JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:9

Gender determination in the fisheries industry is important for the propagation and cultivation of economically valuable fish. In fish meat, due to the extraction of caviar, the proper method of gender determination is essential. This research was conducted in 1396 on Huso huso, in a closed circuit system, at the Hanusushadeh sturgeon farm, in Khuzestan province. To determine the gender, the fish were first anesthetized in a tub with 100 ppm of eugenol. They were then weighed using a digital scale, with a precision of one gram. In this research, gender determination of all fish was carried out with 100% accuracy. The ultrasound method was used to determine the gender by the Zoncer ultrasound apparatus in Germany. In this research, all fish with 100% accuracy were sexually explicit. Of the 1, 000 pieces of Huso huso, 516 male and 484 female pieces were studied. Male and female fish had a weight range of 5150-4236 grams and 7125-4896 grams, respectively, and were 3 years old. Given that gender evaluation on all fish was carried out using ultrasound, this method can be considered the best and most reliable method for determining the gender of sturgeon, as the use of methods which cause the least stress in fish is always a priority.

zinc is an essential micronutrient, which plays an important role in cell multiplication, synthesis of auxin, nucleic acid and proteins, and also in metabolism, photosynthesis and a cofactor for several enzymes in plants but at higher concentrations, it is toxic. Pepper is one of the most important crop plants. Recently, the global need for this plant has been widely increased due to its use in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The present study investigates the anatomical and morphological parameters like shoot and petiole length, total leaf area and leaf numbers response of Capsicum annum L. under different concentrations (0 (control), 2. 5, 5, 7. 5, 10 and 15 mM) of nitrate zinc. Plants were grown in greenhouse under controlled conditions. Results indicated that increasing zinc concentrations caused significant decrease in stem and petiole length, leaf area and number of leaves (morphological parameters) compared to control plants (P ≤ 0. 05). zinc at high levels showed a negative effect on the overall growth of bell pepper plants. Also in anatomical studies we noticed to increased vascular bundles in shoot and petiole but decreased in root.

Today, the use of additives such as antibiotics and growth hormone and etc which increasing production efficiency in breeding broiler chickens is inevitable and has side effects such as liver damage. Oxidative stress occurs due to imbalance between oxidant and antioxidants. Studies have shown juglans leaves have an antioxidant effect on free radicals. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the possible effect of juglans leaf extract on CCL4-iduced liver damages (molecular and tissue) and enzymes changes in chicken. 50 chickens were used and classified in 5. Treatment groups received 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 mg/kg of juglans leaf extract from day 21 of the experiment. Healthy and poisoned groups were without any extracts receive. On the 35th day of the experiment, 1 cc of CCL4 injected intra peritoneally into the poison control and experimental groups. Blood and liver tissue sampling was done. At high doses of juglans leaf extract, the histopathology results showed that the cells and vessels were regularly curable and sinusoids were healthy. Expression of BCL2 increased and BID expression reduced. Enzymatic tests including SGOT, SGPT, ALK. PHOS, GGT showed reducing in compare with control (P<0/05). It showed that juglans leaves extract boosts the BCL2 (anti-apoptotic gene) and reduces BID (apoptosis gene) in liver of chicken (P<0/001). It prevents the liver cells from disintegrating and destroys sinusoids and liver blood vessels. The high doses of juglans leaf extract cause liver resistance to ccl4 toxicity in chicken.

The medicinal plants in cancer treatment are very important. Nopal fruit (Opuntia ficus-indica) because of its phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties are important in cytotoxicity studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of nopal aqueous extract on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and compare the effect of this extract on normal mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) as a control. After extraction by maceration and treatment of cells with various concentrations of the extract for 24 and 48 hours, the toxic effect of the extract on cell morphology and viability was investigated by inverted microscope and MTT (3-4, 5 dimethylthiazole 2-yl 5, 2-diphenyl tetrazolium), respectively. Data analysis was done by PrismDemo and one-way ANOVA test at a significant level (P<0. 05). The results showed that the extract had no significant effect on morphology and growth (P>0. 05) of normal cells and the death rate was 15% at the highest dose after 48 hours, However, it caused morphological changes and a significant growth-inhibiting (P<0. 05) in cancer cells after 48 hours and IC50 was 0. 44 mg /ml after 48 hours for cancer cells. Therefore, the aqueous extract of Nopal fruit has the inhibitory effect on the growth of liver cancer cells and no cytotoxicity of normal cells. So, it can be used to prevent cancer or as a supplement in chemotherapy. Moreover, due to the fact that the extract was total, it is recommended to investigate the effect of the active substances of the fruit.

Chlorodiazepoxide is an anxiolytic agent commonly used by young people and pregnant women to reduce anxiety and control preeclampsia and eclampsia. Some studies have shown that this medication disrupts the functioning of the cholinergic system. Due to the increased cellular damage of bad gene expression, the effect of cholorodiazepoxide used during pregnancy on bad gene expression in the hippocampus of neonatal rats was investigated. In this study, 9 female Wistar rats were pregnant and randomly divided into three groups: control, experimental (intraperitoneal injection of chlordiazoxoxide 10 mg / kg for 21 days) and carriers (saline). Two weeks after the birth, the brain of the neonates was removed from the skull and the expression of the propaoptotic gene of bad was investigated. The level of gene expression was analyzed by Rest software and a significant level of P <0. 05 was considered. Propoptotic gene, bad showed significant increase in experimental group compared to control group. The results of this study indicated that the administration of chlorodiazepoxide during pregnancy can cause neuronal damage in the hippocampus of Wistar rats.

The role of proline has been proven in improving joints function and cell cycle regulation. Thus, achieving plants that have the highest proline content is important. The leaves of Vitis vinifera, Portulaca oleracea and Rosmarinus officinalis were collected in autumn. Absorption was determined at 520nm in spectrophotometer with proline standard and solutions. For measurement the total amino acids content, absorption was determined at 570nm in spectrophotometer with glycine standard. Mann-Whitney U and Friedman tests and SPSS were used. Comparisons of proline contents by different solvents, amino acids and ratio of proline to amino acids in dried and fresh forms of species showed that more proline was extracted in all fresh tissues with ortho xylene and among them the highest amount of proline belonged to fresh R. officinalis with 14. 864± 0. 544 μ g/ml. In most samples of dried tissues, more proline was extracted in measurement by toluene solution, and the highest belonged to dried P. oleracea with 10. 291± 0. 202 μ g/ml. The highest average of total free amino acids was 82. 663± 0. 325 μ g/ml in fresh R. officinalis and 68. 871± 0. 679 μ g/ml in dried V. vinifera. The comparison of the two solutions function was not significant, so it is possible to use ortho xylene instead of toluene and reduce the risks. It seems that the physiological process of response to drought stress continues with proline synthesis after harvesting and thus it plays a role in development of the reproductive phase.

Persian leek (Allium ampeloprasum Taree group) has a special place in Iraninan's food chain. Many accessions by different characteristics have been cultivated and adapted in different regions of Iran. In order to investigate the breeding of this vegetable, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in three replications. For this purpose, 7 accessions of Persian leeks were selected. Various growth regulator componds2, 4 D at 0, 2 and 4 mg/lit and BA with 0, 2 and 4 mg/l were used in culture medium. The treatments were done on unopened flowers' umbrella and embryogenesis, regeneration and callus percentages of micro samples and the number of haploid plants were measured. The results indicated that Shadegan accessions in culture medium including 4 mg/l BA and 2 mg/l D-4, 2 had the highest Percentage of embryogenesis (12. 81 %) and regeneration (12. 6%). The highest percentage of callus (0. 51%) and lowest percentage of callus (0. 16%) have been observed in arak and shadegan accession, respectively. Out of 42525 flowers cultivated, 1001 embryo (2. 35%), 972 regenerate (97. 1%) and 946 plants (94. 5%) have survived. Eventually, seven haploid plants were observed. The highest number of haploid was observed in culture medium with 4 mg /liters BA and 2 mg/liters 2. 4. D. in Guilan accession.