Year:2006 | Volume:19 | Issue:1 (70 IN NATURAL RESOURCES)|Papers Count:14

This study was conducted for suitable time planatation of oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. M. Subsp. Castaneifolia Browicz & Menitsky 1971 ) in Shafaroud region of western Gilan forest area .The height of this region is about 350 meters above sea level lower zone ,and evaluated throught random block method. Treatments were done in Dec, jan, Feb-Mar, Apri and to store Mar months plantation. The period for This study was 15 years, and in each plot we used 100 repeatation in a distance I x I samples treatments total 1800 nerses plantated. End of growth period in each year, annual survival and height of 36 samples median measured. Results of first five year were analysed by. The results did not show any significant difference between the treatmeants and blocks height samples. With principle technical plantation after samples seasonal growth in the nerse in December until median April we can plantation with oak %80 success survival, lower zone habited planted.

The Geological formations and Rock Units (GFRUs) of 12 sub-basins in south zone of Sefidrood basin have been classified to four or some combination of them by inspiration of four soil hydrologic groups and measured their occupied area. The 628 hydrographs have been selected for training and 54 other for testing and their similar daily flooding rainfall and five days antecedent rainfall depths were extracted and runoff depths was calculated. The relations among runoff depths with sub basins areas, daily flooding rainfall depths, five days antecedent rainfall depths and percent occupied by any of Geological Formations units (GFRUs) have been modeled based on Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Artificial Perceptron Neural Networks (APNN). The results show significance differences among (GFRUs) at error level of %l and occasionally %5 for producing of runoff based on (APNN) and (MLR). The rainfalls depths have been simulated by (APNN) with stabilize of all entrances exclusive of rainfall depths and hypothesis of sub basins area was occupied only by one type of (GFRUs). The conclusion states that there are some chaos hydrologic behaviors and vague borders among (GFRUs) and will better to decline number of hydrologic groups to three and changing the form of complexity of them.

The usage of geomorphologic parameters for estimating of unit hydrograph are a basic role in hyrological science. Due to lack of observed data in basins. Relationship between hydrology and geomorphologic parameters can lead to estimate hydrologic response of a basin. Dynamics and static parameters such as velocity and rainfall intensity plus bifraction ratio length ratio, area ratio length and slope of the main stream affect on response of basin. To make relation between these two elements can estimate the output hydrograph of a basin. In this research project by this method for representative basin of Kasilian in north Iran hydro graph were estimated and then by other synthetic methods such as Snayder, SCS and triangular SCS were compared. It is mentioned that the giuh by ROSSO method also acquised. After then these methods compared by observed hydrograph, the result was satisfied and they have no significant differences.

There is gum material in milk-vetch stem brain, which is called gum tracaganth. Gum tracaganth is one of the most important branch product of pasture. It is being used for different industries. and treatment of some diseases. For Investigation effect of number and type of construct in different times on amount of gum tracagath production, a strip split plot design with four replications in two years with below factors was used: A: Number of Construct (one-two) B:Time (July 5, July 21, August 5, August 21) C: Type of construct (Vertical, Horizontal, Oblique) Conclusions of yearly and component variance analysis showed no effect of number of Construct and important of July 21 and vertical Construct on amount of gum tracagath, production. The greatest amount of gum tracaganth production observated on July 21 with vertical construct and the least in August 21 with horizontal construct. Climatic conditions had significant effect on gum tracaganth production. Air and Soil moisture reduction and increase of temperature due to reduction of gum tracagant production.

The spatial variability of 63 climatic variables considered to be of vegetative biological importance was investigated using, Factor Analysis (FA) and cluster analysis (CA). Factor analysis was used to reduce the large number of relevant variables down to a manageable number by objectively selecting new variables (Factors) which explain the greatest climatic variation across Zayanderoud basin. The FA resulted in the creation of five factors which together explain 95.95% of the variation within the selected 63 plant bioclimatic variables. The FA examination of the relationships between the factors and the original plant bioclimatic variable data set indicated that the first five factors Were related to precipitation, thermal temperature, wind speed and direct, Summer rainfall and dust days variables. These factors explain 35.1, 26.8, 17.5, 11.2 and 5.4 percent of variance respectively. The five factors were weighted by the percentage variation these explained and used as inputs to a cluster analysis program to classify the data into regions of similar bioclimatic. This produced 8 classes Agropyron spp., Bromus tomentellus, Stipa arabica, Astragalus adscendens, Daphne mucronata, Salsola spp., Zygophylum atriplicoides and Artemisia aucheri spread in 8 classes.

Amirkelayeh lagoon is situated in 50o 10' -50o 12' 30" E and 37o 19' 30" - 37o 22' 30" N. The lagoon covers an area of 1230 hectars, is protected by Department of the Environment in 1970. The vegetation of Amirkelayeh lagoon was studied, using the Braun-Blanquet school (Zygmatist). Based on the analysis of phytosociological data by Factorial Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Ascendent Classification methods IS associations were recognized They belong to 3 classes, 3 orders and 7 alliances. The following associations constitute the major part of the natural vegetation of the area: Phragmitetum australis, Potametum pectinati, Cladietum marisci, Ceratophylletum demersi, Nitelletum sp. The distribution of plant associations are affected by physical and chemical properties of water (e.g. density of salts and contaminants, clearness, temperature, pH, EC, DO, COD, BoD), depth and intensity of water, quality and quantity of sediments and biological factors. Vegetation map of Amirkelayeh lagoon is prepared in 1: 25000 scale based on phytosociological data by using combination of symbols and colors.

Effect of 4 soil types, 3 irrigation regimes and 3 weeding levels on seedling production of cypress {Cupressus sempervirens L. var. horizontalis Mill. (Gord)}, with factoriel experiment and split-split plots design, were studied in Shahrposht nursery (Nowshahr, north of Iran). Sound seeds collected in October were sown in April. At the end of the first growing season, the number of survived seedlings and their height growth were greater on soils of sand-loam-clay (C) than loam-clay (A), sand (B) and loam (D). The greatest seedling frequency belonged, respectively to 8-, 12- and 4-day irrigation periods. Seedling number, as well as height growth, was not different in three weeding levels (20-, 30- and 40-day). Seedling number was influenced as separate by soil or watering. Height growth was influenced both as separate and also as interaction of treatments. From the research it can be deduced that sand-loam-clay soil (C), 8-day irrigation, 20- and 30-day weeding are best treatments for production of Cupressus sempervirens L. seedlings in this nursery. From economical side it is better to use the 30-day weeding rater than 20-day one.

In this survey flora of protected region of Khangormaz has been studied. Khangormaz region suited in 34km west of Tuiserkan and 25 km east of Asadabad in Hamadan province. The method of plant collection in this region was classical method of regional floristic studies. Collected plants were recognized and determined as families, genera and species by using of indispensable references. Alphabeticall list of taxa in this region was provided on the base of families, genera and species. Collected plants are preserved in Herbarium of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan and herbarium of Isfahan University. The life form of plant species was determined by using of Raunkier's method. Endemic species of Iran in the studied region were determined by using of reference books and on the base of IUCN classification and red data book of Iran and conservational class of plant species was determined. This survey showed that in the protected region of Khangormaz there are 45 families, 164 genera and 213 species. Life forms of plants are including: 4% phanerophyte, 13%geophyte, 48% hemicryptophyte, 4% chamephyte and 31% therophyte. The number of endemic species of Iran is 17 species in Khangormaz region.

Artemisia (Asteraceae) have 34 species and the most vast distribution after Astragalus in Iran. It has very useful values tram several viewpoints (such as pharmacology, forage, soil conservation, botany, ecology and etc). Artemisia species have special anatomical characteristics that are effective in extensive dispersion and adaptation to extreme environments. In this research, anatomical characteristics of five Artemisia species (A.absinthium L., A. annua L., A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit., A. spicigera C. Koch, A. vulgaris L.) in the north of Iran were studied. The specimens collected from various habitats were fixed in FAA solution. Transvers sections studied and measured in laboratory by microscope. According to PCA analysis on gived data, A. annua and A. scoparia distinguished from other species because of shizogenous channels, number of palisade parenchyma layers and stoma frequency in upper layer of leaf. A. vulgaris and A.absinthium separated from others by diameter of stem, number of vascular bands and parenchyma layers in stem cortex. Also, with respect to cluster dendrogram, A. annua and A. spicigera have isobilateral leaf, so situated in one cluster. They are rather similar in stem diameter, number of stem cortex parenchyma layers and vascular bands with A. scoparia. They placed in higher cluster together. A. vulgaris and A.absinthium situated in another cluster.

Thyme is one of the most important medicinal plants which is highly variable within and between the species, Several species of Thyme are scattered all around the country so that at least one of the species exist in the most part of the country. Ten populations of three Thymus species, called Thymus kotschyanus, T. pubscense and T. persicus were collected from ten different climatic locations and planted in a randomised complete block design. Several morphological characters were recorded on the populations. Essential oil was extracted from the populations and their components were separated and recognized. When a significant difference was detected between the species for the studied characters, path analysis was performed on the phenotypic correlations between the characters and essential oiL There were remarkable interrelationships between the morphological characters and essential oil and its major components. Analysis of the correlation between the essential oil as the independent character and the rest of the characters as the dependent characters revealed remarkable indirect effects of the characters. Number of stomata and leaf length showed the most direct effects on essence increment. On the other hand these characters caused reduction in the essence by indirect effects through other characters. So that the total leaf length effects was negligible (0.222) and number of stomata total effect was negative (-0.498). This phenomenon was also observed for several other characters such as number of protective trichomes and the number of stems. In the other words, leaf length decreased the essential oil through the number of stomata. Number of protective trichomes also decreased the essential oil level through leaf length (indirect effect=-2.034). Chromosome total length direct effect on essential oil is negative (-0.494) but this trait has a highly increasing effect on the essential oil through leaf length (2.602). This effect is decreased by negative indirect effects of the rest of the characters.

Carbon sequestration potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn and Acacia salicina Lindl. planted in 1973,1975 was studied at the age of 30-28 years in the elimation plain western areas of Fars province. Two station of this plantation in Noorabad Mamassani in Fars province were selected the sample plots and the diameter at breast height of all trees was measured. At least, 3 trees from each diameter class were randomly selected and cut and different parts of the trees including, trunks, branches and leaves were separately weighed. The main roots of one tree from each diameter class were also collected and weighed. To estimate the mean weight of litter per hectare, 30 sample plots of one square meter were randomly chosen and the amount of litter was determined. The percent of organic carbon in leaves and litter was also calculated in the laboratory. The amount of carbon sequestrated in the soil of plantation area was calculated and compared with control. This study showed that the amount of carbon sequestrated by E. camaldulensis in the productive site and poor site was about 7.80 and 1.13 ton/ha/year, respectively. On the other hand, for Acacia salicin a in the poor site of this figure was 1.5 ton/ha/year. The highest amount of sequestrated carbon in E.camaldulensis was in 35 centimeter diameter class. This figure for Acacia was in 25 centimeter diameter class. The amount of carbon sequestration in different parts of the trees showed a significant difference at 0.01 Also, in E.camaldulensis, There was a significant difference in the amount of carbon sequestration between the suitable and poor sites. This study showed that there is a great potential of plantations in Fars province and similar areas of the country. These plantation will maintain suitable green areas and belts and produce wood materials for consumption in several ways. Morever, planting trees will lead to the reduction of co2 in atmosphere wihch reduces the greenhouse effect, a program which is university promoted and partially sponsored by united nations and some industrialized countries.