Human Geography Research
Year:2018 | Volume:49 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:20

Introduction: Ahvaz metropolis as the center of the oil and gas industry is located in the southern part of Iran. The metropolis has the potential to be attacked since century ago. The passive defense has been neglected for the city because it sensitive in some aspects including policy (center of Khuzestan province, north- south highway, transit function, and etc.), Security (near the western border of the country, separatist groups, history of aggression, and etc.), economy (factories, several strategic industries such as steel, gas, oil, sugar, etc.), and socio- cultural issues (diversity in ideas and sensitivity to ethnic and linguistic diversity, and etc.). The purposes of the research are to make a zonation of the risks of critical applications in Ahwaz, to assess the compatibility of neighboring landuses in terms of passive defense, and to clarify the risks in the metropolitan area...

Introduction: Nowadays, transportation is a subject that all people are in direct contact with it and Parallel to the development of cities. The need for public services and facilities is increased and this, in turn, will add a new dimension to metropolises public issues, particularly transport as traffic. Traffic calming is considered as one of the engineering proceedings that can cause a significant reduction in speed of vehicles. Thus, it has significant effects on reduction of accidents rate and fatalities. Since the implementation of the traffic calming projects can change street traffic process especially on local streets, it should be considered as requisite accuracy to choose the traffic calming tools and determination of suitable sections to perform. Followed by the problems of old areas of city especially the central urban areas affecting various aspects of urban life˓ government have paid special attention to the old urban areas. This need leads to designing an approach for urban revitalization that reflects long term and dynamic nature. There may be three reasons for the occurrence of the revitalization of urban life and, so, three types of revitalization are discussed:a) Imposing revitalization.b) Opportunistic revitalization.c) Protective or futurist revitalization.Methodology: Traffic calming means network design and engineering proceedings that are coming together in a way that improve road safety and other aspects of people's living environment. We can mention the followings as the issues that affect traffic calming:a) Speed of passage.b) Black spots and the risk of accidents.c) The type and pattern of traffic thoroughfares.d) Attractive Land travel position.e) Physical and geometrical features of streets.f) Pedestrian and vehicle traffic.g) Location of pedestrian crossings.h) Existence of special bus line.i) Access patterns in the rangej) Location of bike paths in the areaSince the issue has been examined in this study is neighborhood traffic calming with an approach to revitalization, we address the components of urban revitalization. These include four main dimensions of economic, social-culture˓ physical and environmental aspects. However, we plan to analyze the data in Table SWOT matrix. The matrix has a conceptual framework for the identification and analysis of threats and opportunities in the external environment and internal assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a system.Results and discussion: In order to identify the opportunities and threats that the YurdShahy neighborhood is faced with, we explained and analyzed SWOT Table for the research. External and internal factors include general economic forces, social, cultural, political, institutional and legal and environmental conditions. At this stage, for evaluation of the obtained component of guidelines we can improve the neighborhood and use the SWOT plot strategy development. This is to prioritize the strategies of acceptable results. That is the strategy of the SO (aggressive strategy) to strengthen the power of the neighborhood YurdShahy to achieve the opportunities in this area...

Introduction: This paper has a philosophical and epistemological view to examine inequality in tourism development and studies. This research emphasizes on the debates underlying perspectives and paradigms for exploration of weaknesses of tourism knowledge and studies in methodological change. The purpose of this paper is to study inequalities in development of tourism industry and to understand the effects of tourism in Iran, in combination with agency and structure in the tourism industry in Iran. The growing synergy of tourism and culture has been one of the major themes in tourism development and marketing in recent years. The tourism industry, one of the fastest growing industry at the global scale, generates jobs and income especially in those layers of the job market that are most severely disadvantaged by economic conjuncture of variables including non- specialised work, reputedly low- skills part- time jobs and female works. By investing in cultural attractions and infrastructure, the cities seek to secure a good position in the international tourism map, developing an industry that is sustainable and plentiful in synergies with other strategic sectors of the urban economy. Tourism also represents an indispensable source of financial resources for the preservation and restoration of the heritage that otherwise faces shrinking budgets and state transfers. According to cultural statue of Iran, the country has to pay attention to tourism policy- making in national and regional levels. The main goal of this paper is to study the role of tourism policies in inequlities in tourism industry. The central issue is: urban management using the tools of development planning, by expansion of social justice for all populations to increase economy growth rate...

Introduction: It is believed that nomadic life is developed because of adaptation to ecological conditions, but after the industrial revolution (1750) and the advasces in technology also affected nomadic life. Changes in Iranian nomadic population were a result of Reza shah's plan to settle nomads (Takhteh Ghapoo) according to his Modernization policy. After Islamic revolution, comprehensive development of Iran’s nomadic regions was proposed with the aims of improving the nation; but these projects did not succeed, because the expansion of inner capitalist and pseudo-capitalist systems marginalized nomadic population, and this itself changed nomadic life. Unlike the past conditions, now the tribes were forced to settle despite their tendency to have accommodation. In some cases, without government's policy the tribes settled by their own will. This caused confusion in the political and socio- economic structure of nomadic tribes. This feedback corresponds more to our case study (Sistani nomads). Addition to these above mentioned factors, recent droughts (1998 to 2007) ruined pasturelands during summer (South Khorasan) and winter season (Sistan Plain) in this region. As a result, Sistani nomadic life has been greatly in danger of destroying the environmental. Before these changes, the situation of nomads, especially nomad women, was worsened and their role in family income was decreased. This paper studies the role of Sistani nomad women before and after habitation based on the following hypotheses.- The role of Sistani nomad women was underestimated after habitation.- There is a significant relationship between the weakness of Sistani nomad women role and family income.- There is a significant relationship between these womens participation in family income before and after habitation…

Introduction: In the recent two decades with acceleration of globalization process and increase in the extent of information economics, concept of competitiveness and its measurement in cities have attracted the attention of many experts, planners, and decision makers in regional and urban fields of study. However, there are many ambiguities for definition and measurement of the concept. Increase in competition changed the city as the main core of a region. The changes in function of the urban areas are also dependent upon the structure of global development. Creativity and staffing of resources are critical for economic performance and competition. Mazandaran Province is one of the few provinces with high productivity in using spaces. The province has the least dependency on oil incomes. There are some conceptual models for competitiveness studies. The study attempts to measure the competitiveness criteria and incorporate them in a mathematical and statistical model. The statistics of the counties of the province have been compared with the theoretical fundamentals. Porter (2002) model for regional foundations of competitiveness is based on interaction of infrastructure and institute strategy, demand condition, input condition, and competition of dependent companies. The model of Gardiner (2003), in a pyramid shape, determined the source of regional competitiveness in economy, structure, innovation, business development, and skills of workforce. The purpose of this present research is to present a clear and comprehensive definition of the concept to analyze functional urban regions of Mazandaran Province using cluster analysis...

Introduction: Philosophers use meta-ethics to criticize and compare ethical judgments to criticize, compare, and justify ethical systems and to discuss and classify the ideas within meta- ethics. We are going to perform meta-ethical theories in analysis of these theories of convergence in AI goal systems as convergences of ethical systems. We will try to classify this approach to show where it fits within meta-ethics more generally. In essence, we all tell stories and tell them truthfully as the best we can. This is our purpose, our mission, our profession. So much of what we hold as ethical precept is actually convention–socially agreed upon norms, not commandments come down from the mountain. However, all photojournalists believe that the purpose of what they do is to provide truthful information to the reader or viewer. This is the ethical rule, this is the guiding principle. How we accomplish this in many ways is subject to evolution, interpretation of symbolism, and arbitrary regulations. It is impossible to remain far from cultural and ethnical differences, in the modern communities of the world. Cultural and ethnical diversity is among characteristics of the Iranian societies. Such diversity has been appeared in various periods among the micro and macro identities and followed by some difficulties. Such difficulties and convergent and divergent challenges have made modeling, surveys and recognition of the effective factors inevitable. Therefore, both forces play a crucial role in the Iranian nation integrity and their study is of great importance. Given the importance of the problem, we have studied ethnical divergence model based on the need assessment of the political managers and racial demands among the Kurd people in Kurdistan province. The suggested model for analysis of the above mentioned factors is in the forms of convergent, divergent and neutral…

Introduction: Much of countries have their national strategy as a function of their geopolitical situation. Geographical location determines that if a country is dried land or maritime; is landlocked or passage; is marginal or has a geopolitical importance. We can say that this is a situation that defines greatly the activity of any country in international affairs and its spatial- location functions. Each situation has its own geopolitical codes that a country follows for policy making and strategy development according to these codes. Paying attention to these codes determines geopolitical weight of a country in spatial geographical configuration of geopolitical arrangements and orders governing the world. United States of America and Soviet Union have chosen maritime and dried land strategies, respectively, due to their geographic location. Former Soviet Union's did not pay attention to geopolitical codes due to its geographical location. This caused that the efforts of this country, during 1957-1979, to influence in marine field was failed, in addition to bearing high costs, and it eventually collapsed. Therefore, in formulating strategies, paying attention to geographical location is essential for proper implementation. Iran is the only single layer country between dried land and maritime powers and is in the focus of geopolitical theorists because of its geographical position on Rimland margin and it has had various roles in different era such as passage, retaining and influencing region. The South East region of Iran is one of the most important geographical positions because of allowing Iran to have relationship with the geopolitical structures of Indian Ocean, South and Southeast Asia and International Sea. The importance of this coastal area can be considered so much that it gives Iran the chance of selecting policy making in two different areas of maritime and dried land strategy. For this reason, the present paper is going to examine Iran's geopolitical position, particularly in the South East region. This study attempts to answer these questions:1- What impact does have Iran's geopolitical status on Iran's national strategy?2- What strategies do have South East region geopolitical codes for Iran? The main hypothesis argues that adopted strategy by Iran in the South East region of the country is not in accordance with geo- political and geo- economical capacities of that region and is not effective in producing national power...

Introduction: Dust storms in the arid regions of the world and in particular in the deserts have been imagined as a usual event, but recently they have taken widespread facets and have become as a significant problem because of the climate changes and environment destructions resulted from human activities. Dust storms in the Middle East have affected wide areas of the region. Many factors have affected the emergence of natural phenomenon, directly or indirectly. Based on this idea, dust is influenced by different factors such as political agents expanded in different areas, especially in the Euphrates- Tigris River Basin.Methodology: Using library findings, the paper is to investigate the role of political factors creating dust in the Euphrates- Tigris River Basin. The research question based on "descriptive-analytic" method is "which political factors has intensified dust phenomenon in the Euphrates- Tigris River Basin? "The results show that war, the status of political management of the space and political- security conditions have been effective to intensify dust phenomenon in the Euphrates–Tigris River Basin.

Introduction: The policy of inexpensive housing is new in Iran though some kinds of houses including free houses, supported housing, social housing, renting providing ownership, and Mehr housing are developed in the recent years. Karaj Metropolis as a host for immigrants and a center for industry and workforce in Tehran is in need for housing for low income groups. The main problem of the research is the pattern of providing houses for low income groups in this city. Therefore, the purpose of the present research is to examine the patterns to provide housing for the low income groups. Methodology This is a fundamental-developmental research by a descriptive-analytical method. The study area of this research is Karaj City as center of Alborz Province in the vicinity of Tehran, capital of Iran. The variables included in the research are deciles, foundation surface, family dimension, percentage of ownership, percentage of tenants and occupants, cost of house, and bank accommodations. The data have been obtained from Iran Statistical Center. The methods used include statistical techniques of population tenths. In order to estimate financial states of the groups, the indirect function method has been used. In order to define the opportunities, threats, power points and weak points of the low- income groups, quantitative analyses have been performed through indirect method functions and Stone- Garry Function. To estimate and calculate the absolute line of poverty and for the relative line of poverty, SPSS and Excel software have been employed in this study…

Introduction: There is an emphasis on human dimension and the community as the main axis of sustainable development. The goal of sustainable development, as considered in this paper, is to explore comprehensive development which is made possible through social development. Objectives such as cultural identity, social cohesive, establishment of public organizations, citizen participation, and empowerment of people are central to this discussion. This paper attempts to contribute to the definition of social sustainability in a comprehensive and coherent manner and develop a theoretical framework within which this concept can be analyzed. There is a shortcoming of this framework in the available literature today since it requires a rearrangement of multidimensional elements. This can combine social, economic and environmental issues into a single independent body.In addition, the concept of "social sustainability" can be observed through a qualitative lens since it deals mainly with qualitative concepts such as human life and well- being. Thus, "social sustainability" preserves and promotes social capital, i.e. realization of a unified and comprehensive society with mutual benefits for all residents, greater interaction between groups of citizens. This is accompanied by greater sense of compassion, patience, flexibility, and affection. Social capital, in this manner, is the values of "human rights" and "cultures". In developing a comprehensive definition of the concept of "social sustainability", we have considered people within their living environment and the physical potential as well as their ability to reproduce the structure. As shown by previous studies, understanding the concept of social sustainability is better achieved by understanding and accepting the importance of other concepts such as "quality of life" and "social welfare". These are evaluated by the criteria such as accessibility to services, decent housing, security, appropriate income, and lower levels of deprivation.

Introduction: Urban parks play social, economic, and ecologic role in cities. They have some advantages including treatments of spirit problems, favorable environment for children training, social integrity, and welfare. The environment is also a factor to enhance quality of life space and development of society. Establishment of the urban parks can improve quality of urban life and achieve sustainable development. It can also have a cost for municipalities without return of investment and profit. Hence, use of the urban public spaces should be considered in the studies of daily life of citizens. It is believed that public spaces such as parks are defined as available open places. The citizens have the high traffic in the parks. The public spaces are considered as important elements in forming social interactions among the residents. In Zabol City, located in the border area with Afghanistan as the center of drug dealing, the parks are the best place for leisure time. The parks in the city can be useful in promoting social interactions among the adolescents and adults. In this study, we have investigated the components affecting promotion of social interactions in the parks of Zabol City. Therefore, we have addressed some issues; which components have the highest impacts on the social interaction among all the effective components; which park has the highest rank in promotion of social interaction among all the parks of Zabol City…

Introduction: The study is to examine the entrepreneurship as a factor affecting rural development in Iran. Generally, rural development is seen as a process by which community is able to maximize its control and use of the material resources to change quality of their life. Changes in people standard of living, particularly upwardly, is often considered as an indication of a government success in reaching rural development, particularly in traditionally rigid structures. Many rural families need to diversify their sources of income and employment in increasingly smaller parcels of land, low agricultural productivity, volatile weather conditions and soil erosion. Entrepreneurship promoting strategies to diversify rural economic activities, including the development of non-farm economic activities and facilitating the transition of informal activities into the formal growth sector is a very important tool for development of the rural communities in Iran. Local communities often show different reactions to the extent and speed of adoption of an innovation. These reactions depend on the characteristics of innovation and the people who accept these innovations. Basically, these factors affect the rate of diffusion and acceptance of entrepreneurship between target populations. Recognition of the facilitating factors and constraints for adopting the innovation has an important role in accelerating the process of development in the society. Thus, this study intends to use this aspect to study the diffusion of entrepreneurship in rural communities…

Introduction: The article examines the limits of Iranian foreign policy in Georgia and outlines the threats from the US and other regional players such as Russia, Turkey and Israeli. This study also attempts to identify the main causes and motivations for Tehran's affiliation with Tbilisi. Since regaining its independence two decades ago, Georgia, a small weak state, has developed close relations with Iran in order to compensate for its weaknesses. In contrast, Iran is a mighty regional power playing important role in the Middle East, although its influence over South Caucasus is smaller and unsteady. The South Caucasus, as a source of both opportunity and threat occupies amajor place in Iran's multiregional foreign policy agenda. After disregarding the Caucasus for decades and being excluded from its geopolitical chess game, Iran decided to cultivate a new relationship with the South Caucasus, including Georgia to regain its omnipotent role as a regional power. Addition to US factor, this is partly due to the main regional powers in South Caucasus, Russia, Turkey and Israel that create problems for Iran in bolstering its position in relations with Georgia. However, Georgia is the only South Caucasian country, which has no border with Iran; and this geographical factor has affected relations between the two countries over more than last two decades. Thus, after historic nuclear deal, "the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" in Vienna on July 14, 2015 between Iran and the P5+1, now is growing optimism in Iran and the West. This is an excellent time to review the Georgian-Iranian relations to assess its likely future direction.

Introduction: A sensor network usually consists of numerous wireless devices deployed in a region of interest in a city. Despite and communication of the information in the cities may be constrained by the limitations of sensors deployed in the network nodes in urban areas. These restrictions may include sensing range, battery power, connection ability, memory, and limited computation capabilities. These limitations create challenging problems for the users of the sensor networks and decision makers, which has pushed researchers from different disciplines in recent years to study various problems related to the design and deployments of efficient sensor networks regarding characteristics and requirements of the smart cities. However, sensor networks deployment has some limitations when it comes to the modeling, monitoring, and detecting environmental processes. Urban environmental elements are also important to be considered in a realistic sensor networks deployment. Other examples of such elements include contextual information of the sensors environment and urban physical phenomena in distributed area of the network. Using such information in context of urban applications is necessary to perform an appropriate and efficient sensor network deployment. For this purpose, one needs to introduce relevant models of the type of urban phenomena, the accessibility or inaccessibility of the observation area in the city, urban environmental conditions, spatial relations between the objects as well as sensors, and different level of information availability. The complexity of the urban area as the sensing environment of sensor networks may result in several uncovered areas. Consequently, performing an optimized sensor placement affects how well an urban region is covered as well as the cost for constructing the network and connecting the networks elements. Hence, a fundamental issue in a sensor network in an urban area is the optimization of its spatial coverage. Based on previous studies, several optimization algorithms were developed and applied in recent years to meet this criterion. Most of these algorithms often rely on oversimplified sensors, their characteristics, and network models as well as simulation of the efficient urban model and its relevant elements…