF TISSUES USING OF THE DOYLE AND DOYLE METHOD. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) PERFORMED BY USING OF PFU DNA POLYMERASE AND OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PRIMERS UEUFF/UEUFR WHICH DESIGNED BY TABERLET ET AL. (1991). THE CHROMATOGRAMS OF THE DNA SEQUENCING RESULTS WERE PROCESSED AND ANALYZED BY THE BLAST SOFTWARE AND WERE SEQUENCED WITH OTHER SEQUENCES OF PUPULUS FINDING IN GENE BANK WITH CLUSTALW VER.2. RESULTS SHOWED THAT P. CASPICA IN ALL POPULATIONS WITH THE SAME SEQUENCE OF 339 NUCLEOTIDE IS DIFFERENT WITH P. NIGRA (281 NUCLEOTIDE), P. TREMULOIDES (224 NUCLEOTIDE), P. NIGRA (228 NUCLEOTIDE) THAT ARE IN GENE BANK. AS IN ALL POPULATIONS SAMPLES P.CASPICA WERE OBSERVED 112 NUCLEOTIDES SUBSTITUTIONS, 78 INSERTIONS AND 27 GAPS THAT WERE DIFFERED FROM OTHER SEQUENCES. BASED OUR FUNDING, RECOMMEND THAT TRNL-F MARKER CAN BE USED AS A MOLECULAR MARKER FOR IDENTIFICATION PROPOS.

NEPETA L. GENUS BELONGING TO LAMIACEAE FAMILY INCLUDES ABOUT 300 SPECIES IN ASIA AND EUROPE, 75 SPECIES IN IRAN OF WHICH 39 SPECIES ARE ENDEMIC FOR THIS COUNTRY. WITH THE INTENTION OF MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND HIGH MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, THIS GENUS INITIATES AS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT GENETIC RESOURCES IN IRAN. IN ORDER TO STUDY THE KARYOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN NEPETA SPECIES, FIVE SPECIES AND 10 ACCESSIONS BELONGING TO SECTIONS SCHIZOCALYX POJARK., SPARTONEPETA BRIQ. AND MICRONEPETA (BOISS.) RECH. WERE COLLECTED FROM NATURAL HABITATS OF ZAGROS PROVINCE, AND THEIR CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND KARYOTYPE WERE STUDIED USING MITOTIC METAPHASE. THE STUDIED SPECIES IN THIS RESEARCH WERE N. GLOMERULOSA SPP. CARMANICA (BORNM.) RECH., N. JUNCEA SPP. DESERTORUM BORNM., N. DAENENSIS BOISS., N. PUNGENS (BUNGE) BENTH. AND N. FISSA C. A. MEY. THE RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH SHOWED THAT THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER DISPLAYED HIGH DIVERSITY, THE PLOIDY LEVELS WERE DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID, CHROMOSOME NUMBERS WERE 2N=18, 22, 26,32 AND BASIC CHROMOSOME NUMBERS WERE X=8, 9, 11, 13 WHICH ARE FIRST REPORTED FOR IRAN. THE KARYOTYPIC RESULTS SHOWED THE DIVERSITY AMONG NEPETA SPECIES AS MOSTLY DISPLAYED MEDIAN POINT, MEDIAN REGION AND SUB MEDIAN REGION AND THE CHROMOSOME LENGTHS WERE IN THE RANGE OF 0.7-2.8 MM. CHANGES IN THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND VARIATION OF KARYOTYPE STRUCTURE IN THIS TAXON CAN BE HIGHLIGHTED AS THE PRINCIPAL MECHANISM OF SPECIES DIVERSIFICATION.

HERE WE PRESENT THE WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCE OF OCEANIMONAS SP.GK1 WHICH CONSISTS OF A SINGLE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME WITH 3514537 BP (CP003171 ACCESSION NO.) AND TWO PLASMIDS WITH 8462 (CP003172 ACCESSION NO.) AND 4245 BP (CP003173 ACCESSION NO.) IN LENGTH.THE GRAM NEGATIVE ROD-SHAPED OCEANIMONAS SP. GK1 (IBRC-M 10197), ISOLATED FROM GAVKHOUNI WETLAND IN IRAN, BELONGS TO THE AEROMONADACEAE FAMILY. IT IS A MOTILE AEROBIC BACTERIUM WHICH CAN TOLERATE UP TO 12% NACL AND GROWS AT 10- 45OC (OPTIMUM 35OC), PH 6-10 (OPTIMUM 8) AND PRODUCES HIGH AMOUNTS OF PHB (POLY-B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) UNDER UNBALANCED GROWTH CONDITIONS AS CARBON AND ENERGY RESERVOIR. THE WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCE OF THIS STRAIN IS THE FIRST REPORT OF COMPLETELY SEQUENCED AND ANNOTATED GENOME FROM THE OCEANIMONAS GENUS.WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING OF OCEANIMONAS SP. GK1 WAS PERFORMED ON 454 GS-FLX TITANIUM. IN TOTAL, 93,921,861 BASES OF 247,884 RANDOM READS WITH AVERAGE READ LENGTH OF 378 NUCLEOTIDES WERE OBTAINED. THE APPROXIMATE COVERAGE OF OCEANIMONAS SP. GK1 GENOME WAS 30 FOLD. THE SEQUENCE READS WERE ASSEMBLED INTO 72 CONTIGS USING NEWBLER ASSEMBLER SOFTWARE V. 2.3. PAIRED END SEQUENCING RESULTED IN 3 SCAFFOLDS WITH 47 GAPS. ALL GAPS WERE CLOSED USING SANGER DNA SEQUENCING. THE RAST ANNOTATION PIPELINE WAS USED TO ANNOTATE THE DNA SEQUENCE.THE COMPLETE GENOME CONTAINED 3338 GENES WITH 111 STRUCTURAL RNAS, 2516 NON-HYPOTHETICAL PROTEIN AND 711 HYPOTHETICAL PROTEIN CODING SEQUENCES. THE GC CONTENT OF THE COMPLETE GENOME WAS 61.1%.THE OCEANIMONAS SP. GK1 GENOME HAS THE B-KETOACYL-COA THIOLASE, ACETOACETYL-COA REDUCTASE AND PHB SYNTHASE ENCODED GENES FROM THE THREE–STEP PHB SYNTHESIS PATHWAY. THE INVESTIGATION OF GENOME SEQUENCE SHOWED THE PRESENCE OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN PHENOL DEGRADATION AND B-KETOADIPATE PATHWAY SUCH AS CATECHOL 1,2- DIOXYGENASE, 3-OXOADIPATE COA-TRANSFERASE (GLUTACONATE COA-TRANSFERASE), MUCONATE CYCLOISOMERASE (EC 5.5.1.1) AND MUCONOLACTONE ISOMERASE (EC 5.3.3.4)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:MOLECULAR METHODS ARE MOST SUITABLE TOOLS FOR S THE MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND IDENTIFICATION. IN PRESENT STUDY, WE USED THE CONVENTIONAL MOLECULAR METHODS TO IDENTIFY LUMINESCENCE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SHRIMP PONDS OF THE PERSIAN GULF.MATERIALS AND METHODS:THE WATER SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM TWO FARMS (9 POOLS) IN BUSHEHR SHRIMP. THEIR ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION WAS PERFORMED USING SPECIFIC AGAR MEDIA CULTURE (TCBS AND SWC). THEIR LUMINESCENCE WAS MEASURED BY BIO-LUMINOMETRY. THE EXTRACTED DNA WAS USED TO AMPLIFY THE 16S RRNA BY UNIVERSAL PRIMERS. THE PARTIAL 16S RRNA SEQUENCES OF THE ISOLATES WERE COMPARED WITH GENEBANK DATABASE.RESULTS:ACCORDING TO THE ANALYSIS OF 16S RRNA, THREE TYPES OF BIOLUMINESCENCE BACTERIA, WERE RELATED TO VIBRIO SP. ISOLATES OF 1A, 1B AND 2B SHOWED 99% SIMILARITY WITH VIBRIO ALGINOLYTICUS, VIBRIO OWENSII, VIBRIO COMMUNIS RESPECTIVELY.DISCUSSION:BLAST RESULTS SHOW THAT THREE SPECIES ARE BELONGED TO VIBRIO HARVEYI CLADE. ISOLETES OF 1B AND 2B ARE SIMILAR TOGETHER AND CLOSELY RELATED TO VIBRIO COMMUNIS. THE SEQUENCE OF 1A, WAS RELATED TO STRAIN ANCESTOR, VIBRIO HARVEYI.CONCLUSION:STRAINS OF VIBRIO HARVEYI AS A SPECIES IS CONSIDERED AS THE ANCESTRAL SPECIES THAT ARE SEPARATED AND DIFFERENCIATED IN THE EVOLUTION TIME BUT, IT SEEMS THAT THE EVOLUTION TIME IS VERY SHORT FOR THE NEWLY ISOLATES.

HETEROSIS IS ONE OF THE COMMON METHOD HAS BEEN EMPLOYED AS A TOOL TO IMPROVE AQUACULTURE PRODUCTIVITY REGARDING TO THEIR EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION AND SIMILAR MATING BEHAVIORS. GENERALLY, A HYBRID FISH EXPECTED TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING WITH REMARKABLE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND TOLERANCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES. IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR DISTINGUISHING THE HYBRID PROGENY FROM THEIR PARENTS PARTICULARLY IN THEIR EARLY STAGES IS VITAL FOR AQUACULTURE BREEDING PROGRAM. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, TWO F1 HYBRID FAMILIES WAS PRODUCED BY CONTROLLED INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN FEMALE AND MALE OF POLYPLOID PERSIAN STURGEON AND SUBSEQUENTLY GENOMIC DNA WAS EXTRACTED USING THE QIAGEN DNEASY TISSUE KIT AND 11 MICROSATELLITE LOCI WAS USED FOR GENOTYPING ANALYSIS OF PARENTS AND THEIR PRODUCED OFFSPRING. ANALYSIS OF INHERITANCE PATTERN DEMONSTRATED CLASSIC MENDELIAN INHERITANCE OF THESE MARKERS IN THE HYBRID OFFSPRING. ALL LOCI SEGREGATED CO-DOMINANTLY, AND CONFIRMED TO MENDELIAN SEGREGATION AND CAN BE USED FOR PARENTAL ANALYSIS AND POPULATION GENETIC STUDIES. THE RESULT OF PRESENT STUDY COULD BE APPLICABLE FOR PARENTAGE ANALYSIS OF THE HYBRID, WHICH WOULD PROVIDE VALUABLE INFORMATION IN FISH BREEDING PROGRAMS AND FACILITATE UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR DYNAMICS IN THE HYBRIDIZATION OF PERSIAN STURGEON FISH SPECIES FROM DIFFERENT FAMILIES. FURTHERMORE, INFORMATION OF THIS STUDY ABOUT HEREDITY PATTERN OF INVESTIGATED LOCI COULD BE IN CONSTRUCTION OF LINKAGE MAP IN THIS SPECIES FOR QTL MAPPING PURPOSE.

WITH REGARD TO GROWING PROCESS OF NATURAL OVERTHROWING AND GERMPLASM RESOURCES DESTROYING IN OUR COUNTRY, AS ONE OF THE MOST RICH FULLNESS COUNTRIES ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES, IT IS NECESSARY TO ACT FUNDAMENTALLY ON CONSERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF AVAILABLE GENETIC DIVERSITY. BY USING SEED CRYOPRESERVATION, AS ONE OF THE EX SITU PLANT GERMPLAST CONSERVATION METHOD WITH UNLIMITED SEED STORING WITHOUT LOSING SEED VIABILITY, WE CAN PROVIDE A SEED CONSERVATION METHOD THAT ITS COST IS %1 OF IN SITU PLANT GERMPLASM CONSERVATION. IN THIS STUDY THE EFFECT OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH INDICES (GERMINATION PERCENT, GERMINATION RATE, SEED VIGOUR INDEX, PLANTLET LENGTH, PLANTLET FRESH WEIGHT) ON ORTHODOX SEED OF SEVEN MEDICINAL AND RANGELAND PLANT SPECIES (ARTEMISIA KHORASANICA, HYPERICUM PERFORATUM, ORIGANUM SPP, TRIGONELLA MONTHANA, PHYTOLACA SPP., HYPERICUM ANDEROSAEMUM, DATUREA SPP.) WERE EVALUATED. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THERE IS SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT SPECIES ON ALL EVALUATED TRAITS THAT IT IS BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT POTENTIALLY GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THESE PLANTS. MOREOVER, IN COMPARISON OF CRYOPRESERVATION AND CONTROL TREATMENTS IN EACH SPECIES, NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENT WAS OBSERVED EXCEPT FOR GERMINATION PERCENT AND GERMINATION RATE. IT IS OBVIOUS AS ORTHODOX SEEDS ARE TOLERANT TO DESICCATION AND STAY IN INACTIVE STATUS ON CRYOPRESERVATION. WE CAN EMPHASIS CRYOPRESERVATION AS A SUITABLE, ALTERNATIVE AND INEXPENSIVE METHOD FOR HEALTHY LONG TERM STORAGE OF ORTHODOX SEED IN GERMPLASM RESOURCES CONSERVATION CENTERS.

THE GENUS XANTHOMONAS IS FORMED BY A COMPLEX GROUP OF BACTERIAL SPECIES WITH DIVERSE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL TRAITS. THIS GROUP OF PHYTOPATHOGENS INFECTS MANY ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS SUCH AS COTTON, BEANS, RICE, CRUCIFERS AND THEREFORE, THESE BACTERIA REPRESENT A THREAT TO AGRICULTURE AROUND THE WORLD. SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DISEASES CAUSED BY XANTHOMONAS SPECIES INCLUDE CITRUS CANKER AND BLACK ROT, ADDITIONALLY XANTHOMONAS IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN BIOTECHNOLOGY DUE TO THE PRODUCTION OF A POLYSACCHARIDE KNOWN AS A XANTHAN GUM, WHICH IS USED AS A STABILIZER AND EMULSIFIER IN THE FOOD AND COSMETIC INDUSTRY, AMONG OTHER APPLICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG 15 STRAINS OF XANTHOMONAS SPP. WERE CLARIFIED BY PCR RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (RFLP) ANALYSIS OF 16S-23S RDNA INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER (ITS) REGION USING FOUR RESTRICTION ENZYMES INCLUDING ALUI, MBOI, DDEI, BSNI. TOTAL BACTERIAL DNA WAS PREPARED BY USING PHENOL- CHLOROFORM METHOD. PCR WAS PERFORMED BY USING ITS PRIMER, PCR PRODUCTS WERE DIGESTED WITH RESTRICTION ENZYMES. THREE ENZYMES INCLUDING ALUI, DDEI, BSNI SHOWED TWO DIFFERENT PROFILES AMONG ALL STRAINS BUT ONE ENZYME, MBOI, SHOWED THREE DIFFERENT PROFILES. PCR- RFLP ANALYSIS OF IT’S IS A SIMPLE AND RAPID TECHNIQUE TO EVALUATE BIODIVERSITY AMONG XANTHOMONAS SPP. AND CAN USE FOR PARTIALLY DIFFERENTIATION AMONG XANTHOMONAS SPECIES.

THE BACTERIUM USED IN THIS STUDY WAS KOCURIA SP. IRK1 ISOLATED FROM SOIL OF NAFTSHAHR, KERMANSHAH, IRAN. USING TAGUCHI METHODOLOGY, FOUR IMPORTANT INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS (GLYCEROL, NH4CL AND KH2PO4 AND TEMPERATURE) WERE EVALUATED FOR THEIR INDIVIDUAL AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTS ON POLY (3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) PRODUCTION. ACCORDING TO TAGUCHI APPROACH, THE OPTIMUM CONDITIONS AT WHICH HIGH POLY (3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) PRODUCTION BY KOCURIA SP. IRK1COULD BE ACHIEVED WERE OBSERVED TO BE IN THE PRESENCE GLYCEROL 1% (W/V), NH4CL 0.2% (W/V), KH2PO4 0.1% (W/V) AND TEMPERATURE 37OC. WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT KOCURIA SP. IRK1 AS A NOVEL BACTERIUM HAS A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR SYNTHESIS OF POLY (3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) FROM GLYCEROL.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:MARINE BACTERIAL LUMINESCENCES ARE THE MOST INTERESTED BACTERIA BECAUSE OF THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ECOLOGICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS. THERE ARE POOR INFORMATION OF PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THESE MICROORGANISMS IN IRANIAN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENTS. IN THIS STUDY WE HAVE TRIED TO VERIFY THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THESE BACTERIA IN THE NATURAL POND WATER THAT ARE RELATED TO PERSIAN GULF SHRIMP.MATERIALS AND METHODS:SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM TWO FARMS (9 POOLS) IN BUSHEHR SHRIMP. THE WATER WERE CULTURED IN THE TCBS MEDIUM (VIBRIO-SPECIFIC CULTURE MEDIUM) CONTAINING 1.5% SALT (PH=7.2) AND INCUBATD AT 25 AND 37OC. THE OBSERVED COLONIES WERE PURIFIED BY STREAKING AND TRANSFERRED TO SWC. THE BIOLUMINESCENCE BACTERIA WERE QUALIFIED BY BIO-LUMINOMETRY. THE THREE COLONIES WITH THE HIGHEST INTENSITY WERE SELECTED FOR THE MOLECULAR APPROACHES. SOME OF THE CLASSICAL BIOCHEMICAL TESTS, SUCH AS GELATINASE, DNASE, INDOLE AND LYSINE DECARBOXYLASE WERE USED FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION.RESULTS:MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS SHOWED THAT ALL OF ISOLATES ARE BELONG TO GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. THE GROWTH TEMPERATURE FOR ISOLATES OF LUMINESCENCE 1B, 2B WAS 25OC AND 37OC FOR 1A. LIGHT INTENSITY WAS 30000000 RUL/S FOR THREE ISOLATES. INDOLE PRODUCTION, DNASE, GLUCOSE FERMENTATION, LYSINE DECARBOXYLATION, H2S PRODUCTION AND MOBILITY FOR THESE BACTERIA WERE POSITIVE. HOWEVER GELATINASE ACTIVITY WAS POSITIVE FOR 1A AND 1B, WHILE POSITIVE FOR 2B NEGATIVE.DISCUSSION:ACCORDING TO THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION, THE ISOLATES ARE SIMILAR TO VIBRIONACEA FAMILY, GENUS VIBRIO.CONCLUSION:THE APPLIED METHODS OF PRESENT STUDY HAVE BEEN USEFUL TO TRACK AND ISOLATE THE LUMINESCENCE BACTERIA AND CAN BE A GOOD MODEL FOR INVESTIGATING OF THE OTHER MICROORGANISM IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS. THE OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS MUST BE DONE AS WELL AS OF THE LUMINESCENCE INTENSITY TO DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE GENUS AND SPECIES TO PREPARE OF THE OTHER STUDIES, ESPECIALLY MOLECULAR STUDIES.

IT IS WELL ACCEPTED THAT NORMAL SOMATIC CELLS DO NOT DIVIDE INDEFINITELY IN VITRO. THERE IS ESSENTIAL NEED FOR INFINITE SOURCE OF HUMAN CELLS AND BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES FOR RESEARCHER ALL OVER THE COUNTRY. IRANIAN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE CENTER (IBRC) HAVE ESTABLISHED IMMORATALIZATION OF B CELLS OF IRANIAN ETHNIC GROUPS. THESE INDIVIDUALS HEVE BEEN INTERVIEWED FOR THEIR ETHNIC ORIGIN TO BE THE SAME FOR 3 GENERATIONS. SO THESE SAMPLE ARE PURE IRANIAN ETHNIC INDIVIDUALS PARTICIPATING IN PRODUCTION OF LYMPHOBLASTOID CELLS FROM PERIFERAL BLOOD.FICOL HISTOPACK 1077 WAS USED FOR ISOLATION OF PBMC. THE EBV-PRODUCING MARMOSET B-CELL LINE (B95-8) WAS USED FOR SOURCE OF EBV. INTRODUCING EBV TO PBMC TRANSFORMED LYMPHOBLASTOID CELLS COULD BE OBSERVED WITHIN 4-8 WEEKS BY CLUMP FORMATION IN B CELLS.BESIDES, FIVE VIRUSES DETECTING, CARRIED OUT FOR ALL SAMPLES. 16 STR MARKERS DETERMINED FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL BEFORE AND AFTER IMMORTALIZATION PROCESS TO VERIFY THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE AND PREPARE SAMPLES PROFILE. SO FAR 16 SAMPLES HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED AND IMMORTALIZED SUCCESSFULLY.

THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS L.), IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AROMATIC MEDICINAL PLANTS, WHICH HAS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN THE OLD WORLD. THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION CAN BE DESCRIBED AS THE CENTRE OF THE GENUS. THYMUS BELONGS TO LAMIACEAE FAMILY AND IS GROWN MOSTLY IN SPAIN AND TURKEY [1]. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG BREEDING MATERIALS COULD BE AN INVALUABLE HELP IN THE STRATEGIES OF IMPROVEMENT [2]. SINCE THE 93% OF WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS ARE IN IMMINENT DANGER OF EXTINCTION, THE PRESENT STUDY INVESTIGATED GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THIS HERB USING THREE THYMUS SP. ACCESSIONS COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS IN ISFAHAN USING KARYOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS. SOME TRAITS INCLUDING TL, LA, SA, AR AND CI WERE DETERMINED FOR EACH ACCESSION BY USING MICROMEASURE SOFTWARE VERSION 3.3, AND SOME OTHER TRAITS INCLUDES %RL, %LA, %SA AND %TF WERE CALCULATED FOR EACH ACCESSION BY EXCEL SOFTWARE. SIGNIFICANT VARIATION FOR SOME TRAITS WAS OBSERVED AMONG ACCESSIONS BY VARIANCE ANALYSIS. KARYOTYPE STUDIES FOR THYMUS GENUS SHOWED THAT ALL THREE ACCESSIONS THYMUS DAENENSIS WERE DIPLOID (2N=2X=30). KARYOTYPE FORMULAS OF THE ACCESSIONS WERE 15M. ACCORDING TO STEBBINS CLASSIFICATION, ALL THE ACCESSIONS PLACED IN THE A1CATEGORY [3]. USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS, THE FIRST TWO COMPONENTS DETERMINED %99.92 OF THE TOTAL VARIANCE. IN THE FIRST COMPONENT, TOTAL LENGTH, THE LENGTH OF LONG ARM AND SHORT ARM OF CHROMOSOME, WITH THE HIGHEST EIGEN VECTORS WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT TRAITS. CENTROMERE INDEX AND THE ARM RATIO HAD THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLE FOR TOTAL VARIATION IN THE SECOND COMPONENT.

CYCLOTIDES ARE PLANT POLYPEPTIDES CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR UNIQUE CYCLIC CYSTEINE KNOT STRUCTURAL MOTIF. IT IS THOUGHT THAT THEY FUNCTION PRIMARILY AS DEFENSE AGENTS IN PLANTS. BUT THEY ALSO HAVE VARIETY OF OTHER BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, INCLUDING ANTI-HIV, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS. BECAUSE OF THEIR EXCEPTIONAL STABILITY, THEY HAVE ATTRACTED INTEREST AS POTENTIAL PRIMING MATERIALS FOR PROTEIN ENGINEERING AND DRUG DESIGN. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE CYCLOTIDES CONTENT OF THE VIOLACEAE FAMILY. THE SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM ZANJAN AND TOTAL DNA WAS EXTRACTED BY CTAB BUFFER. FORWARD AND REVERSE PRIMER AGAINST CONSERVE SEQUENCE IN VBC FAMILY OF VIOLACEAE WERE DESIGNED AND USED TO DETERMINE VBC GENE FROM VIOLA IGNOBILIS, VIOLA OCCULTA AND VIOLA ODORATA BY PCR AMPLIFICATION OF THE VBC GENE. RESULTS SHOWED THE PRESENCE OF VBC GENE FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THESE SPECIES. THE SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED FROM NEARLY SAME LOCATION; THEREFORE THEY HAVE SIMILAR BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. IT CAN BE SUGGESTED THAT THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS STRONGLY AFFECT ON CYCLOTIDE CONTENT OF VIOLACEAE.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE TRANSFERABILITY OF MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FROM H. VULGARE TO H. BULBOSUM AND A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITY. FROM NINETY-THREE PAIRS BARLEY SSR PRIMER TESTED FOR TRANSFERABILITY TO H GENOME , ALL OF THEM AMPLIFIED DNA SEGMENTS IN H. VULGARE (11 ACCESSIONS) AND 48 PAIRS (51.61%) WERE TRANSFERABLE TO THE H. BULBOSUM (5 ACCESSIONS) WITH HIGH LEVEL OF POLYMORPHISM. TWENTY-TWO (23.65%) SSR MARKERS SHOWED TRANSFERABILITY TO H. MURINUM USED AS OUTGROUP. A TOTAL OF 546 ALLELES WERE DETECTED BY 48 PRIMER PAIRS IN ALL ACCESSIONS. THE NUMBER OF ALLELES PER LOCUS RANGED FROM 3 TO 13 WITH AN AVERAGE OF 11.375 ALLELES PER LOCUS. THE PIC VALUES WERE RANGED FROM 0.161 TO 0.621 WITH AN AVERAGE OF 0.477. THE VALUE OF PIC IN H. VULGARE (AVERAGE PIC=0.639) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN H. BULBOSUM (AVERAGE PIC=0.316). THE DENDROGRAM GENERATED BASED ON SSR DATA SHOWED THAT THE ACCESSIONS WERE DIVIDED INTO GROUPS RELATED TO THEIR TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATIONS, INDICATING THE EFFICIENCY OF BARLEY SSRS FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES IN H GENOME CONTAINING SPECIES IN THE GENUS HORDEUM. BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY, IT CAN BE SUGGESTED THAT THE CROSS SPECIES TRANSFERABLE BARLEY SSRS ARE VALUABLE MOLECULAR TOOLS, FOR GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSES IN THE H. BULBOSUM FOR WHICH LIMITED NUMBER OF MICROSATELLITE MARKERS ARE AVAILABLE. THIS STUDY PROVIDED A SET OF EFFICIENT SSR MARKERS FROM PUBLICLY AVAILABLE BARLEY MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR THE GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF H. BULBOSUM.

DECLINE OF NATIVE AREA, POPULATION SIZE AND BREEDING HERDS ARE INDICATORS OF IMMINENT DANGER OF BREED EXTINCTION IN THE NEAR FUTURE. BECAUSE OF OCCURRENCE OF THESE CONDITIONS FOR MARKHOZ GOAT POPULATION, THIS RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE ITS SPREAD, LATEST DEMOGRAPHIC DATA AND MOST IMPORTANT CRITERIA AND DEGREE OF ENDANGERMENT. DATA WERE COLLECTED THROUGH INTERVIEW WITH THE HERDERS AND MONITORING THE FLOCKS IN THEIR NATIVE AREA AND OTHER LOCATIONS IN MATING SEASONS. DISTRIBUTION MAP WAS PREPARED USING GIS AND DEMOGRAPHIC DATA WERE USED TO EVALUATE DEGREE OF ENDANGERMENT. IN THE LATEST YEAR, POPULATION SIZE, THE NUMBER OF BREEDING FEMALES AND MALES, EFFECTIVES POPULATION SIZE AND BREEDING RATE WERE 2455, 1331, 70, 265 HEADS AND 0.19% IN EACH GENERATION, RESPECTIVELY. EXCEPT FOR INBREEDING RATE, OTHER CRITERIA IN 2011 WERE LOWER THAN THOSE IN 2010. IN THIS STUDY, HERDERS MENTIONED ECONOMIC FACTORS AS THE MAIN REASON FOR DECREASING OF THE POPULATION. INVESTIGATION OF CRITERIA IN FOUR MAJOR EVALUATION SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE DEGREE OF ENDANGERMENT SHOWED THAT MARKHOZ GOAT IS IN DEMOGRAPHIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL RISKS AND IMMINENT DANGER OF DECREASING VARIATION WITHIN BREED. INTENSE CONCENTERATION OF 77% OF ITS POPULATION WITHIN A CIRCLE OF 8 KM RADIUS HAS EXPOSED THE BREED AT THE RISK OF EPIDEMIC DISEASES AND OTHER NATURAL DISASTERS. THUS, THE PRIMARY CONSERVATIONAL MEASURES BY THE GOVERNMENT AS WELL AS COMPLIMENTARY STUDIES FOR PROVIDING COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PROGRAM APPEAR TO BE NECESSARY.

RETRO TRANSPOSONS ARE COMMON COMPONENTS OF PLANT GENOMES. THEIR ABUNDANCE, DISPERSION, UBIQUITY AND ABILITY TO TRANSPOSE MAKE THEM GOOD POTENTIAL MARKERS. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, MULTILOCUS PCR-BASED TECHNIQUES, IRAP AND REMAP WERE USED TO DETECT INTEGRATION EVENTS OF RETRO TRANSPOSON FAMILIES TMS1RET1, LORE1, LORE2, TPS12A AND TPS19 IN MEDICAGO SATIVA GENOME. IRAP AND REMAP MARKERS, DERIVED FROM THESE RETRO ELEMENTS, WERE ALSO USED TO STUDY GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG AND WITHIN 80 TETRAPLOID ALFALFA GENOTYPES FROM EIGHT POPULATIONS. RESULTS INDICATED THAT RETRO TRANSPOSONS TMS1RET1, LORE1, LORE2 ARE PRESENT AND TRANSPOSOINIONALLY ACTIVE IN M. SATIVA GENOME. A TOTAL OF 101 AND 119 LOCI WERE AMPLIFIED USING 10 AND 14 IRAP AND REMAP PRIMERS, RESPECTIVELY. THE NUMBER OF POLYMORPHIC LOCI WAS 66 AND 62 FOR IRAP AND REMAP, RESPECTIVELY. POPULATIONS WERE GROUPED INTO THREE MAIN CLUSTERS BASED ON 128 IRAP AND REMAP POLYMORPHIC LOCI. THE GENETIC DISTANCE BETWEEN POPULATIONS RANGED FROM 0.08 (GHATAYONJEH-MALEKKANDI AND TURKEY-SAKUEL) TO 0.134 (AZARBAYEJAN-ORDUBAR AND TURKEY-SAKUEL) WITH A MEAN VALUE OF 0.102. AMOVA REVEALED THE HIGHER LEVEL OF GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN POPULATIONS (92%) COMPARED TO AMONG POPULATIONS (8%), INDICATED NO CLEAR DIFFERENTIATION BASED ON THE STUDIED POPULATIONS. MEAN OF HETROZYGOSITY OF POPULATION VARIED FROM 0.238 (TURKEY-SAKUEL) TO 0.257 (MAHALIE-ESFAHANI AND TURKEY1), AVERAGING 0.252. IRAP AND REMAP-BASED CLUSTER ANALYSIS USING COMPLETE LINKAGE ALGORITHM BASED ON DICE SIMILARITY COEFFICIENT IDENTIFIED FIVE HETEROTIC GROUPS IN 80 ALFALFA GENOTYPES THAT COULD BE APPLIED AS PARENTS IN M. SATIVA ALFALFA BREEDING PROGRAMS.

SOIL SALINITY REPRESENTS AN INCREASING THREAT TO RICE PRODUCTION, THE SUCCESS OF SALT TOLERANCE BREEDING PROGRAMS EMPLOYING TRADITIONAL SCREENING AND SELECTION HAS BEEN LIMITED IN THE PAST DECADES. FORTY RICE GENOTYPES WERE SCREENED IN SALINE SOIL OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, EC 4, 8 AND 12 DS/M IN VEGETATIVE GROWTH STAGE IN 2009. TOLERANT GENOTYPES WERE TESTED IN YOUNG SEEDLING STAGE IN HYDROPONIC SYSTEM AND THEN REPRODUCTIVE STAGE IN 2010. RESULTS SHOWED THAT VEGETATIVE GROWTH WAS LESS AFFECTED BY SALT STRESSCOMPARISON TO REPRODUCTIVE STAGE. NA AND NA-K RATIO IN TOLEANCE GENOTYPES WERE LOWER THAN SUSPECTIBLE GENOTYPES IN SALT CONDITION IN YOUNG SEEDLING STAGE. SHASTAK-MOHAMMADI, HASSANI, TROM-DANESH, LINE109 AND LINE75 WERE MORE TOLERANT TO SALT STRESS FOR EVALUATED TRAITS IN REPRODUCTIVE STAGE. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT UBC-251 AND UBC-244 DISPLAYED VARIATION IN THE BANDING PATTERN OF INDIVIDUAL RICE GENOTYPES. RESULT OF MOLECULAR ANALYSIS CONFIRMED EVALUATION OF PHENOTYPIC A LOT OF.

PERSIAN STURGEON A COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES INHABITS MOSTLY THE SOUTHERN BASIN OF THE CASPIAN SEA. CURRENTLY THE EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF THIS FISH HAS GRADUALLY DECLINED DUE TO OVER FISHING, SPAWNING HABITAT LOSS, AND WATER POLLUTION. INFORMATION ON THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF PERSIAN STURGEON POPULATIONS IS VITAL FOR THEIR BREEDING MANAGEMENT. IN THE LONG TERM, THE MOST IMPORTANT GOAL OF STOCK MANAGEMENT IS TO CONTROL INBREEDING AND DECREASING OF GROWTH TRAITS. THE OBJECTIVE ON THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF STURGEONS USING 11 SINGLE LOCUS DNA MICROSATELLITE MARKERS. THE 167 PERSIAN STURGEONS WERE RANDOMLY COLLECTED FROM FOUR LOCATIONS IN COASTAL WATERS OF THE CASPIAN SEA NAMELY, RUSSIA (43), TURKMENISTAN (13), IRAN (81) AND SAFIDROD RIVER. PARAMETERS ESTIMATED INCLUDE NUMBER OF ALLELES, ALLELIC FREQUENCIES, PERCENTAGE OF POLYMORPHIC LOCI, OBSERVED AND EXPECTED HETEROZYGOSITY, LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM, CONFORMITY OF ALLELE FREQUENCIES TO THAT EXPECTED UNDER HARDY–WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM AND ESTIMATES OF POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION INCLUDING F-STATISTICS AND GENE FLOW, GENETIC SIMILARITY AND DISTANCE. THE MEAN NUMBER OF ALLELES YIELDED BY ALL MICROSATELLITES RANGED IN POPULATIONS TURKMENISTAN, RUSSIA, SAFIDROOD AND IRAN WAS 7.22±2.90, 10.1±5.14, 8.2±3.54 AND 9.90±4.72 RESPECTIVELY. THE MEAN SHANON INDEX WAS 1.64±0.48, 1.82±0.57, 1.69± 0.53 AND 1.82±0.5 RESPECTIVELY. AVERAGE OBSERVED HETEROZYGOSITY AT SAMPLED LOCI WAS HIGH, RANGING FROM 0.56±0.20 (TURKMENISTAN COAST) TO 0.67±0.16 (SAFIDROD RIVER).THE MOST FREQUENT ALLELE (MFA) FOR LOCUS AFUG68B, AFUG63, AFUG56, AFUG112, AFUG19-1, AFUG19-2, AFUG195, AFUG229, AFUG160, AFUG241 AND AOX27 WERE FREQUENT 259, 165, 181, 242, 206 AND 218BP RESPECTIVELY.GENERALLY, THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOWED THAT THESE POPULATIONS BELONG TO SAME SPECIES, HOWEVER BASED ON OF THESE 11 INVESTIGATED LOCI THE HIGHEST SIMILARITY WAS BETWEEN POPULATIONS RUSSIAN – IRAN (0.90) AND THE LOWEST SIMILARITY WAS TURKMENISTAN- SAFIEDROD RIVER (0.79).THESE POLYMORPHIC MARKERS COULD BE FURTHER EVALUATED FOR THEIR USEFULNESS IN MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION AS THE PCR METHODOLOGY WE DEVELOPED WOULD EXPEDITE SCREENING OF THE LARGE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS REQUIRED FOR SUCH STUDIES.

TUBERCLOSIS (TB) CAUSED BY MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS WITH ALMOST 9 MILION NEW CASES EACH YEAR REMAINS OF THE MOST FEARED DISEASE ON THE PLANET. THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF INFECTION, ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION ARE IMPORTANT PART OF AN ERADICATION SCHEME AND THESE CAN BE ACHIEVED BY DIFFERENTIATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ISOLATES BY MOLECULAR TYPING METHOD SUCH AS RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (RFLP). GOLESTAN PROVINCE AFTER SISTAN AND BALOOCHESTAN HAS THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF TB PATIENT IN IRAN .IN THIS STUDY RFLP TEQNIQUE BYTWO ENZYMES PVU II AND ALU 1 AND PGRS PROBE WERE COMPARED OF GENOMIC PATTERN DIVERSITY AND BETTER IDENTIFY STRAIN. FIVE SPUTUM SPECIEMENT WERE COLLECTED FROM SMEAR POSITIVE PATIENT IN GOLESTAN PROVINCE. SAMPLES WERE PROCESSED AND CULTURE ON LOWENSTEIN JENSEN (LJ) SLANT FOR THREE WEEKS. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM TWO SAMPLE BASED ON VAN EMBDEN PROTOCOL. FIRST PCR ASSAY TARGETING 16S RRNA GENES WAS USED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM SPP. WHOLE DNA RFLP WITH PVU II AND ALU 1 RESTRICTION ENZYME AND HYBRIDIZED WITH DIG LABELED PGRS PROBE. IN THIS STUDY, FROM 5 ISOLATES, 2 DIFFERENT GENOMIC PATTERNWERE OBTAINED AFTER DIGESTION WITH PVU II AND HYBRIDIZATION WITH PGRS, AND 3 DIFFERENT GENOMIC PATTERNS WERE OBTAINED AFTER DIGESTION WITH ALU 1AND HYBRIDIZATION WITH PGRS.

MICROBIAL COMMUNITY REPRESENTS MORE THAN HALF THE BIOMASS ON THE EARTH. A GRAM OF SOIL, FOR EXAMPLE, CONTAINS MILLIONS OF MICROORGANISMS OF DIFFERENCE GROUPS (4000 DIFFERENT ONES). HOWEVER MOST OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MICROORGANISMS ARE UN-CULTURABLE (90-99%) AND COULD NOT BE ISOLATED IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS. THERE ARE HUGE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES IN THESE GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS SINCE IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER THIS KIND OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIODIVERSITY STUDIES. PROKARYOTIC DIVERSITY IN ARAN-BIDGOL SALT LAKE, A THALASOHALINE LAKE IN IRAN, WAS STUDIED BY FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH), DENATURING GRADIENT GEL ELECTROPHORESIS (DGGE) OF PCR-AMPLIFIED FRAGMENTS OF 16S RRNA GENES AND 16S RRNA GENE CLONE LIBRARY ANALYSIS. TOTAL CELL ABUNDANCES IN THE LAKE DETERMINED BY DAPI DIRECT COUNT WAS 3-4×107 CELLS/ML. THE PROPORTION OF BACTERIA TO ARCHAEA IN THE COMMUNITY DETECTABLE BY FISH, APPLYING ARCHAEAL AND BACTERIAL SPECIFIC PROBES WAS UNEXPECTEDLY HIGH AND RANGED BETWEEN 1:3 AND 1:2. GENOMIC DNA WAS DIRECTLY EXTRACTED FROM ENVIRONMENTS AND 16S RRNA OF BOTH DOMAINS WAS PCR-AMPLIFIED. THE PCR PRODUCTS OF EXPECTED SIZE (1500 BP) WERE GEL PURIFIED (DNA EXTRACTION KIT, ROCHE, GERMANY) LIGATED INTO PGEM-T CLONING VECTOR (PROMEGA, USA) AND USED TO TRANSFORM E.COLI DH5Α CELLS. WE CONSTRUCTED TOTAL OF EIGHT CLONE LIBRARIES. ANALYSIS OF INSERTS OF 100 CLONES FROM THESE LIBRARIES CONSTRUCTED REVEALED A TOTAL OF 37 OTUS. A MAJORITY (63 %) OF THESE SEQUENCES WERE NOT RELATED TO ANY PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED TAXA. WITHIN THIS SAMPLING EFFORT WE MOST FREQUENTLY RETRIEVED PHYLOTYPES RELATED TO HALORHABDUS (16 % OF ARCHAEAL SEQUENCES OBTAINED) AND SALINIBACTER (36 % OF BACTERIAL SEQUENCES OBTAINED). OTHER PROKARYOTIC GROUPS THAT WERE ABUNDANT INCLUDED REPRESENTATIVES OF HALOQUADRATUM, THE ANAEROBIC GENERA HALANAEROBIUM AND HALOCELLA, PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA OF THE GENUS HALORHODOSPIRA AND CYANOBACTERIA.

YEASTS ARE, ISOLATED FROM FOOD RESOURCES, KNOWN AS LEADING PRODUCERS OF FERMENTATION PRODUCTS OF OENOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE AND SINGLE CELL PROTEIN. ALTHOUGH YEASTS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES HAVE LESS BEEN STUDIED THAN THOSE OF FOOD ORIGINS, BUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATES DEMAND MORE ATTENTION BECAUSE OF THEIR WIDE POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT MANMADE AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND CULTIVATED ON APPROPRIATE CULTURE MEDIA. OUT OF 107 NUMBERS OF ISOLATES ONLY 38 NUMBERS WERE ABLE TO PRODUCE ONE OF TESTED CARBOHYDRASES. 35.1% OF THE YEAST ISOLATES WERE ABLE TO DEGRADE AT LEAST ONE OF THE POLYSACCHARIDES TESTED. 4% OF THE YEAST ISOLATES WERE ABLE TO DEGRADE TWO OR MORE OF POLYSACCHARIDES. PRODUCTION OF SECRETORY ENZYMES INCLUDING XYLANASE, AMYLASE AND CELLULASE WAS SHOWN. NONE OF ISOLATES WERE ABLE TO DEGRADE CHITIN. THE ONLY ISOLATE WITH THE ABILITY TO DEGRADE ALL THREE POLYSACCHARIDES WAS BIOCHEMICALLY AND MOLECULARLY CHARACTERIZED BY SEQUENCING OF D1/D2 REGION OF 26S RDNA AND TENTATIVELY IDENTIFIED AS A CRYPTOCOCCUS SP.

RECENT PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR MICROBIAL ECOLOGY HAS REVEALED THAT TRADITIONAL CULTURING METHODS FAIL TO REPRESENT THE SCOPE OF MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN NATURE, SINCE ONLY A SMALL PROPORTION OF VIABLE MICROORGANISMS IN A SAMPLE ARE RECOVERED BY CULTURING TECHNIQUES. TO DEVELOP METHODS TO INVESTIGATE THE FULL EXTENT OF MICROBIAL DIVERSITY, WE USED METAGENOMIC STUDIES FOR PHENOL DEGRADING BACTERIA IN A PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED SOIL. METAGENOMICS IS “AN APPLICATION OF MODERN GENOMICS TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF COMMUNITIES OF MICROBIAL ORGANISMS DIRECTLY IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS, BYPASSING THE NEED FOR ISOLATION AND LAB CULTIVATION OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES”.THEREFORE, IN THIS METAGENOMIC STUDY, AND TO DEMONSTRATETHE DIVERSITY OF ISOLATED BACTERIA, GENOMIC FINGERPRINTING WAS INVESTIGATED BYREPETITIVE EXTRAGENIC PALINDROMIC SEQUENCE PCR (REP-PCR).HOWEVER, BACTERIA WERE ISOLATED FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL BY PLATING AFTER ENRICHMENT IN BATCH CULTURES. THEN, TOTAL BACTERIAL DNA WAS EXTRACTED BY SET-BUFFER METHOD AND REP-PCR PERFORMED WITH PRIMERS REP1R-I AND REP2-I. DIFFERENT PATTERNS WERE OBTAINED BY SEPARATION OF PCR PRODUCTS BY AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS. HOWEVER, THE REP-PCR ANALYSIS WAS REPEATED SEVERAL TIMES TO DETERMINE THE REPRODUCIBILITYOF THE METHOD. THE BACTERIAL CELLS ISOLATED WERE CLASSIFIED INTO 18 DISTINCT GROUPS BY A REPETITIVE EXTRAGENIC PALINDROMIC SEQUENCE PCR ANALYSIS. IT IS ESTABLISHED THAT MOLECULAR APPROACHES HAVEEXPANDED OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONOF MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE REP PCR COULD BECOMEA POWERFUL TOOL FOR THE MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAAND FOR BACTERIAL TAXONOMY, SINCE IT ALLOWS THE FINGERPRINTINGOF INDIVIDUAL GENERA, SPECIES, AND STRAINS AND COULD HELPDETERMINE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS. THE SAME IS EXPECTED IN METAGENOMICS.

THIS STUDY REPRESENTS A FINE-SCALE POPULATION GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARINE FISH SILVER POMFRET (PAMPUS ARGENTEUS), ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT SPECIES IN PERSIAN GULF AND OMAN SEA. SIX WILD SAMPLE SETS AND 144 INDIVIDUALS COVERING THE NORTHERN COASTS OF STUDIED AREA HAVE BEEN SELECTED FOR MICROSATELLITE VARIATION. RESULTS OF ARLEQUIN, GENEPOP AND FSTAT ANALYSIS INDICATED MEAN NUMBER OF ALLELES PER LOCI (14.4) AND MEAN OBSERVED AND EXPECTED HETEROZYGOSITY (0.405 AND 0.880) RESPECTIVELY. AMOVA ANALYSIS REVEALED HIGH GENETIC DIVERSITY AND ONE SINGLE PANMICTIC POPULATION ACROSS SPECIES DISTRIBUTION OF IRANINAN WATERS. THEREFORE, OUTCOMES OF THIS RESEARCH CAN PROVIDE SCIENTIFIC DATA FOR REGULATION OF WILD CAUGHT FISHERIES MANAGEMENT TO PROTECT NATURAL POPULATIONS AND EVALUATE POSSIBLE STOCK ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMS OF THIS IMPORTANT MARINE NATURAL RESOURCE IN PERSIAN GULF AND OMAN SEA.

BIOBANK IS A TYPE OF BIOREPOSITORY WHICH STORES HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR USE IN RESEARCH. BIOBANK HAS THREE MAIN OBJECTIVES THAT INCLUDE OF STORAGE OF FROZEN, STANDARD OF CARE AND RESEARCH APPLICATIONS. IN ORDER TO HAVE CONSISTENT MATERIAL THROUGHOUT A RESEARCH PROJECT, RESEARCHERS NEED PRIMARY CELLS WITH AN EXTENDED REPLICATIVE CAPACITY, OR IMMORTALIZED CELLS. SEVERAL METHODS EXIST FOR IMMORTALIZING MAMMALIAN CELLS IN CULTURE, INCLUDE TELOMERASE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE GENE OR VIRAL GENES. VIRAL GENES, INCLUDING EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, SIMIAN VIRUS 40 T ANTIGEN, ADENOVIRUS E1A AND E1B, AND HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS E6 AND E7 INDUCE IMMORTALIZATION BY A PROCESS KNOWN AS VIRAL TRANSFORMATION. THUS IMMORTALIZED CELLS PROVIDE RESEARCH APPLICATIONS IN BIOBANKS.NOW IRANIAN BIORESOURCE CENTRE (IBRC) IS A BIOBANK WICH ACTIVE IN IMMORTALIZATION CELLS AND STORE THE IMMORTALIZED SAMPLES.

FERULA PERSICA VAR PERSICA IS AN IRANIAN ENDEMIC MEDICINAL PLANT THAT BELONGS TO APIACEAE FAMILY. SEEDS OF THIS PLANT HAVE A LONG PERIOD OF DORMANCY. THEREFORE, EXPERIMENTAL METHODS, WHICH DECREASE SEED DORMANCY PERIOD, COULD BE EFFECTIVE IN THE SEED GERMINATION RATE AND ALSO IN REVIVAL OF THE PLANT. SINCE THE TREATMENT OF COLD AND SOAKING IS BENEFICIAL FOR SEED DORMANCY BREAKING OF OTHER APIACEAE PLANTS, THUS THE EFFECT OF HUMID CHILLING, DRY CHILLING AND SEED BRUSHING BEFORE CHILLING EVALUATED ON FIVE POPULATION, FERULA PERSICA VAR PERSICA IN FORM OF COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED FACTORIAL WITH FOUR REPLICATION. AFTER MEASURING THE PERCENTAGE OF SEED PURIFICATION IN THIS RESEARCH. DATA ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE VITALITY AND ITS RELATED INDICES (MEAN DAILY GERMINATION, DAILY GERMINATION SPEEDS AND MEAN TIME GERMINATION) SHOW A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN ONE PERCENT PROBABILITY LEVEL IN THE THREE MENTIONED FACTORS .IN CASE OF THE INTERPLAY, THE TREATMENT F4Z0 (THE SEED OF F4 IN THE HUMID CHILLING WITHOUT BRUSHING TREATMENT) SHOWED HIGHER VITALITY AND LESS MDG THAN THE OTHER TREATMENTS. IN CASE OF DGS INDEX, THE F4Z0 AND F5Z0 HAVE THE LEAST SPEED AND THE MOST QUANTITY. IN CASE OF THE SIMPLE AFFECTS, HUMID CHILLING WAS THE BEST METHOD FOR BREAKING SEED DORMANCY IN THIS SPECIES. SINCE REPETITIVE BRUSHING OF THE SEEDS BEFORE PLANTING RESULTS IN DESTROYING THEIR COATING, THUS IT DOESN'T HAVE A POSITIVE EFFECT ON GERMINATION.

OBJECTIVES: THE MAIN PURPOSE OF CURRENT STUDY IS ISOLATION THE YEASTS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING RIBOFLAVIN.METHODS: YEASTS WERE ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF SOIL. FIRST OF ALL, SAMPLES WERE SUSPENDED IN DISTILLED WATER AND YM BROTH MEDIUM, THEN A KNOWN AMOUNT OF THEM WERE SPREAD ON YGC AGAR. ALL COLONIES OF YEAST WERE EXAMINED FOR RIBOFLAVIN PRODUCTION. THE CULTURES OBTAINED AT THE END OF INCUBATION PERIOD WERE CENTRIFUGED AND QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF VITAMIN IN THE SUPERNATANT WAS DETERMINED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ALLY AT 440NM. RIBOFLAVIN IDENTIFICATION WAS CARRIED OUT BY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. IDENTIFICATION OF YEAST WAS DONE BY BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TESTS.RESULTS: IN THIS RESEARCH, 35 YEASTS WERE ISOLATED FROM SOIL OF FRUITS AND SUGARCANE. 14 ISOLATE SHOWED THE ABILITY OF RIBOFLAVIN PRODUCTION BY SPECTROPHOTOMETER THAT ACCORDING TO THE CHROMATOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS, 10 ISOLATE OF THEM DETECTED AS FINAL RIBOFLAVIN PRODUCER. ALL OF THE PRODUCER YEASTS WERE IDENTIFIED BY BIOCHEMICAL METHODS AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION WAS DONE FOR BEST PRODUCER YEAST.DISCUSSION: YEASTS ARE A GROUP OF UNICELLULAR MICROORGANISMS MOST OF WHICH BELONG TO THE FUNGI DIVISION OF ASCOMYCOTA AND FUNGI IMPERFECTI. TODAY YEASTS ARE USED AS ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENZYMES, VITAMINS AND HAVE NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS IN THE HEALTH FOOD INDUSTRY AS FOOD ADDITIVES AND SO ON. RECENTLY THE RIBOFLAVIN PRODUCTION IS SHIFTING FROM CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS TO MICROBIAL PRODUCTION DUE TO ADVANCES IN METABOLIC AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. IN PRESENT STUDY A SIMPLE METHOD WAS USED TO ISOLATE YEASTS CAN PRODUCE VITAMIN.