Year:2006 | Volume:18 | Issue:(69 IN AGRONOMY & HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:18

Since pollen grain as a male gametophyte contains the heredity information, improved understandings on it's structure and somatic performance leads to identify the phenomena which are important in flowering plants reproduction thereby it is possible to obstruct from disturbances resulted from defective performance of pollen. Pollen grain simply germinates in a medium contain sucrose, boron and calcium, therefore, can be easily selected as a suitable model cell for developmental biological studies. In the present study the effects of certain minerals and organic substances on pollen germination and pollen tube elongation of 3 plant species i.e., Camellia sinensis, Eustoma grandiflorum and Lagerstroemia indicia were investigated. In view of genetic and physiological structure of each pollen type, the results were, to some extend, different, but similarities in the performance and response of pollens to the media, were in the line with the findings of other researches. Osmotic and metabolic importance of sucrose for pollen, was observed in all species. The regulatory and effective role of boron in germination of pollen was remarkable. Calcium also showed a fundamental role in elongation of pollen tube. The vitamins related to group B as well as linoleic acid and oxaloacetic acid had inhibitory and reductive effects on pollen germination. Fatty acids with saturated long chains had stimulatory effects on pollen germination and elongation of pollen tube.  

In relation to fruit cracking in pomegranate, as a serious problem in pomegranate production, many opinions have been propounded. It is believed that a complex of environmental, practical and genetical factors are effective in the genesis of this disorder. Fruits of pomegranate, cultivar Malas-e- Torsh were anatomically studied. Both mature and immature fruits were selected to compare their rind structure during growth and maturation period in order to understand the changes accure in the structure of pricarp. It was found that weakness of epiderm, formation of sclereid clusters and air cavity in ground tissue causes cracking in pomegranate.

In order to study the effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate treatments on vase life of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora Mariachii. cv. blue) cut flowers, a study was done on base of completely randomized design. Cut flowers were kept in pots containing chemical solutions with 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (200-300-400 ppm). In all treatments, except controls, 2.5% sucrose has been used and were placed in room temperature at 25oC In this experiment some qualitative and quantitative attributes e.g.: Vase life, fresh weight, ethylene production rate, water uptake etc were measured and analyzed statistically. Results were shown that 200 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate along with 2.5% sucrose has the most effectiveness on vase life of lisianthus cut flowers. Ethylene production in 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (all treatments) along with 2.5% sucrose was lover than control.

Identification and collection of native genotypes of fruit trees is a primary steps in breeding programs. In our country, there have not been any proper breeding programs on fruit trees, especially walnut, due to the lack of knowledge of desirable genes and plant germplasm. The objectives of this study were to classifying of walnut genotypes based on IPGRI descriptors traits and their genetic distance detection. In this study, 138 genotypes of Persian walnut from Tuisarkan and four national collections (Karaj, Shahrood, Urumia and Mashad) were analyzed, using 16 quantitative morphological traits. Cluster analysis of genotypes were done based on quantitative data with CLINK algorithm. In order to determine the desirable cluster numbers discriminant analysis method were separately, performed and the site at which the most distinction between clusters observed, was suggested as the best cutting point and the clusters at that point referred as the best cluster numbers. In order to analyze the differences between the collected genotypes from various regions, region referred as the treatment and genotypes within each region were taken as the replications of that region. A one-side analysis of variance was performed for different regions genetic diversity detection, which indicated a significant difference between all regions for all traits except the trait mean 10-nut weight. Clusters mean comparison was done with Duncan's test were divided genotypes into six groups, based on quantitative (standardized) data. Regarding principal component analysis of quantitative traits, discriminanat analysis was performed using a similarity matrix based on standardized quantitative data correlation coefficient. The two first principal components could agglomerative describe 99.87 percent of the primary data changes and used for graphic genotype distribution.

In order to increase the yield of sunflower, determination of sowing date addition to the sowing design was essential to reduce competition and to use optimum environmental conditions. Sunflower is currently being cultivated in Kordestan province. However, there is no sufficient information in Marivan about cultivation of Armavirskii cultivar. So, the weight of thousand seeds, oil percentage, seed yield, cap diameter, weight of total seeds per cap, and hollowness percentage were the traits evaluated. In this experiment, a split plot design in the pattern of randomized complete block design was used in 3 replicates. Sowing date was studied in 3 intervals; May 13th, 23rd, and June 2nd. Seed density was evaluated in 6 levels including; 8, 6.7, 5.7, 5.3, 4.4, and 3.5 plants per square meter. The results showed that the date of sowing had significant effects on the yield of seeds, cap diameter, and hollowness percentage while this factor was ineffective on the weight of thousand seeds and oil percentage. The effect of Sowing design was negligible on oil percentage variation. However, there was a significant effect on seed yield, weight of thousand seeds, hollowness percentage, cap diameter, and the weight of total seeds per cap at the level of 1%. The interaction of two factors had no significant effect on all studied traits except on cap diameter. Considering the results, the appropriate date of sowing and sowing design of Armavirskii is recommended to be on May 13 with 8 plants per square metre (50x25 cm) in Marivan.

Optimal allocation of irrigation water resources between different region and water consuming activities is the important problem in arid and semi-arid areas. This study has three main goals: 1- Optimal allocation in different seasons; 2- Optimal allocation among different regions; and 3- Optimal allocation among various crops. Therefore the basic principle of treating water as an economic good is to allocate it in its best use. This paper introduces a linear programming optimization model for analyzing the economic value of irrigation water and optimal cropping pattern in different regions. It uses data on available land, water requirement per unit land area for different crop, and net revenues per unit of land area generated by the growing of those crops in three different locations with 2002-2003 crop prices. This model have solved with Lindo package to Shirvan Barzo dam region in Shirvan that locate in North of Khorasan province. The results of this paper show that the current allocation of water must be increase about 95 percent in June and decrease about 62percent in March. The highest change of current allocation of water in Hashieh Gholjogh, Ziyarat and Seyek Ab regions is 196 percent in June, 97 percent in June and 104 percent in August respectively.

The main objectives of this study are to estimate the supply functions of potato and onion over 1980-1999, and also study the effect of nominal and real price and government's nominal rate of protection of these crops by using the Nerlove supply function. Data set were obtained from statistics information center of Agriculture Ministery and also FAO database. Dickey- Fuller (DF) and Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF) were used for studying of stationary data and OLS was used for estimating supply functions of potato and onion. The results revealed that real and nominal  price, yield, cropping area and technological changes have affected the production of both crops positively. Whereas, the effect of variables government nominal rate of protection and lagged output on production is negative. Also the nominal rate of protection, in most of years, had been negative, indicating the negative impact of government policies on the selected crops production. This kind of protection would results in to pay a kind of hidden tax by farm producers. Besides, the nominal price of the crops and other goods influenced the decision on selected crops production.

In order to evaluate nitrogen fixation ability of different strains of Rhizobium legominosarum biovar phaseoli in common bean cultivars, a spilt plot experiment in randomized complete block design was conducted in the field at Shahrekord in 2002. The factors were four bacterial strains: L-78, L-47, L-125, 1-109, one nitrogen fertilizer treatment (100 kg Nitrogen/ha) and a control plot (without seeds inoculated and fertilizer) as main plots and three bean cultivars: Local Shahrekord (spotted bean), Talash (spotted bean) and local shahrekord (red bean) in subplots. The results showed that significant difference in seed yield, nitrogen fixation percentage, nitrogen percent per plants, seed protein percentage, number and weight of nodules at 50% flowering (50 days after emergence), seed and dry matter yield were observed among seed inoculated with different strains and non-inoculated controls (N fertilizer treatment and without N fertilizer treatment). Seed inoculation with L-125 strain showed higher yield than other treatments. The results showed that seed inoculation with different rhizobia strains increased nodule dry weight, total shoot nitrogen and percent of fixed N2 in comparison to control and N fertilizer treatment. However, strains L-109 gave highest nodule dry weight, total shoot nitrogen and percent of fixed N2.

In order to study the effects of starting and ending the irrigation timing on the growth of different cotton cultivars in Varamin region, a research experiment was carried out in cotton field on the planting year of 2003. The experiment was carried out in the farm of factional statistics on the basis of completely randomized block design with Varamin cultivars, Sindouse and 818-312 (factor A) and with 3 starting irrigation timing for the first actual leaves, with 6-8 leaves and first square (factor B) and with ending irrigation timing about 5% of boils have attained their final size, about 10%of boils have attained their final size, about 30 % of boils have attained their final size (factor C) with three repetition in 108block, each block consist of 4 implant line with the length of 10meter in which two first and last line were margin and all the studies and note makings were done from the middle line often cutting out 0.5 meter from the beginning and ending part of each line. The whole experiment was done in the field area of approximately 3900 m2. The maximum height of cotton bush was non significant but in Varamin cultivar and in starting irrigation timing of 6-8 leaves and ending irrigation when 10% of cotton boils were to the final size. The maximum number of flowers in the bush was in Sindouse cultivar in starting irrigation timing of the first actual leaves and ending irrigation when 30 % of boils were to the final size with the average of 67. 51 flowers in the bush and was significant at 5%. The maximum number of middle node in bush was found in Sindouse with the starting irrigation timing of the first actual leaves and ending irrigation when 20 % of cotton boils were to the final size with the average of 13. 67 middle nodes in bush and was significant at 5%. Between 818-312 cultivar. with yield of 3176 kg/ha and Sindouse cultivar with yield of 3091 kg/ha was non significant and in Varamin cultivar was obtained minimum yield with 2827 kg/ha, attention to significant of interactive effects between cultivars, starting and ending the irrigation timing, Sindouse cultivar in starting irrigation timing of the first square and ending irrigation when 30 % of boils were to the final size with the yield average of 4227 kg/ha was found to be the best treatment combination.

To evaluate the ability of genotypes to emerge from different sowing depth and the ability of genotypes to tolerate different periods of water stress at tillering stage and their relationships with seedlingvigor, yield and drought resistance, 10 genotypes of wheat were selected and studied in a series of field, greenhouse and laboratorial experiments. These genotypes included Improved Indigenous (11)genotypes (Sardary, Roushan, Omid), Improved Indigenous Foreign Crossed (IIFC) (Azadi, Falat, Qods) and four Indigenous lines (IL) (5593/2-3, 6452-6, 5806-3, 7007/2-6). Based on the drought sensitivity/resistance indices, Qods, Azadi and Roushan were considered as resistance, Omid, Falat, Sardary, 5593/2-3 and 5806-3 as semi-resistance and 6452-6 and 7007/2-6 as sensitive genotypes. The percentage and the speed of emergence reduced significantly with increase in sowing depth. Omid, Roushan, Sardary and 5593/2-3 genotypes showed the highest percentage and speed of emergence. Under period of water stress in tillering stage among Sardary, Omid, Falat and Qods genotypes, sardary did not recover upon rewatering and died while falat showed the highest level of recovery. In this experiment Sardary was evaluated as a sensitive and Falat as a tolerant genotypes. Table of correlation coefficients did not show a significant correlation between emergence traits with yield and drought resistance.

Research and extension are two parts of agricultural knowledge Information system(AKIS) that without link with farmers can not be achieved to sustainable agricultural development. Nowadays to assure the adaptation and defusion of technology within farmers a solid link is necessary to be obtained among research -extension- farmers in AKIS. Therefore in the present study the effective and non effective factors are investigated to determine the potential linkages and correlations between the research-extension-farmer. As it was mentioned earlier the purpose of the study was to achieve the above aim. In this study the participations were Three groups. The first sample population consisted of 43 specialists with the knowledge of AKlS in Iran. In the second sample population section assigned through random sampling the participants were 55 Individuals chosen from the staff of agricultural research Institute. The last sampled population were 32 extension experts. In the first step of the research, the opinions of experts toward the variables affecting the linkage among research -extension- farmers were investigated through Delphi method. Then, through two phases the experts reached an agreement on 36 variables. In the second step, the opinions of researchers and extension experts toward the existing condition of variables were investigated. Finally according to the experts opinion 36 effective variables were found to be effective on the linkages between the three above mentioned elements. 20 of which (these variables) doesn't have the appropriate condition in present Iran.

It is necessary to use renewable resources, including organic fertilizers, to increase soil fertility and agricultural production in a sustainable manner. In this respect, an experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm of Lorestan Weather Department, 30 kms from northeastern Khorramabad in 2004. The experiment was carried out in split plots based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Incorporation means of poultry manure with soil (by furrower or disk) as main plots and different levels of poultry manure (including 0, 10, 20, 30 ton/ha) were considered as subplots. The results suggested that incorporation of fertilizer with soil by furrower, compared with that of the disk, lead to significant increase in the number of kernel/row, 1000 kernels weight, grain yield and biological yield. However, the number of row/ear in incorporation of fertilizer treatment with soil by disk was more than that of the furrower. Also, there was not significant difference in the harvest index between two fertilization means. Different levels of poultry manure also caused significant increase in the features mentioned. Interaction effect of poultry manure incorporation means in its different levels Was not significant in the features except for number of kemel/row. It was 30 ton/ha of animal manure treatment which had the highest grain yield, having not significant difference with 20 tonlha of animal manure treatment. The grain yield was 800 kg.ha-1 more with in incorporated poultry manure by furrower than disk method. Furrower causes the manure to lie under the mound; therefore, the roots, access to the nutrients become well, and growth and yield improve.