SPORT PHYSIOLOGY (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2013 | Volume:4 | Issue:16|Papers Count:10

The purpose of this study was comparison of the effect of ribose and creatine acute supplementation on anaerobic performance (peak power, mean power, fatigue index) in repeated intensive exercise in elite wrestlers. For this purpose 10 subjects with mean age (22±3 yr) and BMI (23±±2 kg/m2) participated in this study voluntary. Research was quasi-experimental and was done in double blind design and Subjects participated in all three session. Each session included 4 stages of intensive exercise with 15min inactive rest. Each stage included three lower and upper extremity Wingate test in alternative pattern with 1min active rest between each test. one hour before the test ribose, creatine or placebo (0.1 gr per kg of body weight) were consumed. Also the second dose of supplement was give after the end of second stage of test. Data was analyzed with repeated measure (3×4). the result showed that peak power and mean power is effected to ribose and creatine supplementation. There was no significant difference between supplements and placebo groups, regarding to the fatigue index. Generally it seems that ribose and creatine acute supplementation alone enhance anaerobic performance after repeated intensive activities (such as repeated bout of Wingate tests in this study).

Introduction: The purpose of this study was the effect of different musical rhythms on metabolic responses during incremental exercise.Materials and methods: Seventeen non-athletes healthy male (ages: 19.760.97 yr, height: 176±6.72 cm, weight: 68.5±5.95 kg), voluntarily performed Bruce protocol until exhaustion with slow music and fast music condition, counter-balanced format. Variables were measured in 3, 6 and 9 minutes of test. An ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare the three conditions, and a post hoc LSD test was performed to determine which groups differences (P<0.05).Results: The results showed that listening to music during progressive exercise has significant effect on perceived exertion rate in first stage (P<0.05), respiratory exchange ratio in all stages test, A-Vo2diff in first and second stages test and the anaerobic threshold (P<0.05), but there isn’t significant differences in fat oxidation in none stages of test (P<0.05).Conclusions: The results of this study showed that listening to music during exercise increase the metabolic efficiency by improvement of perceived exertion rate and increased anaerobic threshold.

Physical fatigue caused by physical activity especially exercise can affected some immune system components and functions. Immune system is highly sensitive to physiological and mental stress, so it can be used some of immune and hormonal factors as an exercise training stress index. The aim of this study was to investigating relation between IL-6, cortisol and testosterone concentration and overtraining after one period of short term intensive exercise training in elite female athletes. For this, among 28 elite female judoka, 7 national judokas selected as statistical sample by objective and accessible selection. Subjects completed overtraining questionnaire pre and post exercise training. Blood sample obtained per and post exercise training. Exercise performed by 80-95% MHR intensity in first day afternoon and morning and afternoon of second, third and forth days. IL-6, cortisol and testosterone was measured by ELISA method and analyzed by SPSS-16 software. In this study one period of short term intensive exercise training result in significant increase in cortisol concentrations (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in IL-6, testosterone and T/C (P>0.05). overtraining syndrome observed in no subjects. Also, there was no significant correlation between overtraining and all measured factors (P>0.05). Although, IL-6 is main factor of overtraining development, overall, it seems that using of hormonal indicators isn’t reliable index for overtraining prediction and further studies are required for argument of this theory.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute exercise on platelet and coagulation system in active and inactive men.Methods: Fifteen physically inactive men ( 24.9±1.37 years) and 15 regularly active men ( 25.6±1.34 years) performed sub-maximal (70% VO2 max) exercise trial for 30 min. Platelet count (PC), fibrinogen, Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and Prothrombin time (PT) were measured before, immediately after exercise, and after 30 minutes recovery.Results: 30 min exercise training resulted in significant decrease in PT and aPTT (P<0.001). Partial eta2 results, also indicated that 0.712 and 0.737 of PT and aPTT changes, respectively, accounted for the exercise training (P<0.001).Conclusion: It was concluded that it seems that physical exertion increases PC, and also stimulates coagulation system, that may increase the risk for arterial thrombogenesis, especially in inactive subjects.

Introduction: Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is an orexigenic peptide released from hypothalamus and other tissues. it has a strong impact on food intake behavior and energy homeostasis. It has been reported that lymphocyte might release AgRP during a negative energy balance circumstance and suppressed by cellular energy restoration. The purpose of the current study was to determine effect of post wrestling-base techniques circuit exercise (WBTCE) glucose feeding on peripheral blood lymphocyte AgRP and glycogen concentrations in young male free-style wrestlers.Method: sixteen young male free-style wrestlers (weight=75.45±12.92kg, age=22.29±0.90 years, BMI=26.23±2.64 kg/m2, mean±SD) were randomly assigned; glucose and water groups. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately, and 90 minutes of the post exercise recovery period. Subjects were asked to accomplish a WTBCE protocol (2 sets, 6 stations, 20s at each station without nonstop with 30 s rest between subsets, and, 2minutes rest intersets). Glucose (2 g/kg of body weight, 1W/5V) and water (equal volumes) solutions were given immediately after the second blood sampling. Data was analyzed by using an ANOVA (a repeated measure) and a suitable post hoc test (LSD). A significant deference was accepted at p<0/05 level.Result: Lymphocyte AgRP concentrations were significantly (P<0.001) increased in both water and glucose groups immediately after exercise. However, the levels of AgRP were significantly (P<0.001) decreased in glucose group, but still significantly higher in water group at the end of 90minutes post exercise period. A significant difference (P<0.001) was found between glucose and water groups lymphocyte glycogen concentrations were significantly (P<0.001) decreased in both water and glucose groups immediately after exercise. The levels of lymphocyte glycogen were significantly (P<0.001) decreased only in water group, while higher in glucose group at the end of 90 minutes post exercise period.Discussion: The findings of the current study indicate that glucose feeding reduced WBTCE-induced elevated AgRP concentrations in lymphocyte. Data also shows that WBTCE protocol was able to bring a change in energy marker (glycogen and AgRP) in lymphocytes. A reduction in lymphocyte AgRP might be due to a higher lymphocyte glycogen concentration and might be explained by a glucose-induced improvement of the cellular energy status. With consider to the results, the role of lymphocyte as a minor peripheral source of AgRP release into circulation might be considered.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks combined training on strength muscles and motor function in women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Twenty women with MS with mean age of 34.55±4.78 yrs, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale 2.95±1.54, mean weight 63.56±8.00 Kg and mean body mass index 24.24±2.84 Kg/m2, were randomly divided to subgroup, experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups.Methodology: Research method has been two types of group with two steps of pre-test and post-test. The experimental group, beside consuming the prescribed drugs, participated in eight weeks combined training (include warming for 20 minutes, aerobic training for 15 minutes with 50-60% maximum heart rate strength exercises with upper and lower extremities for 15 minutes with 50-70% 1-RM and recovery for 10 minutes) 3 times a week for 60 minutes, while control group only consumed prescribed drugs. The data were analyzed with SPSS16 software and Factorial Anova significant with level at (P£0.05).Results: The result of this study showed that combined training on chest press in experimental group were not significantly increased (P>0.05). However, combined training on leg press, knee extensions and paddle test in experimental group were significantly increased (P<0.05). The result showed that combined training on stair climbing test in experimental group were significantly increased (P<0.05). But improvement in timed 10-meters walk test and timed up and go test in experimental group with MS did not significantly decreased (P>0.05).Discussion: The result suggests that combined training program can increase strength muscles women with multiple sclerosis.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 7 days creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation on lipid peroxidation and body composition after aerobic exercise to exhaustion in athletes. Therefore, thirty one young male wrestlers (age 19.52±2.75 years, body mass 79.24±16.13 kg, height 173±6.49 cm, and body fat 16.37±5.92%) volunteered to participate in this double-blind, placebo controlled study and were randomly placed into either placebo (PL; 4 × 5 g.day-1 of maltodextrine powder; n=16) or creatine monohydrate (CrM: 4´5 g.day-1 CrM, n=15) groups. Prior to and following supplementation, subjects performed aerobic exercise to exhaustion on cycle ergometer. Urine samples were collected before (Pre), after (Post) and 24 h after (24h Post) exercise tests to determine lipid peroxidation. We observed a non-significant trend toward a small increase in lipid peroxidation by 0.43% in CrM and 3.06% in PL group after exercise to exhaustion in young wrestlers (p>0.05). significant increases were observed in body mass (3.71%), soft lean mass (4.04%), intracellular fluid (3.9%) and extracellular fluid (4.28%) (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that short-term CrM supplementation didn’t affect on lipid peroxidation induced by aerobic exercise to exhaustion but, short-term CrM supplementation improved wrestlers’ body composition.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the responses of some factors related to overtraining to a period of preparation and competition in Elite volleyball players. Subjects were 12 elite volleyball players participating in Super League (experimental group) (age 25.8±6.5, height 191.0±8.2, weight 88.2±8.2) and 12 healthy sedentary subjects (age 23.7±3.7, height 180.2±7.7, weight 74.6±12.1) as control group. The experimental group performed preparation training including endurance, weight lifting and skill training, for eight weeks, as well as another 8 weeks of training including a period of volleyball competitions and routine trainings for sustaining the fitness; while the control group had no regular physical training. For measuring all hormones (ACTH, testosterone, cortisol, T/C) and peak power, all subjects attended the physiology lab and blood samples (8 ml) were taken pre-training, after 8 weeks of training and at the end of the competition period. The results revealed that ACTH, Testosterone, Cortisol, T/C had no significant differences in the three measuring points in volleyball players (p>0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in all the above variables between two groups. Peak power values at the mid-training were significantly different from the pre- training values in experimental group (p<0.05), while the increase at the end training stage were not significantly different. Based on the findings of the present study it could be concluded that during the period of preparation training and competitions in Iranian super league the markers of overtraining were not significantly changed which is an indicator of appropriate training protocol, proper recovery and adaption to training and competition.

Abstract Introduction & Purpose: Quality of relationship between exercise and appetite is important both for people interested in maintaining a healthy body weight and for athletes wishing to optimize performance. The purpose of this study was to survey relationship between changes of appetite score with circulating levels of leptin and acylated ghrelin following a period of strength training. Materials & Methods: In a semi-experimental study, twenty one obese young men were randomly placed at two groups: strength training (n=10, 26.7±3.3 yr, 96.1±5.5 kg, 31.2±2.9%, 32.6±2.8 kg/m2) and control (n=11, 28.1±3.7 yr, 95.7±5.7 kg, 30.9±3.2%, 32.1±3.7 kg/m2). General characteristics of subjects, circulating levels of leptin and acylated ghrelin (using ELISA kits), and appetite score (using Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire) were assessed before and after training. Strength training protocol consisted of twelve weeks weight training (3 sessions per week, 10 stations, 3 sets 8-12 repetitions in each station, intensity 60-80% of one repetition maximum, rest between sets 1 min and between stations 2 min, duration of main training 20-40 min per each session). Data analyzed by SPSS16 software. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05. Results: Strength training decreased serum leptin concentration (8.0±4.1 vs. 6.1±3.6 ng/ml) and increased plasma acylated ghrelin concentration (15.1±4.6 vs. 18.6±2.8 pg/ml) and appetite score (30.4±1.7 vs. 32.3±2.2) (p=0.025, p=0.039, p=0.042 respectively). Also, changes of appetite score in strength training group were inversely correlated to serum leptin concentration changes (p=0.003), but were directly correlated to changes of plasma acylated ghrelin concentration (p=0.013, p=0.022 respectively). Conclusion: Performing strength training for twelve weeks decreases serum leptin levels, but increases plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations. These changes are associated with appetite improvement. Also, it appears that changes of appetite score following training have correlations to changes of leptin and acylated ghrelin levels (inversely and directly, respectively).

The aim of this study was to investigates the effects one proud strength training whit two loading patterns (double-pyramid & reverse step) were employed to study their effects on selected physiologic abilities of young wrestlers. For this purpose, 22 wrestlers volunteered to participate. Subjects (age 17.30±2.42 years; height 170.41±6.14 cm; weight 72.29±13 Kg; BMI 24.89±1.06 kg/m2 and BF% 12.39±7.39) had a history of at least 6 months of wrestling training. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups; a control group (n=8), and two resistance training groups: a group using the DP loading pattern (n=7); and a group using the RS loading pattern (n=7). The subjects trained for 8 weeks using two selected loading patterns. After assurance the normal data distribution (Kolmogorov– Smirnov test), ANOVA for repeated measurements, Tukey’s post-hoc test and independent-samples t test showed muscular strength and endurance, muscular mass and body compostion did not indicate any significant differences between the two training groups; however, this difference was significant for the control group (P³0.05). Studying the statistical test for "leg-power" indicated that no significant difference existed between the 3 groups; however, the difference between two groups of DP and control group was significant (P£0.05). In conclusion, it seems that both training models, were suitable for increasing strength, endurance, muscle mass and muscular power; and almost have similar benefit in physiologic factors of the athletes. However if the aim is increasing strength along with increasing muscular endurance, the RS model is more appropriate.