JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY SCIENCE
Year:2010 | Volume:4 | Issue:2 (SERIES NO. 13)|Papers Count:10

Bacterial biopolymers (Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)) are polyesters synthesised by some bacteria as an intracellular carbon and energy storage compound. These are accumulated in the cytoplasm of cells. Because of its properties as biodegradable plastics, are of commercial importance. The aim of this study was isolation and cloning ofbkt B and pha C genes fromRalstonia eutropha strain H16. The gene phaC encodes PHA polymerase enzyme which polymerase R-hydroxy butyryl-CoA and R-hydroxy valeryl-CoA subunits. The gene bktBencodes b ketothiolase enzyme which have an important role in the production of Rhydroxy valeryl-CoA and bacterial flexible copolymers formation. In this studybktB gene was cloned in the pGEM-T vector and transformed into competent cells that was prepared fromE. coli JM107. Insertion of this fragment was confirmed by using PCR and enzyme digestion. Specific primers (withSpe I and Nsi I restriction enzyme sites) were designed for isolation ofphaC gene.Then its entire ORF with RBS was amplified by PCR using R. eutrophagenomic DNA as template. This fragment after purification from agarose gel was cloned into pGEM-bktB vector and transformed intoE. coli BL21. Because of positive physical properties of copolymers in industry; the preparation of this recombinant bacterium could efficiently be used towards production of bioplastics with enhanced properties.

The important factors in sturgeon successful commercial culture are preparing artificial food with suitable quality, method and balance of food ration and fish accumulation in ponds which all of this cases more various by fish age and water temperature. Food quality considerably affects on the characteristics of blood morphology and hemoglobin qualitative and quantitative characteristics of younger sturgeons. The amounts of blood indicator are increased on the inappropriate situations in the cases such as food availability enough dissolved oxygen and health control. The purpose of this research has been analyzing the growth and blood factors of feeding treatments in different levels of Polyvitam and comparing this factor of each treatment by adding this vitamin solution. In this research, the effects of adding the Polyvitam on the blood factors of Persian sturgeon finger lings have been analyzed in summer 1387 in Shahid Beheshti Propagation and Culture of Sturgeon. Four-hundred and fifty numbers of Persian sturgeon by average weight (3.70±0.74) gr and average length (9.69±0.85) cm have been cultured in three treatments (Polyvitam 2%, Polyvitam 5% and control group) applies by 3 replicates. After than 10 days biometry growth factors calculated in each treatments. At the end of 60 days of feeding period, preparing blood sample from each treatment of caudal vein then assessment blood factors.The results of growth factors has shown that there are no statistical significant differences between treatments according to total weight and length, Growth Rate, Specific Growth Rate, Body Weight Index, Food Efficiency, Condition Factor and Protein Effeciency Ratio. These factors are in control treatment higher than Polyvitam treatments. Although Feed Conversion Ratio is in treatment diet contained by 2% Polyvitam was significantly higher than other treatments.The results have shown that there are no statistical significant differences between treatment of Polyvitam in W.B.C., Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, R.B.C., Hb and Hct.

Peroxidase, EC1.11.1.7, is a heme protein that oxidases various substrates in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Due to their high catalytic activity and prime role in capture of free radicals, peroxidases are of great importance in research subjects related to medicine and biochemistry. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of some hypertensive drugs, which are available and commonly used, acting by various mechanisms, on biological activity of peroxidase. Practically, enzyme activity was obtained in the presence of different concentrations of selected hypertensive drugs, atenonol, lozartan and captoprile. The results showed that while atenonol acted as peroxidase activator, lozartan and captoprile reacted as inhibitors of peroxidase. Michaeils constants, Km and Vmax were also measured at IC50 of each drug. The reversibility of reactions was investigated using dialysis processes and it was shown the all three drugs affected enzyme activity reversibly.

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania parasites, ranging from selfhealing cutaneous lesion to severe and non-healing disseminated cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a chronic infectious and granulomatous disease caused by Leishmania parasites. NO is an inorganic free radical and versatile biological messenger that its biological roles especially as a cytotoxic anti-pathogenic agent released during an inflammatory response and involved in the microbicidal activity of macrophages against L.major as intracellular pathogens. CRP has been found in association with acute infections and a variety of inflammatory disorders. Aspirin can inhibit inflammatory reactions and platelet aggregation, but little is known about the effects of the ASA in leishmaniasis treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate of antileishmanial effect of ASA drug in susceptible Balb/c mice infected with L. major through its anti oxidant role with induction of immunity mediators such as NO and CRP in host, inhibition of visceralization of parasite and its effect on healing of leishmania lesion and proliferation of parasite in macrophages in compare with control groups. In order to carry out this investigation, mice were assigned into 4 groups as 2 groups of control and 2 groups of infected Balb/c. Experimental leishmaniasis was initiated by (s. c) injection of the 2×106 L. major promastigotes into the basal tail of infected groups. The appropriate of concentration of ASA was prepared in ethanol (60%) and after appearance of lesion it was inoculated to test groups as oral with gavage. The development of lesions was determined weekly by measuring the two diameters. After 13 weeks, all mice were killed humanly and target tissues including lymph node, spleen and liver from each mouse were removed, weighted and their impression smears were also prepared. Griess microassay method applied for measurement of NO in plasma and target organs. CRP was detected by a rapid latex agglutination test kit. In this study, ASA has some anti- leishmanial effect through changing of NO and CRP as immunity and inflammatory factors in Balb/c mice infected withL.major. It seems application of ASA could decrease parasite visceralization in target organs as well as declining its proliferation inside macrophages, however it has no effects on lesion size, survival rate and hepato/splenomegaly. ASA presented its ability to alter NO concentration in plasma during L.eishmania infection in mice, but it has no effects on liver and spleen NO levels. Although these alterations could affect the proliferation of amastigotes inside infected macrophages, however more studies are required to clarify this concept.

To quantify the hematological parameters ofAbramis brama in winter season 2009, 175 Abramis bramaspecimens were randomly caught from the south coast of the Caspian Sea (Bandar Anzali). Blood samples were collected from the fish after biometry had been done. Blood was taken using a syringe from peduncle vein and poured into vials containing Heparin (anti-clotting of blood). Hematological parameters in blood samples were measured following laboratory standard methods. The following parameters red blood cell counts (RBC) 2426149.77 in mm3, white blood cell counts (WBC) 16885.36 in mm3, hematocrit (Hct) 28.70 percent, hemoglobin (Hb) 7.74 gr/dl, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 118.95 femtoliter, mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 32.40 picogram. mean cellular hemoglobin concentraction (MCHC) 27.21 gr, lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils were 76.18, 1.12 and 23.00, respectively. statistical analysis showed that mean hematological parameters in different age, white blood cell counts (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin concentraction (MCHC), lymphocytes and neutrophils was statistically (P<0.05), but in red blood cell counts (RBC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and monocytes in different age difference was not statistically (P>0.05).

An investigation was performed to determine effects of feeding stretegy emplowing alternate periods of fasting and satiayion feeding on some blood biochemical composition and growth performance.900 parr Caspian salmon (salmo trutta caspius) (average weight 12.5±1 g) were stocked into 18 quadratic concrete (50 fish per tank) in an open system. The fish were fed a commercial, pletted modifies rainbow trout diet at 4 feeding frequencies-full-fed (FFF), 3 weeks fed and 3 weeks following starved (FS), 3 weeks starved and 3 weeks fed (SF), 2 W starved, 2 W fed and 2 W starved (SFS), 2 W fed, 2 W starved and 2 W fed (FSF), or full-starved (SSS). Full-fed fish were fed to satiation daily for 42 days. Fish were weighed every 2 weeks interval. At the end of terial blood sample were drawn. Starvation resulted in glucose, triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels reduction and did not reache to full-fed group even after 3 weeks refeeding. There were significant differences among groups in Caspian salmon body weight increase, final weight, feed conversion ratio, specific groth rate and condition factor. Hepatosomatic index decreased changes were not significant. In addition, there was no mortality in all groups specially in fish starved 6 weeks.

This study carried out on distribution of sand goby in the south west coast of the Caspian Sea (from Astara to Chaboksar) from October 2005 to September 2006 during 1 year. Samples were collected from 3 stations (Astara, Anzali, and Chaboksar coasts) from 0 to 15 meters of depth. They have been captured monthly by bottom trawl. It has been determined Caspian sand goby density per trawling and its relative and absolute abundance in station. The minimum abundance (7.70% of total catch) took place in the study in January 2006 and the maximum abundance (32.85% of total catch) in December 2005. The minimum and maximum catch for sand gobies made up 9.98% and 41.64%, of the total catch respectively for Caspian Sea gobies area was recorded. A significant decrease in density of sand gobies specimens was observed with an increase in depth. Among studied coast, Abundance ofN. fluviatiliswas the most amount in Astara Coast. An interacting effect among the different factors was also seen (non-parametric Spearsman, s test) indicating that among depth, sampling station and depth-sampling station only depth influences on absolute density of the fish. Correlation coefficient betweenN. fluviatilis pallasi abundance and biotic factors and abiotic factors were tested using Spearman non-parametric test. Significant correlation was observed between abundance of sand goby and factors of total catch (0.703), abundance of gobies (0.672), temperature (0.683) and dissolved oxygen (0.419) at 99% confidence level, however negative correlations existed between abundance of sand goby and zooplankton (-0.300) and phytoplanktons (-0.388)). No correlations were observed between abundance of sand goby, N. fluviatilis pallasi and other studied parameters. The closest linked factor (PCA) to absolute abundance and biomass of sand gobies (biomass) were gobies, total catch, temperature and dissolved oxygen in order of their reference.

In order to assess the effect of chemical and organic fertilizer on yield and quality properties of rice, one variety (Hashemi) was considered at rice research institute of Iran, in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized block design with 3 replications. In this experiment 4 organic fertilizer (0, 10, 20 ton/Ha cow dung and 5 ton/Ha azolla compost) and 4 chemical fertilizers (0, 40, 60 and 80 N kg/Ha from urea) were used.In maturity time, Quality parameters consist of protein content, amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) gelatinization temperature (GT) and yield were studied. Results showed that: the different N application levels create a significant difference on quality parameters and yield, as (80 N Kg/Ha) showed the highest GC and yield, whereas highest AC, GT and protein were observed in 40, 0, 60 N Kg/Ha respectively. In considering the chemical fertilizers no significant difference were observed in AC and protein content but the highest yield were observed in 5 ton/Ha azolla compost And also the highest GC and GT in 10 ton/Ha cow dung was observed. The investigation of interaction of organic and chemical fertilizers showed significant difference between all quality parameters, the highest AC was observed in the field without any organic and chemical fertilizer, and also 10 ton/Ha cow dung and 0 N kg/Ha were increased GC and GT highly whereas the greatest amount of yield achieved with interaction of 80 N kg/Ha and 5 ton/Ha azolla compost and also The most protein content was obtained from the interaction of 20 ton/Ha cow dung and 40 N kg/Ha.