JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY SCIENCE
Year:2010 | Volume:4 | Issue:3 (SERIES NO. 14)|Papers Count:11

Parameters optimization of biomass production by Kluyveromyces marxianus were done with experimental designed by taguchi methodology. Desirable physical parameters and culture components such as ammonium sulphate, inoculum’s size and agitation were determined. Factors and selected levels were processed from 16 experimental series with Qualitek-4 software. In optimized conditions biomass production was increased to 38%. Taguchi methodology resulted in essential factors an interaction experimental effects evaluation separately. This facilitated data analysis and separate evaluation in optimized conditions.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease with global distribution, Caused by an obligatory intracellular protozoaToxoplasma gondii. It belongs to the Apicomplexa phylum and the disease diagnosis is accomplished through different methods including many serological assays. The purification of Toxoplasma antigen extracts can be effective in producing the Toxoplasma biological products for both diagnosis as well as for prevention purposes.0.2 ml of Toxoplasma gondii antigens were injected into 50 white mice peritoneal, and after 72 hours parasites were harvested from the mice peritoen cavity. After sonication, protein concentration was calculated based on Lowry method. In next stage, Ion exchange column chromatography with DEAE-Cellulose was applied. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was done for identification of molecular weight. At the final stage, fractions of Toxoplasma gondii antigen were coated into ELISA microplate and compared with commercial kit. The outcome of Ion-exchange chromatography revealed 3 fractions with different protein molecular weight. Through comparing infected mice peritoen with commerical kit, Toxoplasma gondii intact antigen and fractions 2 & 3 has more sensitivity in diagnosing serology of Toxoplasma. The findings of this study show that ELISA using theToxoplasma gondii intact antigen and its fractions is appropriate for diagnosis and titeration of Ab againstToxoplasma in human sera.

Evapotranspiration is the most important component of the irrigation requirement. In this study, the fuzzy inference systems and artificial neural network was used to accurate estimate of the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) due to the effect of uncertain factors on this parameter. It is needed some meteorological data for calculating the ET0 in Penman-Monteith method. The evapotranspiration modeling based on existent data is required, as regards to restriction of meteorological data in temporal and spatial scales. In this study site (Kor and Sivand stream watershed, Fars Province), the temperature data is the only meteorological parameter that was measured in a good temporal and spatial distributions. Therefore, at the first, the monthly ET0 was calculated using Penman-Monteith method for a 30 years period in two meteorological stations of study district. Then, a simulation model was derived between calculated ET0 from Penman-Monteith method and the monthly mean temperature, for one of the stations, based on an adaptive neuro fuzzy system (ANFIS) simulation method. Using this model, the ET0 was calculated for other station due to the monthly mean temperature. Also, these calculations and ANFIS model derivation were conducted with adding of the class A pan evaporation data to temperature data. The results demonstrated the ability of ANFIS model for monthly ET0 estimation in meteorological data restriction conditions.

This study conducted to identification of diversity and density of macrobenthoses and evaluation of quality of water in Madarsu stream.The study region was a part of Madarsu strem in Golestan National Park located in Golestan province. The area was divided to five stations along 20 kilometers of the stream. Sampling was being from April to March 2007. To increase the validity of test, sampling was done three times (from right, left and middle of the stream). Macrobenthoses samples were collected by Surber sampler (30×30 cm). The captured benthoses were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution and transferred to laboratory. The samples were identified and counted by stereoscope with 10-40 magnified degree. Diversity, richness, and predominance index were calculated through Shanon, Margalef and Simpson formulas, respectively. Diversity during most of the months of the year was low and simslar. So, small number of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera was seen during most months of the year. To sum it up, the water in Madarsu stream has high quality. Occurrence of seasonal floods during early August causes significant in the number of macrobenthoses and diversity in the stream reduced because of occurrence of floods in the past years.

Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) is one of the economically important fishes in the Caspian Sea. This fish enters to the rivers leading to the Caspian Sea for spawning. Artificial propagation and relate fry with weight more than 1 (g) in southern rivers of the Caspian sea is one of the most important problems in restocking. In the propagation process of Kutum, different factors involved in quality and quantity of female broods and their eggs. For this target in the propagation season at 2008, was studied the effect of reproductive performance of female broods age on artificial propagation efficiency in Kutum. For this study, 3 groups of female broods (2, 5 and 6 years old) were fertilized with male’s broods individually. The results showed that, 6 years old female have maximum rate in mean of total length (51.67±2.17 cm), body weight (1120±157.48 g), ovary weight (191±4.40 g) and absolute fecundity (47798±8364.48 eggs), while highest average number of ovules in each gram of body weight (366.33±28.11 g) and relative fecundity (62.33±10.21) belonged to 2 years old female. The results obtained indicated significant differences (P£0.05) in mean hatching rate and weight larvae. The present study showed that the produced eggs from fertilization of 6 years old female eggs and male mixed milt have maximum average of rate in hatching percentage (97.5%) and average weight larvae (49.914±21.62 mg). Based on the results of the present study, 6 years old female broods are the best choice in artificial propagation.

Disinfectantsare used for destroying or disabling pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, algae, viruses, etc. sodium chloride is disinfectant that is commonly used in aquaculture. In this study sodium chloride’s tolerable concentration for Iranian sturgeon and its effects on gill tissue were studied in the International Research Institute of sturgeon in Gilan province and the amount of LC50 sodium chloride during 96h on 180 Persian Sturgeon fingerlins (Acipenser persicus) with the weight of 1-3 grams in a static environment was determined to be 7.67 g/l by the method of Probit Analysis. The experiment based on O.E.C.D. test method was carried out with five treatments and a control (each one with three replicates). During the experiment the water temperature was 23.78±0.24oC, the amount of dissolved oxygen was 7.08±0.27 mg/l and the pH of water was 7.6±0.32. In studied Iranian sturgeon fingerlings, regarding histopathology, gill structure was broken and hyperemia and elongation of secondary lamellae and secondary lamellae adhesion (fusion) and mucus secretion were observed and regarding behavior in low concentrations unusual swimming and in high concentrations swimming imbalance, spinal curvature, lethargy, and gathering in the sides and bottom of aquarium and mucus on the body were seen.

Honey is one of the most important agricultural products, and honey bees have borne many diseases from many long years. This study was done for identifying the honey bee mortality agents in lahijan province. The samples were collected from bee hives. Honey bees were divided by morphological properties in two groups; healthy and ill bees. They were inoculated into Sf9 cell lines for existing of Acute Paralysis Virus (APV). Results showed that, healthy bees (morphologically) did not show any CPE in cell lines, while, the ill ones produced CPE in these cell lines. Then, ill honey bees were evaluated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to this study, all ill honey bees have been infected by APV. But, we could not confirm our results by neutralization test with specific antisera, because they were not purchased. We sprayed the extract of ill honey bees on healthy bees, and it was seen the disease symptoms that it is due to contagious disease and there are external factors to induce the disease. Incidence of APV was evaluated seasonally. Incidence of disease in spring and summer (6 & 10 percent) were higher than autumn and winter (2 & 0 percent). It is showed that, the disease has higher incidence in warm seasons. In the base of virus family (Picornaviridae), it was predictable.

Mycoprotein is a new food for human consumption.Production of mycoprotein introduced in the uk in the 1985 under the Quorn brand name and used as a meat substitute in foods. The purpose of this study was optimization of medium components and culture conditions in order to improvement of mycoprotein production byFusarium solani PTCC5285. At first, the effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources and culture conditions were optimized by one-factor-at-a-time method. Then optimization of the best nutritional sources were performed using Taguchi method. The first effects of various carbon sources such as glucose, sucrose, starch, maltose, fructose and also potatowastes, whey, rice bran and wheat bran were studied. Also the various, mineral and inorganic nitrogen sources such as NH4 NO3, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2HPO4 and urea, meat peptone, soy peptone, yeast extract, meat extract were studied on protein production by F.solani PTCC5285. The results showed that, starch was the best carbon source with significant effect and so potatowastes and rice bran were better in protein production intrough low cost substrates. Amongest variety of nitrogen sources, urea was the most suitable. At last the optimum incubation period, pH, rpm and inoculum size were 2 days, 5, 200 rpm and 9% (v/v) respectively. Optimization were studied by Taguchi method in three steps. The protein production in basal medium was 4.35% per gram of dried mass. After optimization with one-factor-at-a-time and Taguchi method the protein production was increased to 6.42% and 18% per gram, respectively.